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Tóbiás R, Simkó I, Császár AG. Unusual Dynamics and Vibrational Fingerprints of van der Waals Dimers Formed by Linear Molecules and Rare-Gas Atoms. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 38032107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Detailed structural, dynamical, and vibrational analyses have been performed for systems composed of linear triatomic molecules solvated by a single rare-gas atom, He, Ne, or Ar. Among the chromophores of these van der Waals (vdW) dimers, there are four neutral molecules (CO2, CS2, N2O, and OCS) and six molecular cations (HHe2+, HNe2+, HAr2+, HHeNe+, HHeAr+, and HNeAr+), both of apolar and polar nature. Following the exploration of bonding preferences, high-level four-dimensional (4D) potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been developed for 24 vdW dimers, keeping the two intramonomer bond lengths fixed. For these 24 complexes, over 1500 bound vibrational states have been obtained via quasi-variational nuclear-motion computations, employing exact kinetic-energy operators together with the accurate 4D PESs and their 2D/3D cuts. The reduced-dimensional (2D to 4D) dimer models have been compared with full-dimensional (6D) ones in the cases of the neutral CO2·Ar and charged HHe2+·He dimers, corroborating the high accuracy of the 2D to 4D vibrational energies. The reduced-dimensional models suggest that (a) while the equilibrium structures are T-shaped and planar, the effective ground-state structures are nonplanar, (b) certain bound states belong to collinear molecular structures, even when they are not minima, (c) the vdW vibrations are heavily mixed and many states have amplitudes corresponding to both the T-shaped and collinear structures, (d) there are a few dimers, for which even some of the vdW fundamentals lie above the first dissociation limit, and (e) the vdW vibrations are almost fully decoupled from the intramonomer bending motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Tóbiás
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Irén Simkó
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Barclay AJ, McKellar ARW, Moazzen-Ahmadi N. Doped rare gas clusters up to completion of first solvation shell, CO 2-(Rg) n, n = 3-17, Rg = Ar, Kr, Xe. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114302. [PMID: 36948829 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectra of rare gas atom clusters containing a single carbon dioxide molecule are observed using a tunable mid-infrared (4.3 µm) source to probe a pulsed slit jet supersonic expansion. There are relatively few previous detailed experimental results on such clusters. The assigned clusters include CO2-Arn with n = 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, and 17, and CO2-Krn and CO2-Xen with n = 3, 4, and 5. Each spectrum has (at least) a partially resolved rotational structure, and each yields precise values for the shift of the CO2 vibrational frequency (ν3) induced by the nearby rare gas atoms, together with one or more rotational constants. These results are compared with theoretical predictions. The more readily assigned CO2-Arn species tend to be those with symmetric structures, and CO2-Ar17 represents completion of a highly symmetric (D5h) solvation shell. Those not assigned (e.g., n = 7 and 13) are probably also present in the observed spectra but with band structures that are not well-resolved and, thus, are not recognizable. The spectra of CO2-Ar9, CO2-Ar15, and CO2-Ar17 suggest the presence of sequences involving very low frequency (≈2 cm-1) cluster vibrational modes, an interpretation which should be amenable to theoretical confirmation (or rejection).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A R W McKellar
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - N Moazzen-Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Barclay AJ, McKellar ARW, Moazzen-Ahmadi N. Spectra of CO 2-Rg 2 and CO 2-Rg-He trimers (Rg = Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe): Intermolecular CO 2 rock, vibrational shifts and three-body effects. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:204303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0128133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Weakly bound CO2-Rg2 trimers are studied by high-resolution (0.002 cm−1) infrared spectroscopy in the region of the CO2 ν3 fundamental band (≈2350 cm−1), using a tunable optical parametric oscillator to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion with an effective rotational temperature of about 2 K. CO2–Ar2 spectra have been reported previously, but they are extended here to include Rg = Ne, Kr, and Xe as well as new combination and hot bands. For Kr and Xe, a unified scaled parameter scheme is used to account for the many possible isotopic species. Vibrational shifts of CO2-Rg2 trimers are compared to those of CO2-Rg dimers, and in all cases the trimer shifts are slightly more positive (blue-shifted) than expected on the basis of linear extrapolation from the dimer. Combination bands directly measure an intermolecular vibrational mode (the CO2 rock) and give values of about 32.2, 33.8, and 34.7 cm−1 for CO2–Ar2, –Kr2, and –Xe2. Structural parameters derived for CO2-Rg2 trimers are compared with those of CO2-Rg and Rg2 dimers. Spectra of the mixed trimers CO2-Rg-He are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A. R. W. McKellar
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - N. Moazzen-Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Gartner T, Ghebretnsae S, McKellar ARW, Moazzen‐Ahmadi N. Spectra of CO
2
‐Kr in the 4.3 μm region: Intermolecular Bend and Symmetry Breaking of the Intramolecular CO
2
Bend. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gartner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive North West Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sye Ghebretnsae
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive North West Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | | | - Nasser Moazzen‐Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive North West Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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Barclay AJ, McKellar ARW, Moazzen-Ahmadi N. Observing the Completion of the First Solvation Shell of Carbon Dioxide in Argon from Rotationally Resolved Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6311-6315. [PMID: 35792583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Widespread interest in weakly bound molecular clusters of medium size (5-50 molecules) is motivated by their complicated energy landscapes, which lead to hundreds or thousands of distinct isomers. But most studies are theoretical in nature, and there are no experimental results which provide definitive structural information on completion of the first solvation shell. Here we assign rotationally resolved mid-infrared spectra to argon clusters containing a single carbon dioxide molecule, CO2-Ar15 and CO2-Ar17. These mark the completion of the first solvation shell for CO2 in argon. The assignments are confirmed by nuclear spin intensity alternation in the spectra, a marker of highly symmetric structures for these clusters. Precise values are determined for rotational parameters and for shifts of the CO2 vibrational frequency induced by the argon atoms. The spectra indicate possible low-frequency (∼2 cm-1) vibrational modes in these clusters, posing a challenge for future cluster theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A R W McKellar
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - N Moazzen-Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Dinu DF, Bartl P, Quoika PK, Podewitz M, Liedl KR, Grothe H, Loerting T. Increase of Radiative Forcing through Midinfrared Absorption by Stable CO 2 Dimers? J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2966-2975. [PMID: 35533210 PMCID: PMC9125687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We performed matrix-isolation
infrared (MI-IR) spectroscopy of
carbon dioxide monomers, CO2, and dimers, (CO2)2, trapped in neon and in air. On the basis of vibration
configuration interaction (VCI) calculations accounting for mode coupling
and anharmonicity, we identify additional infrared-active bands in
the MI-IR spectra due to the (CO2)2 dimer. These
bands are satellite bands next to the established CO2 monomer
bands, which appear in the infrared window of Earth’s atmosphere
at around 4 and 15 μm. In a systematic carbon dioxide mixing
ratio study using neon matrixes, we observe a significant fraction
of the dimer at mixing ratios above 300 ppm, with a steep increase
up to 1000 ppm. In neon matrix, the dimer increases the IR absorbance
by about 15% at 400 ppm compared to the monomer absorbance alone.
This suggests a high fraction of the (CO2)2 dimer
in our matrix experiments. In atmospheric conditions, such increased
absorbance would significantly amplify radiative forcings and, thus,
the greenhouse warming. To enable a comparison of our laboratory experiment
with various atmospheric conditions (Earth, Mars, Venus), we compute
the thermodynamics of the dimerization accordingly. The dimerization
is favored at low temperatures and/or high carbon dioxide partial
pressures. Thus, we argue that matrix isolation does not trap the
gas composition “as is”. Instead, the gas is precooled
to 40 K, where CO2 dimerizes before being trapped in the
matrix, already at very low carbon dioxide partial pressures. In the
context of planetary atmospheres, our results improve understanding
of the greenhouse effect for planets of rather thick CO2 atmospheres such as Venus, where a significant fraction of the (CO2)2 dimer can be expected. There, the necessity
of including the mid-IR absorption by stable (CO2)2 dimers in databases used for modeling radiative forcing,
such as HITRAN, arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F Dinu
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pit Bartl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick K Quoika
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hinrich Grothe
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Barclay A, McKellar A, Moazzen-Ahmadi N. New infrared spectra of CO2 – Ne: Fundamental for CO2 –22Ne isotopologue, intermolecular bend, and symmetry breaking of the intramolecular CO2 bend. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wakwella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - N. Moazzen-Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Barclay AJ, McKellar ARW, Western CM, Moazzen-Ahmadi N. New infrared spectra of CO 2–Xe: modelling Xe isotope effects, intermolecular bend and stretch, and symmetry breaking of the CO 2 bend. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1919325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Barclay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - N. Moazzen-Ahmadi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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