A broad view on the complexity involved in water oxidation catalysis based on Ru-bpn complexes

Aqua-bis-(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2N,N')(isonicotinamide-κN)ruthenium(II) bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonate)

In the title complex, [Ru(C10H8N2)2(C6H6N2O)(H2O)](CF3SO3)2, the central RuII atom is sixfold coordinated by two bidentate 2,2'-bi-pyridine, an isonic-otinamide ligand, and a water mol-ecule in a distorted octa-hedral environment with tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate ions completing the outer coordination sphere of the complex. Hydrogen bonding involving the water mol-ecule and weak π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent mol-ecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in columns parallel to the c axis.

Metamorphic oxygen-evolving molecular Ru and Ir catalysts

Today sustainable and clean energy conversion strategies are based on sunlight and the use of water as a source of protons and electrons, in a similar manner as it happens in Photosystem II. To achieve this, the charge separation state induced by light has to be capable of oxidising water by 4 protons and 4 electrons and generating molecular oxygen. This oxidation occurs by the intermediacy of a catalyst capable of finding low-energy pathways via proton-coupled electron transfer steps. The high energy involved in the thermodynamics of water oxidation reaction, coupled with its mechanistic complexity, is responsible for the difficulty of discovering efficient and oxidatively robust molecules capable of achieving such a challenging task. A significant number of Ru coordination complexes have been identified as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) and are among the best understood from a mechanistic perspective. In this review, we describe the catalytic performance of these complexes and focus our attention on the factors that influence their performance during catalysis, especially in cases where a detailed mechanistic investigation has been carried out. The collective information extracted from all the catalysts studied allows one to identify the key features that govern the complex chemistry associated with the catalytic water oxidation reaction. This includes the stability of trans-O-Ru-O groups, the change in coordination number from CN6 to CN7 at Ru high oxidation states, the ligand flexibility, the capacity to undergo intramolecular proton transfer, the bond strain, the axial ligand substitution, and supramolecular effects. Overall, combining all this information generates a coherent view of this complex chemistry.