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Li Y, Lei L, Sun J, Gao Y, Wang P, Wang S, Zhang Z, Du A, Li Z, Wang Z, Kim JY, Kim H, Zhang H, Sun Y. Significant Reductions in Secondary Aerosols after the Three-Year Action Plan in Beijing Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15945-15955. [PMID: 37823561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in China has continuously improved during the Three-Year Action Plan (2018-2020); however, the changes in aerosol composition, properties, and sources in Beijing summer remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted real-time measurements of aerosol composition in five summers from 2018 to 2022 along with WRF-Community Multiscale Air Quality simulations to characterize the changes in aerosol chemistry and the roles of meteorology and emission reductions. Largely different from winter, secondary inorganic aerosol and photochemical-related secondary organic aerosol (SOA) showed significant decreases by 55-67% in summer, and the most decreases occurred in 2021. Comparatively, the decreases in the primary aerosol species and gaseous precursors were comparably small. While decreased atmospheric oxidation capacity as indicated by ozone changes played an important role in changing SOA composition, the large decrease in aerosol liquid water and small increase in particle acidity were critical for nitrate changes by decreasing gas-particle partitioning substantially (∼28%). Analysis of meteorological influences demonstrated clear and similar transitions in aerosol composition and formation mechanisms at a relative humidity of 50-60% in five summers. Model simulations revealed that emission controls played the decisive role in reducing sulfate, primary OA, and anthropogenic SOA during the Three-Year Action Plan, while meteorology affected more nitrate and biogenic SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueqi Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Environment, Health, and Welfare Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Westhoff M, Keßler M, Baumbach JI. Alveolar gradients in breath analysis. A pilot study with comparison of room air and inhaled air by simultaneous measurements using ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2023; 17:046009. [PMID: 37611565 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acf338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing exhaled breath samples, especially using a highly sensitive method such as MCC/IMS (multi-capillary column/ion mobility spectrometry), may also detect analytes that are derived from exogenous production. In this regard, there is a discussion about the optimal interpretation of exhaled breath, either by considering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) only in exhaled breath or by additionally considering the composition of room air and calculating the alveolar gradients. However, there are no data on whether the composition and concentration of VOCs in room air are identical to those in truly inhaled air directly before analyzing the exhaled breath. The current study aimed to determine whether the VOCs in room air, which are usually used for the calculation of alveolar gradients, are identical to the VOCs in truly inhaled air. For the measurement of inhaled air and room air, two IMS, each coupled with an MCC that provided a pre-separation of the VOCs, were used in parallel. One device was used for sampling room air and the other for sampling inhaled air. Each device was coupled with a newly invented system that cleaned room air and provided a clean carrier gas, whereas formerly synthetic air had to be used as a carrier gas. In this pilot study, a healthy volunteer underwent three subsequent runs of sampling of inhaled air and simultaneous sampling and analysis of room air. Three of the selected 11 peaks (P4-unknown, P5-1-Butanol, and P9-Furan, 2-methyl-) had significantly higher intensities during inspiration than in room air, and four peaks (P1-1-Propanamine, N-(phenylmethylene), P2-2-Nonanone, P3-Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-, and P11-Acetyl valeryl) had higher intensities in room air. Furthermore, four peaks (P6-Benzaldehyde, P7-Pentane, 2-methyl-, P8-Acetone, and P10-2-Propanamine) showed inconsistent differences in peak intensities between inhaled air and room air. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare simultaneous sampling of room air and inhaled air using MCC/IMS. The simultaneous measurement of inhaled air and room air showed that using room air for the calculation of alveolar gradients in breath analysis resulted in different alveolar gradient values than those obtained by measuring truly inhaled air.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Westhoff
- Department of Pneumology, Sleep and Respiratory Medicine, Hemer Lung Clinic, Theo-Funccius-Str. 1, 58675 Hemer, Germany
- Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - M Keßler
- University of Applied Sciences Münster, Hüfferstrasse 27, 48149 Münster, Germany
- B. Braun Melsungen AG, Branch Dortmund, Center of Competence Breath Analysis, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J I Baumbach
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty Bio- and Chemical Engineering, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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Li Y, Du A, Lei L, Sun J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Tang G, Song S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Sun Y. Vertically Resolved Aerosol Chemistry in the Low Boundary Layer of Beijing in Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9312-9324. [PMID: 35708253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in Beijing has been improved significantly in recent years; however, our knowledge of the vertically resolved aerosol chemistry in summer remains poor. Here, we carried out comprehensive measurements of aerosol composition, gaseous species, and aerosol optical properties on a meteorological tower in Beijing in summer and compared with those measured in winter. Our results showed that aerosol liquid water (ALW) contributing approximately 50% of the total mass with higher values aloft played a crucial role in aerosol formation. Particularly, the higher nitrate concentration in city aloft than at the ground level during daytime was mainly due to the enhanced gas-particle partitioning driven by ALW and particle acidity. The vertical profiles of organic aerosol (OA) factors varied more differently in the urban boundary layer. Although the ubiquitous decreases in primary OA with the increase in height were mainly due to the influences of local emissions and vertical convection, the vertical differences in oxygenated OA between summer and winter may be related to the photochemical processing of different biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds. The single-scattering albedo, brown carbon, and absorption Ångstrom exponent of aerosol particles also presented different vertical profiles between day and night due to the vertical changes in aerosol chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zheng Y, Chen Q, Cheng X, Mohr C, Cai J, Huang W, Shrivastava M, Ye P, Fu P, Shi X, Ge Y, Liao K, Miao R, Qiu X, Koenig TK, Chen S. Precursors and Pathways Leading to Enhanced Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation during Severe Haze Episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15680-15693. [PMID: 34775752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analyses help to investigate the key precursors and chemical processes of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. We obtained the sources and molecular compositions of organic aerosol in PM2.5 in winter in Beijing by online and offline mass spectrometer measurements. Photochemical and aqueous processing were both involved in producing SOA during the haze events. Aromatics, isoprene, long-chain alkanes or alkenes, and carbonyls such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal were all important precursors. The enhanced SOA formation during the severe haze event was predominantly contributed by aqueous processing that was promoted by elevated amounts of aerosol water for which multifunctional organic nitrates contributed the most followed by organic compounds having four oxygen atoms in their formulae. The latter included dicarboxylic acids and various oxidation products from isoprene and aromatics as well as products or oligomers from methylglyoxal aqueous uptake. Nitrated phenols, organosulfates, and methanesulfonic acid were also important SOA products but their contributions to the elevated SOA mass during the severe haze event were minor. Our results highlight the importance of reducing nitrogen oxides and nitrate for future SOA control. Additionally, the formation of highly oxygenated long-chain molecules with a low degree of unsaturation in polluted urban environments requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Penglin Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keren Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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