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Roth HG, Das M, Sulima A, Luo D, Kaska S, Prisinzano TE, Kerr AT, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Functional Activity of Enantiomeric Oximes and Diastereomeric Amines and Cyano Substituents at C9 in 3-Hydroxy- N-phenethyl-5-phenylmorphans. Molecules 2024; 29:1926. [PMID: 38731416 PMCID: PMC11085448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of stereochemically pure oximes, amines, saturated and unsaturated cyanomethyl compounds, and methylaminomethyl compounds at the C9 position in 3-hydroxy-N-phenethyl-5-phenylmorphans provided μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists with varied efficacy and potency. One of the most interesting compounds, (2-((1S,5R,9R)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl)acetonitrile), was found to be a potent partial MOR agonist (EC50 = 2.5 nM, %Emax = 89.6%), as determined in the forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assay. Others ranged in potency and efficacy at the MOR, from nanomolar potency with a C9 cyanomethyl compound (EC50 = 0.85 nM) to its totally inactive diastereomer, and three compounds exhibited weak MOR antagonist activity (the primary amine 3, the secondary amine 8, and the cyanomethyl compound 41). Many of the compounds were fully efficacious; their efficacy and potency were affected by both the stereochemistry of the molecule and the specific C9 substituent. Most of the MOR agonists were selective in their receptor interactions, and only a few had δ-opioid receptor (DOR) or κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist activity. Only one compound, a C9-methylaminomethyl-substituted phenylmorphan, was moderately potent and fully efficacious as a KOR agonist (KOR EC50 = 18 nM (% Emax = 103%)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson G. Roth
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA; (H.G.R.); (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Madhurima Das
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA; (H.G.R.); (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA; (H.G.R.); (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.); (S.K.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.); (S.K.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.); (S.K.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Andrew T. Kerr
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-0001, USA;
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA; (H.G.R.); (M.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA; (H.G.R.); (M.D.); (A.S.)
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Das M, Ward GW, Sulima A, Luo D, Prisinzano TE, Imler GH, Kerr AT, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Potent MOR Agonists from 2'-Hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl- N-phenethyl Substituted-6,7-benzomorphans and from C8-Hydroxy, Methylene and Methyl Derivatives of N-Phenethylnormetazocine. Molecules 2023; 28:7709. [PMID: 38067439 PMCID: PMC10708259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-5,9-Dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan (normetazocine) derivatives with a para-OH or ortho-F substituent in the aromatic ring of the N-phenethyl moiety were synthesized and found to have subnanomolar potency at MOR, and both were fully efficacious in vitro. These new compounds, (1R,5R,9R)-6,11-dimethyl-3-(2-fluorophenethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methanobenzo[d]azocin-8-ol and (1R,5R,9R)-6,11-dimethyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-2,6-methanobenzo[d]azocin-8-ol, were more potent than the unsubstituted compound N-phenethylnormetazocine and about 30 or 40 times more potent than morphine, respectively. A variety of substituents in the ortho, meta, or para position in the aromatic ring of the N-phenethyl moiety were synthesized, 25 of these compounds, and found to have varying effects on potency and efficacy as determined by the forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assay. The N-phenethyl moiety was also modified by increasing chain length to form a N-phenylpropyl side chain with and without a para-nitro moiety, and by an N-cinnamyl side chain. Also, an indole ethylamine normetazocine was synthesized to replace the N-phenethylamine side chain in normetazocine. The phenylpropylamine, propenylamine (cinnamyl) and the para-nitropropylamine had little or no MOR potency. The indole-ethylamine on the normetazocine nucleus, however, had moderate potency (MOR EC50 = 12 nM), and was fully efficacious (%Emax = 102%) in the cAMP assay. Retention of the N-phenethyl moiety and the addition of alkyl and alkenyl moieties on C8 in (-)-N-phenethylnormetazocine gave a C8-methylene derivative that had subnanomolar potency at MOR and a C8-methyl analog that had nanomolar potency. Five C8-substituted compounds were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Das
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.D.); (G.W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - George W. Ward
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.D.); (G.W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.D.); (G.W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Thomas Edward Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.H.I.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Andrew T. Kerr
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.H.I.); (A.T.K.)
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.D.); (G.W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.D.); (G.W.W.); (A.S.)
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Chambers DR, Sulima A, Luo D, Prisinzano TE, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. A MOR Antagonist with High Potency and Antagonist Efficacy among Diastereomeric C9-Alkyl-Substituted N-Phenethyl-5-(3-hydroxy)phenylmorphans. Molecules 2023; 28:5411. [PMID: 37513283 PMCID: PMC10386414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-(3-hydroxy)phenylmorphan structural class of compounds are unlike the classical morphinans, 4,5-epoxymorphinans, and 6,7-benzomorphans, in that they have an equatorially oriented aromatic ring rather than the axial orientation of that ring found in the classical opioids. This modified and simplified opioid-like structure has been shown to retain antinociceptive activity, depending on its stereochemistry and substituents, and some of them have been found to be much more potent than morphine. A simple C9-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy)phenylmorphan enantiomer was found to be about 500 times more potent than morphine in vivo. We have previously examined C9-alkenyl and hydroxyalkyl substituents in the N-phenethyl-5-(3-hydroxy)phenylmorphan class of compounds. Comparable C9-alkyl (methyl through butyl) substituents, with their sets of diastereomers, have not been explored. All these compounds have now been synthesized to determine the effect chain-length and stereochemistry at the C9 position in the molecule might have on their interaction with opioid receptors. We now report the synthesis and in vitro activity of 16 compounds, the C9-methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl diastereomers, using the inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assay. Several potent (sub-nanomolar and nanomolar) MOR compounds were found to be selective agonists with varying efficacy. Of greatest interest, a selective MOR antagonist was discovered; it did not display any DOR or KOR agonist activity in vitro, was three times more potent than naltrexone, and was found to antagonize the EC90 of fentanyl at MOR to a greater extent than naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Chambers
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lutz JA, Sulima A, Gutman ES, Bow EW, Luo D, Kaska S, Prisinzano TE, Paronis CA, Bergman J, Imler GH, Kerr AT, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Discovery of a Potent Highly Biased MOR Partial Agonist among Diastereomeric C9-Hydroxyalkyl-5-phenylmorphans. Molecules 2023; 28:4795. [PMID: 37375350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All possible diastereomeric C9-hydroxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl-, and hydroxypropyl-substituted 5-phenylmorphans were synthesized to explore the three-dimensional space around the C9 substituent in our search for potent MOR partial agonists. These compounds were designed to lessen the lipophilicity observed with their C9-alkenyl substituted relatives. Many of the 12 diastereomers that were obtained were found to have nanomolar or subnanomolar potency in the forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assay. Almost all these potent compounds were fully efficacious, and three of those chosen for in vivo evaluation, 15, 21, and 36, were all extremely G-protein biased; none of the three compounds recruited beta-arrestin2. Only one of the 12 diastereomers, 21 (3-((1S,5R,9R)-9-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-phenethyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-5-yl)phenol), was a MOR partial agonist with good, but not full, efficacy (Emax = 85%) and subnanomolar potency (EC50 = 0.91 nM) in the cAMP assay. It did not have any KOR agonist activity. This compound was unlike morphine in that it had a limited ventilatory effect in vivo. The activity of 21 could be related to one or more of three well-known theories that attempt to predict a dissociation of the desired analgesia from the undesirable opioid-like side-effects associated with clinically used opioids. In accordance with the theories, 21 was a potent MOR partial agonist, it was highly G-protein biased and did not attract beta-arrestin2, and it was found to have both MOR and DOR agonist activity. All the other diastereomers that were synthesized were either much less potent than 21 or had either too little or too much efficacy for our purposes. It was also noted that a C9-methoxymethyl compound with 1R,5S,9R stereochemistry (41) was more potent than the comparable C9-hydroxymethyl compound 11 (EC50 = 0.65 nM for 41 vs. 2.05 nM for 11). Both 41 and 11 were fully efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lutz
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
| | - Eugene S Gutman
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
| | - Eric W Bow
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Carol A Paronis
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-0001, USA
| | - Andrew T Kerr
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-0001, USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3373, USA
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A Journey through Diastereomeric Space: The Design, Synthesis, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Activity, and Molecular Modeling of Novel Potent Diastereomeric MOR Agonists and Antagonists. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196455. [PMID: 36234992 PMCID: PMC9570967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four sets of diastereomeric C9-alkenyl 5-phenylmorphans, varying in the length of the C9-alkenyl chain, were designed to examine the effect of these spatially distinct ligands on opioid receptors. Functional activity was obtained by forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assays and several compounds were examined in the [35S]GTPgS assay and in an assay for respiratory depression. In each of the four sets, similarities and differences were observed dependent on the length of their C9-alkenyl chain and, most importantly, their stereochemistry. Three MOR antagonists were found to be as or more potent than naltrexone and, unlike naltrexone, none had MOR, KOR, or DOR agonist activity. Several potent MOR full agonists were obtained, and, of particular interest partial agonists were found that exhibited less respiratory depression than that caused by morphine. The effect of stereochemistry and the length of the C9-alkenyl chain was also explored using molecular modeling. The MOR antagonists were found to interact with the inactive (4DKL) MOR crystal structures and agonists were found to interact with the active (6DDF) MOR crystal structures. The comparison of their binding modes at the mouse MOR was used to gain insight into the structural basis for their stereochemically induced pharmacological differences.
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Guo S, Zhao T, Yun Y, Xie X. Recent Progress in Assays for GPCR Drug Discovery. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C583-C594. [PMID: 35816640 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00464.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as 7 transmembrane receptors, are the largest family of cell surface receptors in eukaryotes. There are ~800 GPCRs in human, regulating diverse physiological processes. GPCRs are the most intensively studied drug targets. Drugs that target GPCRs account for about a quarter of the global market share of therapeutic drugs. Therefore, to develop physiologically relevant and robust assays to search new GPCR ligands or modulators remain the major focus of drug discovery research worldwide. Early functional GPCR assays are mainly depend on the measurement of G protein-mediated second messenger generation. Recent development in GPCR biology indicate the signaling of these receptors is much more complex than the oversimplified classical view. GPCRs have been found to activate multiple G proteins simultaneously and induce b-arrestin-mediated signaling. GPCRs have also been found to interacte with other cytosolic scaffolding proteins and form dimer or heteromer with GPCRs or other transmembrane proteins. Here we mainly discuss technologies focused on detecting protein-protein interactions, such as FRET/BRET, NanoBiT, Tango, etc, and their applications in measuring GPCRs interacting with various signaling partners. In the final part, we also discuss the species differences in GPCRs when using animal models to study the in vivofunctions of GPCR ligands, and possible ways to solve this problem with modern genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Guo
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yun
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- grid.419093.6Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
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Sulima A, Deck JA, Kurimura M, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Optimized Synthesis of Enantiomeric C9-Keto-5-phenylmorphans, Essential Intermediates for Novel MOR Agonists and Antagonists. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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Wicks C, Hudlicky T, Rinner U. Morphine alkaloids: History, biology, and synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:145-342. [PMID: 34565506 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a short overview of the history of morphine since it's isolation by Sertürner in 1805. The biosynthesis of the title alkaloid as well as all total and formal syntheses of morphine and codeine published after 1996 are discussed in detail. The last section of this chapter provides a detailed overview of medicinally relevant derivatives of the title alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wicks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Rinner
- IMC Fachhochschule Krems/IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria.
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Gillis A, Kliewer A, Kelly E, Henderson G, Christie MJ, Schulz S, Canals M. Critical Assessment of G Protein-Biased Agonism at the μ-Opioid Receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:947-959. [PMID: 33097283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) have been proposed as an improved class of opioid analgesics. Recent studies have been unable to reproduce the original experiments in the β-arrestin2-knockout mouse that led to this proposal, and alternative genetic models do not support the G protein-biased MOPr agonist hypothesis. Furthermore, assessment of putatively biased ligands has been confounded by several factors, including assay amplification. As such, the extent to which current lead compounds represent mechanistically novel, extremely G protein-biased agonists is in question, as is the underlying assumption that β-arrestin2 mediates deleterious opioid effects. Addressing these current challenges represents a pressing issue to successfully advance drug development at this receptor and improve upon current opioid analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gillis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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