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Ying Z, Yin M, Zhu Z, Shang Z, Pei Y, Liu J, Liu Q. Iron Stress Affects the Growth and Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2493. [PMID: 38473741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable nutrient for the survival of Toxoplasma gondii; however, excessive amounts can lead to toxicity. The parasite must overcome the host's "nutritional immunity" barrier and compete with the host for iron. Since T. gondii can infect most nucleated cells, it encounters increased iron stress during parasitism. This study assessed the impact of iron stress, encompassing both iron depletion and iron accumulation, on the growth of T. gondii. Iron accumulation disrupted the redox balance of T. gondii while enhancing the parasite's ability to adhere in high-iron environments. Conversely, iron depletion promoted the differentiation of tachyzoites into bradyzoites. Proteomic analysis further revealed proteins affected by iron depletion and identified the involvement of phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator proteins in bradyzoite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zifu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zheng Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanqun Pei
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Arbon D, Mach J, Čadková A, Sipkova A, Stursa J, Klanicová K, Machado M, Ganter M, Levytska V, Sojka D, Truksa J, Werner L, Sutak R. Chelation of Mitochondrial Iron as an Antiparasitic Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:676-687. [PMID: 38287902 PMCID: PMC10862539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Iron, as an essential micronutrient, plays a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. In order to limit the growth of the pathogen, a common strategy of innate immunity includes withdrawing available iron to interfere with the cellular processes of the microorganism. Against that, unicellular parasites have developed powerful strategies to scavenge iron, despite the effort of the host. Iron-sequestering compounds, such as the approved and potent chelator deferoxamine (DFO), are considered a viable option for therapeutic intervention. Since iron is heavily utilized in the mitochondrion, targeting iron chelators in this organelle could constitute an effective therapeutic strategy. This work presents mitochondrially targeted DFO, mitoDFO, as a candidate against a range of unicellular parasites with promising in vitro efficiency. Intracellular Leishmania infection can be cleared by this compound, and experimentation with Trypanosoma brucei 427 elucidates its possible mode of action. The compound not only affects iron homeostasis but also alters the physiochemical properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a loss of function. Furthermore, investigating the virulence factors of pathogenic yeasts confirms that mitoDFO is a viable candidate for therapeutic intervention against a wide spectrum of microbe-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Arbon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Čadková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sipkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stursa
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathophysiology, Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Kristýna Klanicová
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Machado
- Graduate
Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências
Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade
do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Centre for
Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Centre for
Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg
University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Viktoriya Levytska
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 1160/31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Werner
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathophysiology, Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, 140 21 Prague, Czech
Republic
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic
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Holbein BE, Lehmann C. Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis as Common Disease Etiology and Promising Therapeutic Target. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030671. [PMID: 36978919 PMCID: PMC10045916 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is irreplaceably required for animal and human cells as it provides the activity center for a wide variety of essential enzymes needed for energy production, nucleic acid synthesis, carbon metabolism and cellular defense. However, iron is toxic when present in excess and its uptake and storage must, therefore, be tightly regulated to avoid damage. A growing body of evidence indicates that iron dysregulation leading to excess quantities of free reactive iron is responsible for a wide range of otherwise discrete diseases. Iron excess can promote proliferative diseases such as infections and cancer by supplying iron to pathogens or cancer cells. Toxicity from reactive iron plays roles in the pathogenesis of various metabolic, neurological and inflammatory diseases. Interestingly, a common underlying aspect of these conditions is availability of excess reactive iron. This underpinning aspect provides a potential new therapeutic avenue. Existing hematologically used iron chelators to take up excess iron have shown serious limitations for use but new purpose-designed chelators in development show promise for suppressing microbial pathogen and cancer cell growth, and also for relieving iron-induced toxicity in neurological and other diseases. Hepcidin and hepcidin agonists are also showing promise for relieving iron dysregulation. Harnessing iron-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with ferroptosis has shown promise for selective destruction of cancer cells. We review biological iron requirements, iron regulation and the nature of iron dysregulation in various diseases. Current results pertaining to potential new therapies are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E. Holbein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Plata-Guzmán LY, Arroyo R, León-Sicairos N, Canizález-Román A, López-Moreno HS, Chávez-Ontiveros J, Garzón-Tiznado JA, León-Sicairos C. Stem-Loop Structures in Iron-Regulated mRNAs of Giardia duodenalis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3556. [PMID: 36834255 PMCID: PMC9966554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant cause of waterborne and foodborne infections, day-care center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea worldwide. In protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica, iron affects the growth, pathogenicity mechanisms, and expression of virulence genes. One of the proposed iron regulatory mechanisms is at the post-transcriptional level through an IRE/IRP-like (iron responsive element/iron regulatory protein) system. Recently, the expression of many putative giardial virulence factors in the free-iron levels has been reported in subsequent RNAseq experiments; however, the iron regulatory mechanism remains unknown. Thus, this work aimed to determine the effects of iron on the growth, gene expression, and presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis. First, the parasite's growth kinetics at different iron concentrations were studied, and the cell viability was determined. It was observed that the parasite can adapt to an iron range from 7.7 to 500 µM; however, in conditions without iron, it is unable to survive in the culture medium. Additionally, the iron modulation of three genes was determined by RT-PCR assays. The results suggested that Actin, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, and cytochrome b5 mRNA were down-regulated by iron. To investigate the presence of IRE-like structures, in silico analyses were performed for different mRNAs from the Giardia genome database. The Zuker mfold v2.4 web server and theoretical analysis were used to predict the secondary structures of the 91 mRNAs analyzed. Interestingly, the iron-induced downregulation of the genes analyzed corresponds to the location of the stem-loop structures found in their UTR regions. In conclusion, iron modulates the growth and expression of specific genes, likely due to the presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y. Plata-Guzmán
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN No. 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiacán 80246, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Boulevard Constitución S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán 80200, Mexico
| | - Adrián Canizález-Román
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos, Culiacán 80246, Mexico
| | - Héctor S. López-Moreno
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Jeanett Chávez-Ontiveros
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - José A. Garzón-Tiznado
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
| | - Claudia León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortíz (Cd. Universitaria), Culiacán 80030, Mexico
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Okek EJ, Ocan M, Obondo SJ, Kiyimba A, Arinaitwe E, Nankabirwa J, Ssewanyana I, Kamya MR. Effects of anti-malarial prophylaxes on maternal transfer of Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and association to immunity against Plasmodium falciparum infections among children in a Ugandan birth cohort. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277789. [PMID: 36812236 PMCID: PMC9946240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in-utero transfer of malaria specific IgG to the fetus in Plasmodium falciparum infected pregnant women potentially plays a role in provision of immune protection against malaria in the first birth year. However, the effect of Intermittent Prophylactic Treatment in Pregnancy (IPTp) and placental malaria on the extent of in-utero antibody transfer in malaria endemic regions like Uganda remain unknown. The aim of this study was thus to establish the effect of IPTp on in-utero transfer of malaria specific IgG to the fetus and the associated immune protection against malaria in the first birth year of children born to mothers who had P. falciparum infection during pregnancy in Uganda. METHODS We screened a total of 637 cord blood samples from a double blinded randomized clinical trial on Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DP) IPTp in a Ugandan birth cohort; study conducted from Busia, Eastern Uganda. Luminex assay was used to measure the cord levels of IgG sub-types (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) against 15 different P. falciparum specific antigens, with tetanus toxoid (t.t) as a control antigen. Man-Whitney U test (non-parametric) in STATA (ver15) was used in statistical analysis of the samples. In addition, Multivariate cox regression analysis was used to determine the effect of maternal transfer of IgG on the incidence of malaria in the first birth year of children under study. RESULTS Mothers on SP expressed higher levels of cord IgG4 against erythrocyte binding antigens (EBA140, EBA175 and EBA181) (p<0.05). Placental malaria did not affect cord levels of IgG sub-types against selected P. falciparum specific antigens (p>0.05). Children who expressed higher levels (75th percentile) of total IgG against the six key P. falciparum antigens (Pf SEA, Rh4.2, AMA1, GLURP, Etramp5Ag1 and EBA 175) had higher risk of malaria in the first birth year; AHRs: 1.092, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17 (Rh4.2); 1.32, 95% CI: 1.00-1.74 (PfSEA); 1.21, 95%CI: 0.97-1.52 (Etramp5Ag1); 1.25, 95%CI: 0.98-1.60 (AMA1); 1.83, 95%CI: 1.15-2.93 (GLURP) (GLURP), and 1.35,; 95%CI: 1.03-1.78 (EBA175). Children born to mothers categorized as poorest had the highest risk of malaria infections in the first birth year (AHR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.31-2.4). Children born to mothers who had malaria infections during gestation had higher risk of getting malaria in the first birth year (AHR 1.30; 95%CI: 0.97-1.7). CONCLUSION Malaria prophylaxis in pregnant mothers using either DP or SP does not affect expression of antibodies against P. falciparum specific antigens in the cord blood. Poverty and malaria infections during pregnancy are key risk factors of malaria infections in the first birth year of growth of children. Antibodies against P. falciparum specific antigens does not protect against parasitemia and malaria infections in the first birth year of children born in malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Jacob Okek
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Training Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Moses Ocan
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Training Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sande James Obondo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony Kiyimba
- San Francisco Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University-University of California, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Arinaitwe
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Training Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- San Francisco Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University-University of California, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joaniter Nankabirwa
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Training Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- San Francisco Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University-University of California, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- San Francisco Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University-University of California, Kampala, Uganda
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Robert Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Training Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- San Francisco Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Makerere University-University of California, Kampala, Uganda
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Grechnikova M, Arbon D, Ženíšková K, Malych R, Mach J, Krejbichová L, Šimáčková A, Sutak R. Elucidation of iron homeostasis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:497-508. [PMID: 35533729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is a ubiquitously distributed amoeba that can be found in soil, dust, natural and tap water, air conditioners, hospitals, contact lenses and other environments. It is an amphizoic organism that can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, an infrequent fatal disease of the central nervous system, and amoebic keratitis, a severe corneal infection that can lead to blindness. These diseases are extremely hard to treat; therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of this pathogen's metabolism is essential for revealing potential therapeutic targets. To propagate successfully in human tissues, the parasites must resist the iron depletion caused by nutritional immunity. The aim of our study is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying iron homeostasis in A. castellanii. Using a comparative whole-cell proteomic analysis of cells grown under different degrees of iron availability, we identified the primary proteins involved in Acanthamoeba iron acquisition. Our results suggest a two-step reductive mechanism of iron acquisition by a ferric reductase from the STEAP family and a divalent metal transporter from the NRAMP family. Both proteins are localized to the membranes of acidified digestive vacuoles where endocytosed medium and bacteria are trafficked. The expression levels of these proteins are significantly higher under iron-limited conditions, which allows Acanthamoeba to increase the efficiency of iron uptake despite the observed reduced pinocytosis rate. We propose that excessive iron gained while grown under iron-rich conditions is removed from the cytosol into the vacuoles by an iron transporter homologous to VIT/Ccc1 proteins. Additionally, we identified a novel protein that may participate in iron uptake regulation, the overexpression of which leads to increased iron acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grechnikova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Arbon
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Ženíšková
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Malych
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mach
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Krejbichová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Šimáčková
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Sutak
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Wang T, Ishikawa T, Sasaki M, Chiba T. Oral and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Central Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822190. [PMID: 35308549 PMCID: PMC8924514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota play many important roles, such as the regulation of immunity and barrier function in the intestine, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. The disruption in microbiota is called dysbiosis, which has been associated with various chronic inflammatory conditions, food allergies, colorectal cancer, etc. The gut microbiota is also affected by several other factors such as diet, antibiotics and other medications, or bacterial and viral infections. Moreover, there are some reports on the oral-gut-liver axis indicating that the disruption of oral microbiota affects the intestinal biota. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the systemic diseases caused due to the dysregulation of the oral-gut-liver axis. NAFLD is the most common liver disease reported in the developed countries. It includes liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Recently, accumulating evidence supports an association between NAFLD and dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota. Periodontopathic bacteria, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, have been correlated with the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD based on the clinical and basic research, and immunology. P. gingivalis was detected in the liver, and lipopolysaccharide from this bacteria has been shown to be involved in the progression of NAFLD, thereby indicating a direct role of P. gingivalis in NAFLD. Moreover, P. gingivalis induces dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which promotes the progression of NAFLD, through disrupting both metabolic and immunologic pathways. Here, we review the roles of microbial dysbiosis in NAFLD. Focusing on P. gingivalis, we evaluate and summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between oral-gut microbiome symbiosis and the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as discuss novel strategies targeting both P. gingivalis and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- Ting Wang
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toshimi Chiba
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshimi Chiba
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Mohammad Sadik, Mohammad Afsar, Ramachandran R, Habib S. [Fe-S] biogenesis and unusual assembly of the ISC scaffold complex in the Plasmodium falciparum mitochondrion. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:606-623. [PMID: 34032321 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite harbors two [Fe-S] biogenesis pathways of prokaryotic origin-the SUF and ISC systems in the apicoplast and mitochondrion, respectively. While the SUF machinery has been delineated, there is little experimental evidence on the ISC pathway. We confirmed mitochondrial targeting of Plasmodium falciparum ISC proteins followed by analyses of cysteine desulfurase, scaffold, and [Fe-S]-carrier components. PfIscU functioned as the scaffold in complex with the PfIscS-PfIsd11 cysteine desulfurase and could directly assemble [4Fe-4S] without prior [2Fe-2S] formation seen in other homologs. Small angle X-ray scattering and spectral studies showed that PfIscU, a trimer, bound one [4Fe-4S]. In a deviation from reported complexes from other organisms, the P. falciparum desulfurase-scaffold complex assembled around a PfIscS tetramer instead of a dimer, resulting in a symmetric hetero-hexamer [2× (2PfIscS-2PfIsd11-2PfIscU)]. PfIscU directly transferred [4Fe-4S] to the apo-protein aconitase B thus abrogating the requirement of intermediary proteins for conversion of [2Fe-2S] to [4Fe-4S] before transfer to [4Fe-4S]-recipients. Among the putative cluster-carriers, PfIscA2 was more efficient than PfNifU-like protein; PfIscA1 primarily bound iron, suggesting its potential role as a Fe2+ carrier/donor. Our results identify the core P. falciparum ISC machinery and reveal unique features compared with those in bacteria or yeast and human mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadik
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Afsar
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravishankar Ramachandran
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Saman Habib
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Zarzosa-Moreno D, Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Texcalco LS, Torres-López E, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: An Alternative for Combating Virulence Mechanisms Developed by Pathogens. Molecules 2020; 25:E5763. [PMID: 33302377 PMCID: PMC7762604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, it is necessary to develop options to fight infections caused by these agents. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic nonheme multifunctional glycoprotein of the innate immune system of mammals that provides numerous benefits. Lf is bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal, can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, facilitate iron absorption, improve neural development and cognition, promote bone growth, prevent cancer and exert anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Lactoferrin is present in colostrum and milk and is also produced by the secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which store this glycoprotein and release it at sites of infection. Lf is also present in many fluids and exocrine secretions, on the surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems that are commonly exposed to pathogens. Apo-Lf (an iron-free molecule) can be microbiostatic due to its ability to capture ferric iron, blocking the availability of host iron to pathogens. However, apo-Lf is mostly microbicidal via its interaction with the microbial surface, causing membrane damage and altering its permeability function. Lf can inhibit viral entry by binding to cell receptors or viral particles. Lf is also able to counter different important mechanisms evolved by microbial pathogens to infect and invade the host, such as adherence, colonization, invasion, production of biofilms and production of virulence factors such as proteases and toxins. Lf can also cause mitochondrial and caspase-dependent regulated cell death and apoptosis-like in pathogenic yeasts. All of these mechanisms are important targets for treatment with Lf. Holo-Lf (the iron-saturated molecule) can contain up to two ferric ions and can also be microbicidal against some pathogens. On the other hand, lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides derived from the N-terminus of Lf that are produced by proteolysis with pepsin under acidic conditions, and they cause similar effects on pathogens to those caused by the parental Lf. Synthetic analog peptides comprising the N-terminus Lf region similarly exhibit potent antimicrobial properties. Importantly, there are no reported pathogens that are resistant to Lf and Lfcins; in addition, Lf and Lfcins have shown a synergistic effect with antimicrobial and antiviral drugs. Due to the Lf properties being microbiostatic, microbicidal, anti-inflammatory and an immune modulator, it represents an excellent natural alternative either alone or as adjuvant in the combat to antibiotic multidrug-resistant bacteria and other pathogens. This review aimed to evaluate the data that appeared in the literature about the effects of Lf and its derived peptides on pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses and how Lf and Lfcins inhibit the mechanisms developed by these pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zarzosa-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Luisa Sofía Ramírez-Texcalco
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Erick Torres-López
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Ramírez-Mondragón
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Juan Omar Hernández-Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
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