Harnessing machine learning algorithms for the prediction and optimization of various properties of polylactic acid in biomedical use: a comprehensive review

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative tool in various industries, driving advancements in key tasks like classification, regression, and clustering. In the field of chemical engineering, particularly in the creation of biomedical devices, personalization is essential for ensuring successful patient recovery and rehabilitation. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a material with promising potential for applications like tissue engineering, orthopedic implants, drug delivery systems, and cardiovascular stents due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for adjusting print parameters to optimize the properties of PLA components for different applications. Although past research has explored the integration of ML and AM, there remains a gap in comprehensive analyses focusing on the impact of ML on PLA-based biomedical devices. This review examines the most recent developments in ML applications within AM, highlighting its ability to revolutionize the utilization of PLA in biomedical engineering by enhancing material properties and optimizing manufacturing processes. Moreover, this review is in line with the journal's emphasis on bio-based polymers, polymer functionalization, and their biomedical uses, enriching the understanding of polymer chemistry and materials science.

Antimicrobial Potential of Brassica oleracea Extracts (White and Broccoli) and Their Resistance Compared to Doxycycline Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Brassica oleracea L is low in carbohydrates and fiber, making it ideal for low-carb diets. But they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. The present article investigated the antimicrobial effect of B. oleracea extract (white and broccoli) (BOE-WB) on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and its resistance to doxycycline. BOE-WB was used as the soaking method. It was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The samples were prepared with three concentrations. It used Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium of fresh bacteria. It was incubated for 24 h in a 37°C incubator. It identified 33 compounds. For BOE-W, 77% of the compounds are oxygenated, while for BOE-B, this percentage is 79%. For BOE-B, 79% had oxygenated compounds. BOE-WB has significant antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Bacillus cereus. The lethal impact of BOE-WB on strains is very close to that of doxycycline, and it can be introduced as a new antimicrobial drug to the medical world. The research shows that the percentage of oxygenated compounds in foods containing BOE-B is much higher than that of BOE-W. It has a significant impact on the antioxidant effect. Foods containing BOE-W have a high percentage of azo compounds and sulfur. One of the benefits of sulfur in the body is disinfecting the blood. In addition, sulfur increases the body's resistance to bacteria.

Synthesis and characterization of macrodiols and non-segmented poly(ester-urethanes) (PEUs) derived from α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) (HOPCLOH): effect of initiator, degree of polymerization, and diisocyanate

Nine different macrodiols derived from α,ω-hydroxy telechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) (HOPCLOH) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) using three linear aliphatic diols (HO-(CH2) n -OH, where n = 4, 8, and 12) as initiators and catalyzed by ammonium decamolybdate (NH4)8[Mo10O34]. The crystallization temperature (T c) and crystallinity (x i) were relatively high for HOPCLOH species with a long aliphatic chain [-(CH2)12-] in the oligoester. Also, HOPCLOH was the precursor of twenty-seven different poly(ester-urethanes) (PEUs) with various degrees of polymerization (DP) of HOPCLOH and three types of diisocyanates such as 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and 4,4'-methylenebis (cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI). HOPCLOH exhibited the melting temperature (T m) and crystallinity (x i) with a proportional dependency to the degree of polymerization (DP). PEUs showed significant thermal and mechanical properties, which had a direct correlation in terms of the type of DP and diisocyanate. PEUs derived from HDI versus MDI or HMDI exhibited an apparent effect where aliphatic diisocyanate (HDI) induced a significant x i with respect to aromatic and cyclic diisocyanate (MDI or HMDI). The profile of PEUs films according to mechanical properties is mainly a plastic behavior. The chemical nature and properties of HOPCLOH and PEUs were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, GPC, MALDI-TOF, DSC, and mechanical properties.

Construction of a new membrane bed biofilm reactor and yttria-stabilized zirconia for removing heavy metal pollutants

The objective is to design a reactor with a composite new membrane bed biofilm reactor and yttria-stabilized zirconia. We constructed a valuable reactor using response surface methodology (RSM) for process optimization. The present system can remove heavy metal Pb from wastewater using a two-part biofilm reactor: the first reactor, which includes active sludge and media, was investigated; then, the second part, which includes membranes, was made. The amount of heavy metal removed from the effluent was measured at different pH and contact time. The results obtained from this study showed that the optimum conditions for obtaining the optimal removal efficiency separately, with a lead value of 40 mg L-1 for the MBBR reactor, had the highest removal value of 55% and for the membrane with an input lead value of 20 ppm at pH = 12 call time 30 minutes equal to 85%. All analyses in this article have been repeated numerous times to prove the repeatability.

Synthesis of cubosomes containing cerium oxide nanoparticles from Lactobacillus acidophilus loaded with glatiramer acetate and carboxymethylcellulose coating

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-series) are used as catalysts in industrial applications due to their free radical scavenging properties. Given that free radicals play an essential role in the pathology of many neurological diseases, we investigated the use of nanocrystals as a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative damage. This project synthesized nano-series from a new and environmentally friendly bio-pathway. Investigation of cerium nitrate in culture medium containing inoculated Lactobacillus acidophilus strain before incubation produces nano-series. Loaded with glatiramer acetate (GA) was formed by coating carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and CeO₂. FE-SEM analysis showed nano-series in the 9-11 nm range, spherical shape, and uniform particle size distribution. Cubic nanoparticles containing anti-multiple sclerosis (anti-Ms) treatment called GA were used. Glycerol monostearate (GMS) was used as a fat base, and evening primrose extract was used as an anti-inflammatory in cubosomes. Design-Expert® software was used to study the effects of different formulation factors on the properties of GA-loaded cubic dispersions. Thirty GA-labeled cubic dispersions were prepared with GA-labeled carboxymethylcellulose and evaluated in vitro. The results showed an average nano-series size of 89.02 and a zeta potential of -49.9. Cubosomes containing GA-CMC/CeO₂ showed a stable release profile for 180 min. The results showed that cubosomes containing GA-CMC/CeO₂ could be a promising drug carrier with normal release behavior.

Preparation nanocapsules chitosan modified with selenium extracted from the Lactobacillus acidophilus and their anticancer properties

This study synthesized new modified imaging nanocapsules (NCs) of gallium@deferoxamine/folic acid/chitosan/polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (Ga@DFA/FA/CS/PANI/PVA) containing Morus nigra extract by selenium nanoparticles prepared from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Se nanoparticles were then deposited on (Ga@DFA/FA/CS/PANI/PVA) using the impregnation method. The modified contrast agents were further mixed with M. nigra extract, and their antibacterial activities were investigated by applying them on L929 cell lines. The influence of variable factors including surfactant, solvent, aqueous phase, pH, buffer, minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cytotoxicity on cancer cells., antibiotic, antibiogram, release and loading, stirring effect, the concentration of nanoparticle, olive oil, and thermotical methods was investigated. The structure and morphology of the synthesized contrast agents were characterized by zeta potential sizer analysis (ZPS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental section was conducted and monitored by response surface methods (RSM) and MTT, MIC, MBC, and cancer cytotoxic conversion assay. Antibiogram testing of NCs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was successful, and MIC = 2 factor was obtained with less harmful effect.

Investigation of enzymes and solvents in the production process of 6-ammonium penicillanic acid (6-APA) in industry to reduce costs and improve production conditions

In this study, the optimization of the amount of enzyme consumed in the enzymatic phase of substitution of butanol solvent instead of methanol in the powder washing phase after filtration was investigated. To perform this study, different amounts of the enzyme penicillin G amidase (PGA) were tested in reactions with the same conditions. The highest efficiency was observed in the reaction that the ratio of penicillin powder to the amount of enzyme was 2:1. In this reaction, for every 100 g of penicillin consumed, 50 g of the PGA was used. Replacement of butanol instead of methanol after filtration, the powder obtained from this step was washed with butanol instead of methanol and the powder obtained from this step was examined after drying. The resulting solvent powder was very small and the drying speed of the powder increased compared to the time of methanol usage. Optimizing the amount of enzyme in this process due to the high cost of the enzyme made this reaction more economically viable at the end of this study. In this study, for the first time, butanol was used as a suitable substitute for methanol and the ratio of enzyme use to penicillin powder was optimized. This research deals with the future perspective in the field of research in this regard.