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Nagarajan T, Gayathri MP, Mack J, Nyokong T, Govindarajan S, Babu B. Blue-Light-Activated Water-Soluble Sn(IV)-Porphyrins for Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2365-2374. [PMID: 38620059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a global threat to the treatment of infectious diseases. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative approach and is highly suitable for the treatment of cutaneous bacterial infections through topical applications. aPDT relies on light-responsive compounds called photosensitizer (PS) dyes, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when induced by light, thereby killing bacterial cells. Despite several previous studies in this area, the molecular details of targeting and cell death mediated by PS dyes are poorly understood. In this study, we further investigate the antibacterial properties of two water-soluble Sn(IV) tetrapyridylporphyrins that were quaternized with methyl and hexyl groups (1 and 2). In this follow-up study, we demonstrate that Sn(IV)-porphyrins can be photoexcited by blue light (a 427 nm LED) and exhibit various levels of bactericidal activity against both Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) strains of bacteria. Using localization studies through fluorescence microscopy, we show that 2 targets the bacterial membrane more effectively than 1 and exhibits comparatively higher aPDT activity. Using multiple fluorescence reporters, we demonstrate that photoactivation of 1 and 2 results in extensive collateral damage to the bacterial cells including DNA cleavage, membrane damage, and delocalization of central systems necessary for bacterial growth and division. In summary, this investigation provides deep insights into the mechanism of bacterial killing mediated by the Sn(IV)-porphyrins. Moreover, our approach offers a new method for evaluating the activity of PS, which may inspire the discovery of new PS with enhanced aPDT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, India
| | - M P Gayathri
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, India
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | | | - Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, India
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2
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Savelyeva IO, Zhdanova KA, Gradova MA, Gradov OV, Bragina NA. Cationic Porphyrins as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents in Photodynamic Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9793-9822. [PMID: 38132458 PMCID: PMC10741785 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has received a great deal of attention due to its unique ability to kill all currently known classes of microorganisms. To date, infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses are one of the main sources of high mortality, mass epidemics and global pandemics among humans. Every year, the emergence of three to four previously unknown species of viruses dangerous to humans is recorded, totaling more than 2/3 of all newly discovered human pathogens. The emergence of bacteria with multidrug resistance leads to the rapid obsolescence of antibiotics and the need to create new types of antibiotics. From this point of view, photodynamic inactivation of viruses and bacteria is of particular interest. This review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms of antiviral and antibacterial action of APDT, molecular targets and correlation between the structure of cationic porphyrins and their photodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga O. Savelyeva
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Kseniya A. Zhdanova
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Margarita A. Gradova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Oleg V. Gradov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Natal’ya A. Bragina
- Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Prospect 86, Moscow 119571, Russia; (I.O.S.); (K.A.Z.); (N.A.B.)
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3
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Diaz-Uribe C, Rangel D, Vallejo W, Valle R, Hidago-Rosa Y, Zarate X, Schott E. Photophysical characterization of tetrahydroxyphenyl porphyrin Zn(II) and V(IV) complexes: experimental and DFT study. Biometals 2023; 36:1257-1272. [PMID: 37344742 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising technique for the treatment of various diseases. In this sense, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) is a physical-chemical property that allows to stablish the applicability of a potential photosensitizers (PS) as a drug for PDT. In the herein report, the Φ∆ of three photosensitizers was determined: metal-free tetrahydroxyphenyl porphyrin (THPP), THPP-Zn and the THPP-V metal complexes. Their biological application was also evaluated. Therefore, the in vitro study was carried out to assess their biological activity against Escherichia coli. The metal-porphyrin complexes exhibited highest activities against the bacterial strain Escherichia coli. at the highest concentration (175 μg/mL) and show better activity than the free base ligand (salts and blank solution). Results indicated a relation between Φ∆ and the inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, thus, whereas higher is the Φ∆, higher is the inhibitory activity. The values of the Φ∆ and the inhibitory activity follows the tendency THPP-Zn > THPP > THPP-V. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations allowed to gain deep insight into the electronic and optical properties of THPP-Zn macrocycle, which let to verify the most probable energy transfer pathway involved in the singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz-Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología. Programa de Química. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, 081007, Puerto Colombia, Colombia.
| | - Daily Rangel
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología. Programa de Química. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, 081007, Puerto Colombia, Colombia
| | - William Vallejo
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología. Programa de Química. Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, 081007, Puerto Colombia, Colombia
| | - Roger Valle
- Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Atlántico, 081007, Puerto Colombia, Colombia
| | - Yoan Hidago-Rosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia, 1509, Santiago, Providencia, Chile
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus in Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Santiago, Chile.
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Likhonina AE, Bryksina DA, Mamardashvili NZ. Fluorescent and Acid-Base Indicator Properties of Complexes Based on Sn(IV) Octaethylporphyrinate and Molecules of Dye: Phenolphthalein and 1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl) (BODIPY). RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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5
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pH indicator and rotary fluorescent properties of the Sn(IV)-octaetylporphyrin-(BODIPY)2 triad. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Zinc(II), Palladium(II), and Metal-Free Phthalocyanines Bearing Nipagin-Functionalized Substituents against Candida auris and Selected Multidrug-Resistant Microbes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081686. [PMID: 36015312 PMCID: PMC9416722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapidly increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of phthalocyanines as photosensitizers with their superior properties in photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PACT) applications has become important. In this study, magnesium(II) 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(4-[4-butoxycarbonylphenoxy]butyloxy)phthalocyanine was used in the demetalation reaction in trifluoroacetic acid, and subsequently subjected to metalation reaction in dimethylformamide with zinc(II) acetate and bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride towards zinc(II) and palladium(II) derivatives. Three phthalocyanines, including a demetalated one as well as two metalated, in the core with zinc(II) and palladium(II) were characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, all macrocycles were subjected to absorption and emission studies as well as photostability tests. In a photochemical study, zinc(II) and palladium(II) phthalocyanine complexes appeared to be efficient singlet oxygen generators. There were noted quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation for zinc(II) phthalocyanine derivative in DMF and DMSO at 0.55 and 0.72, whereas for palladium(II) complex at 0.73 and 0.77, respectively. Liposomal formulations of phthalocyanine derivatives were prepared, and their activity was evaluated against a broad spectrum of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (ESBL+), Candida albicans resistant to fluconazole, C. auris, and against dermatophytes. Phthalocyanine palladium(II) complex showed the highest bactericidal activity against all antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, including reducing C. auris growth at 3.54 log.
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Magadla A, Openda YI, Nyokong T. The implications of Ortho-, Meta- and Para- Directors on the In-Vitro Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Activity of Cationic Pyridyl-dihydrothiazole Phthalocyanines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103029. [PMID: 35872353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cationic Zn phthalocyanine complexes derived by alkylation reaction of tetra-(pyridinyloxy) phthalocyanines at the ortho, meta, and para positions to form Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(2-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (2), Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(3-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (4) and Zn (II) Tetrakis 3-(4-(4-pyridin-1-ium-1-yl) butyl)-2-mercapto-4,5-dihydrothiazol-3-ium phthalocyanine (6). The photophysicochemical behaviours of the Pc complexes are assessed. The meta and para-substituted complexes demonstrate high singlet oxygen quantum yields. The cationic Pcs demonstrate good planktonic antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with the highest log reduction values of 9.29 and 8.55, respectively. The cationic complexes also demonstrate a significant decrease in the viability of in vitro biofilms after photo-antimicrobial chemotherapy at 100 µM for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviwe Magadla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Yolande Ikala Openda
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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8
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Magaela NB, Matshitse R, Nyokong T. The effect of charge on Zn tetra morpholine porphyrin conjugated to folic acid-nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots for photodynamic therapy studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102898. [PMID: 35525434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Zinc tetra morpholine porphyrin (complex 2), and its quaternized derivative (complex 3) were synthesized and conjugated to folic acid nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (FA-NGQDs) through π-π stacking to study their photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Photophysiochemical properties of complexes 2, 3, and their conjugates (2-FA-NGQDs, 3-FA-NGQDs) were studied. It was found that complex 3 had higher ϕΔ of 0.56 compared to complex 2 with ϕΔ of 0.24, and respective composites: 3-FA-NGQDs had higher ϕΔ compared to 2-FA-NGQDs. The PDT studies were conducted for nanoparticles (FA-NGQDs), complexes (2, 3), and respective composites (2-FA-NGQDs, and 3-FA-NGQDs) using MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Dark toxicity of all compounds was above 90% which is negligible. At a highest concentration of 40 µg/mL, 3-FA-NGQDs gave the lowest cell viability of 28% compared to all other conjugates and porphyrins alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bridged Magaela
- Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Refilwe Matshitse
- Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.
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9
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Dingiswayo S, Burgess K, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activities of Free-Base Tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin and Its Tin(IV) Complex. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200115. [PMID: 35604018 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meso-tetra(4-methylthiolphenyl)chlorin (3) and its Sn(IV) complex (3-Sn) have been synthesized and characterized. The heavy atom effects of the Sn(IV) ion and sulfur atoms result in relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield values of 0.40 and 0.48. The photodynamic activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cells were determined through irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 30 min (280 mW.cm-2 ). IC50 values of 7.8 and 3.9 μM were obtained, respectively. 3-Sn was found to have significant photodynamic antimicrobial activity against both gram-(+) S. aureus and gram-(-) E. coli bacteria upon irradiation with a Thorlabs 660 nm LED for 75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somila Dingiswayo
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kristen Burgess
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
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10
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Novel cationic-chalcone phthalocyanines for photodynamic therapy eradication of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial biofilms and MCF-7 breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Magaela NB, Matshitse R, Babu B, Managa M, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. Sn(IV) porphyrin-biotin decorated nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots nanohybrids for photodynamic therapy. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. A Sn( iv) porphyrin with mitochondria targeting properties for enhanced photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A Sn(iv) porphyrin with a mitochondria targeting triphenylphosphonium moiety has a high ΦΔ value (ca. 0.72) and does not aggregate in aqueous solution. The dye exhibits favorable photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 2.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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13
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Hu X, Wang S, Luo Q, Ge B, Cheng Q, Dong C, Xu J, Ding H, Xu M, Tedesco AC, Huang X, Zhang R, Bi H. Synthesis of Sn nanocluster@carbon dots for photodynamic therapy application. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Oyim J, Omolo CA, Amuhaya EK. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Advancements in Porphyrin-Based Photosensitize Development. Front Chem 2021; 9:635344. [PMID: 33898388 PMCID: PMC8058465 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.635344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of available drugs with effectiveness against microbes is worsening with the current global crisis of antimicrobial resistance. This calls for innovative strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) is a relatively new method that utilizes the combined action of light, oxygen, and a photosensitizer to bring about the destruction of microorganisms. This technique has been found to be effective against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Of greater interest is their ability to destroy resistant strains of microorganisms and in effect help in combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This manuscript reviews porphyrins and porphyrin-type photosensitizers that have been studied in the recent past with a focus on their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Oyim
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Calvin A. Omolo
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Edith K. Amuhaya
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Collen Makola L, Nyokong T, Amuhaya EK. Impact of axial ligation on photophysical and photodynamic antimicrobial properties of indium (III) methylsulfanylphenyl porphyrin complexes linked to silver-capped copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Magadla A, Babu B, Mack J, Nyokong T. Positively charged styryl pyridine substituted Zn(II) phthalocyanines for photodynamic therapy and photoantimicrobial chemotherapy: effect of the number of charges. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9129-9136. [PMID: 34115081 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cationic Zn phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized using Knoevenagel reaction starting from a Zn(ii) tetrakis(2-formylphenoxy)phthalocyanine (1) to form Zn(ii) tetrakis(1-butyl-4-(4-(tetraphenoxy)styryl)pyridin-1-ium) phthalocyanine (2) and Zn(ii) tetrakis(4-(4-(tetraphenoxy)styryl)-1-(4-(triphenylphosphonio)butyl)pyridin-1-ium)phthalocyanine (3). The photophysicochemical behaviours of the Pc complexes were assessed. The cationic complexes display high water-solubility and gave moderate singlet oxygen quantum yield in water. The cationic Pcs demonstrate good cellular uptake and photodynamic activity against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 8.2 and 4.9 μM for 2 and 3, respectively. The cationic Pcs also demonstrate high photoantimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli with log reductions of 5.3 and 6.0 for 2 and 3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviwe Magadla
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation. Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation. Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation. Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation. Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
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Chakraborty S, Das M, Srinivasan A, Ghosh A. Tetrakis-( N-methyl-4-pyridinium)-porphyrin as a diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (diaCEST) MRI contrast agent. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04869k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Easily synthesizable tetrakis-(N-methyl-4-pyridinium)-porphyrin as a diaCEST agent that shows nearly pH independent good contrast in a wide range of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhayan Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- Bhubaneswar 752050
- India
| | - Mainak Das
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- Bhubaneswar 752050
- India
| | - A. Srinivasan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- Bhubaneswar 752050
- India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
- HBNI
- Bhubaneswar 752050
- India
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18
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Zhu SE, Zhang J, Dou L, Li N, Hu K, Gao T, Lu H, Si J, Wang X, Yang W. Rigid axially symmetrical C 60-BODIPY triplet photosensitizers: effect of bridge length on singlet oxygen generation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two rigid axially symmetrical C60-BODIPY systems with different bridge lengths have been synthesized and the dyad with short bridge generates a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen.
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