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Jiang L, Qi Y, Yang L, Miao Y, Ren W, Liu H, Huang Y, Huang S, Chen S, Shi Y, Cai L. Remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment via siRNA therapy for precision cancer treatment. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100852. [PMID: 37920650 PMCID: PMC10618707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How to effectively transform the pro-oncogenic tumor microenvironments (TME) surrounding a tumor into an anti-tumoral never fails to attract people to study. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is considered one of the most noteworthy research directions that can regulate gene expression following a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). The research about siRNA delivery targeting tumor cells and TME has been on the rise in recent years. Using siRNA drugs to silence critical proteins in TME was one of the most efficient solutions. However, the manufacture of a siRNA delivery system faces three major obstacles, i.e., appropriate cargo protection, accurately targeted delivery, and site-specific cargo release. In the following review, we summarized the pharmacological actions of siRNA drugs in remolding TME. In addition, the delivery strategies of siRNA drugs and combination therapy with siRNA drugs to remodel TME are thoroughly discussed. In the meanwhile, the most recent advancements in the development of all clinically investigated and commercialized siRNA delivery technologies are also presented. Ultimately, we propose that nanoparticle drug delivery siRNA may be the future research focus of oncogene therapy. This summary offers a thorough analysis and roadmap for general readers working in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jianyang People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Jianyang 641400, China
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Weiming Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Shiyin Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lulu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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Li Q, Liu X, Yan C, Zhao B, Zhao Y, Yang L, Shi M, Yu H, Li X, Luo K. Polysaccharide-Based Stimulus-Responsive Nanomedicines for Combination Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206211. [PMID: 36890780 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising antitumor approach, whereas nontherapeutic side effects, tumor microenvironment (TME) intricacy, and low tumor immunogenicity limit its therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, combination immunotherapy with other therapies has been proven to considerably increase antitumor efficacy. However, achieving codelivery of the drugs to the tumor site remains a major challenge. Stimulus-responsive nanodelivery systems show controlled drug delivery and precise drug release. Polysaccharides, a family of potential biomaterials, are widely used in the development of stimulus-responsive nanomedicines due to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and modifiability. Here, the antitumor activity of polysaccharides and several combined immunotherapy strategies (e.g., immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or photothermal therapy) are summarized. More importantly, the recent progress of polysaccharide-based stimulus-responsive nanomedicines for combination cancer immunotherapy is discussed, with the focus on construction of nanomedicine, targeted delivery, drug release, and enhanced antitumor effects. Finally, the limitations and application prospects of this new field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bolin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kaipei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Donoso‐Meneses D, Figueroa‐Valdés AI, Georges N, Tobar HE, Alcayaga‐Miranda F. Turning adversity into opportunity: Small extracellular vesicles as nanocarriers for tumor-associated macrophages re-education. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10349. [PMID: 36684102 PMCID: PMC9842057 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, small extracellular vesicles (sEV) as a nanoscale drug delivery system, are undergoing biotechnological scaling and clinical validation. Nonetheless, preclinical pharmacokinetic studies revealed that sEV are predominantly uptaken by macrophages. Although this "sEV-macrophage" propensity represents a disadvantage in terms of sEV targeting and their bioavailability as nanocarriers, it also represents a strategic advantage for those therapies that involve macrophages. Such is the case of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which can reprogram/repolarize their predominantly immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive phenotype toward an immunostimulatory and anti-tumor phenotype using sEV as nanocarriers of TAMs reprogramming molecules. In this design, sEV represents an advantageous delivery system, providing precision to the therapy by simultaneously matching their tropism to the therapeutic cell target. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of TAMs in the tumoral microenvironment and the effect generated by the reprogramming of these phagocytic cells fate using sEV. Finally, we discuss how these vesicles can be engineered by different bioengineering techniques to improve their therapeutic cargo loading and preferential uptake by TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Donoso‐Meneses
- Laboratory of Nano‐Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- Consorcio RegeneroChilean Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSantiagoChile
- IMPACTCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapySantiagoChile
| | - Aliosha I. Figueroa‐Valdés
- Laboratory of Nano‐Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- Consorcio RegeneroChilean Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSantiagoChile
- IMPACTCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapySantiagoChile
| | - Nicolás Georges
- Laboratory of Nano‐Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- Consorcio RegeneroChilean Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSantiagoChile
- IMPACTCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapySantiagoChile
| | - Hugo E. Tobar
- Laboratory of Nano‐Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- IMPACTCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapySantiagoChile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga‐Miranda
- Laboratory of Nano‐Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- Consorcio RegeneroChilean Consortium for Regenerative MedicineSantiagoChile
- IMPACTCenter of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular TherapySantiagoChile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Los AndesSantiagoChile
- Cells for CellsSantiagoChile
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Swetha KL, Maravajjala KS, Li SD, Singh MS, Roy A. Breaking the niche: multidimensional nanotherapeutics for tumor microenvironment modulation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:105-134. [PMID: 35697894 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most of the current antitumor therapeutics were developed targeting the cancer cells only. Unfortunately, in the majority of tumors, this single-dimensional therapy is found to be ineffective. Advanced research has shown that cancer is a multicellular disorder. The tumor microenvironment (TME), which is made by a complex network of the bulk tumor cells and other supporting cells, plays a crucial role in tumor progression. Understanding the importance of the TME in tumor growth, different treatment modalities have been developed targeting these supporting cells. Recent clinical results suggest that simultaneously targeting multiple components of the tumor ecosystem with drug combinations can be highly effective. This type of "multidimensional" therapy has a high potential for cancer treatment. However, tumor-specific delivery of such multi-drug combinations remains a challenge. Nanomedicine could be utilized for the tumor-targeted delivery of such multidimensional therapeutics. In this review, we first give a brief overview of the major components of TME. We then highlight the latest developments in nanoparticle-based combination therapies, where one drug targets cancer cells and other drug targets tumor-supporting components in the TME for a synergistic effect. We include the latest preclinical and clinical studies and discuss innovative nanoparticle-mediated targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laxmi Swetha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Kavya Sree Maravajjala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manu Smriti Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India. .,Center of Excellence for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Guan L, Zhang Z, Gao T, Fu S, Mu W, Liang S, Liu Y, Chu Q, Fang Y, Liu Y, Zhang N. Depleting Tumor Infiltrating B Cells to Boost Antitumor Immunity with Tumor Immune-Microenvironment Reshaped Hybrid Nanocage. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4263-4277. [PMID: 35179349 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating B cells (TIBs)-dependent immunotherapy has emerged as a promising method for tumor treatment. Depleting TIBs to boost antitumor immunity is a highly desirable yet challenging approach to TIBs-dependent immunotherapy. Herein, a tumor immune-microenvironment reshaped hybrid nanocage CPN-NLI/MLD coloaded with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, and cytotoxic drug docetaxel was developed for stepwise targeting TIBs and tumor cells, respectively. The tumor microenvironment responsive CPN-NLI/MLD promoted charge reversal and size reduction under acidic conditions (pH < 6.5). The accumulation of CPN-NLI/MLD in tumor tissues was achieved through CD13 targeting, and cellular uptake was increased due to the differ-targeting delivery. Targeting of docetaxel to tumor cells was achieved by the interaction of α-MSH modified on inner docetaxel-particle MLD and melanocortin-1 receptor on the surface of tumor cells. Targeting of ibrutinib to TIBs was achieved by the interaction of Neu5Ac modified on inner ibrutinib-particle NLI and CD22 on the surface of TIBs. The boosted antitumor immunity was achieved mainly by the inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase activation mediated by ibrutinib, which reduced the proportion of TIBs, enhanced infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, increased the secretion of immunogenic cytokines including IL-2 and IFN-γ, and inhibited the proliferation of regulatory T cells and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines including IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β. Furthermore, CPN-NLI/MLD improved the antitumor efficiency of chemoimmunotherapy by reshaping tumor immune-microenvironment by TIBs depletion. Taken together, CPN-NLI/MLD represents a promising method for effective tumor treatment and combination therapy by TIBs-dependent immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Tong Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shunli Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qihui Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuxiao Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Song Y, Huang Y, Zhou F, Ding J, Zhou W. Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for chronic diseases immunotherapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer is a multidimensional and challenging disease to handle. Current statistics reveal that we are far from satisfying cancer treatment. Taking advantage of different therapeutic agents that affect multiple pathways has been established as highly productive. Nevertheless, owing to several hindrances to conventional combination therapy, such as lack of tumor targeting, non-uniform pharmacokinetic of the combined drugs, and off-target side effects, it is well documented that this treatment approach is unlikely to address all the difficulties observed in monotherapy. Co-delivery systems could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the combination therapy by targeting cancer cells and improving the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, it seems that present knowledge in responding to the challenges in cancer treatment is still inadequate and far from optimal treatment, which highlights the urgent need for systematic studies direct to identify various aspects of co-delivery systems. Accordingly, to gather informative data, save time, and achieve superior results, the following steps are necessary: (1) implementing computational methods to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in vitro and in vivo, (2) meticulous cancer studies at the cellular and molecular levels to obtain specific criteria for selecting preclinical and clinical models, (3) extensive physiological and pharmacokinetic study of nanocarriers behavior in preclinical models, and (4) finding the optimal formulation and analyzing its behavior in cellular and animal models facilitates bridging in vivo models to clinical trials. This review aims to deliver an overview of co-delivery systems, rationales, and suggestions for further studies in this field.
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Liu Y, Liang S, Jiang D, Gao T, Fang Y, Fu S, Guan L, Zhang Z, Mu W, Chu Q, Liu Y, Zhang N. Manipulation of TAMs functions to facilitate the immune therapy effects of immune checkpoint antibodies. J Control Release 2021; 336:621-634. [PMID: 34246701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint antibodies have emerged as novel therapeutics, while many patients are refractory. Researchers had identified tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is the pivotal factor involved in immune resistance and that manipulation of TAMs functions would improve the immunotherapies effectively. NF-κB pathway was one of the master regulators in TAMs manipulation. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway could achieve both re-polarization M2 TAMs and downregulation the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) on TAMs to improve the effect of immunotherapies. Here, IMD-0354, inhibitor of NF-κB pathway was loaded in mannose modified lipid nanoparticles (M-IMD-LNP). Then, PD-1 antibody and M-IMD-LNP were co-loaded in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) responsive and tumor target nanogels (P/ML-NNG). P/ML-NNG could co-deliver drugs to tumor site, disintegrated by MMP2 and release drugs to different targets. Evaluation of PD-1 expression, inhibition of NF-κB pathway, expression of PD-L1 on M2 TAMs and M2 TAMs re-polarization demonstrated that P/ML-NNG could block the PD-1/PD-L1 and NF-κB pathways simultaneously. Evaluation of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, Tregs, cytokines and antitumor immunity confirmed that IMD-0354 could improve the immunotherapies effectively. Those results provided forceful references for tumor immunetherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Tong Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yuxiao Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Shunli Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Qihui Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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