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Metherall JP, Carroll RC, Coles SJ, Hall MJ, Probert MR. Advanced crystallisation methods for small organic molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1995-2010. [PMID: 36857636 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular materials based on small organic molecules often require advanced structural analysis, beyond the capability of spectroscopic techniques, to fully characterise them. In such cases, diffraction methods such as single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), are one of the most powerful tools available to researchers, providing molecular and structural elucidation at atomic level resolution, including absolute stereochemistry. However SCXRD, and related diffraction methods, are heavily dependent on the availability of suitable, high-quality crystals, thus crystallisation often becomes the major bottleneck in preparing samples. Following a summary of classical methods for the crystallisation of small organic molecules, this review will focus on a number of recently developed advanced methods for crystalline material sample preparation for SCXRD. This review will cover two main areas of modern small organic molecule crystallisation, namely the inclusion of molecules within host complexes (e.g., "crystalline sponge" and tetraaryladamantane based inclusion chaperones) and the use of high-throughput crystallisation, employing "under-oil" approaches (e.g., microbatch under-oil and ENaCt). Representative examples have been included for each technique, together with a discussion of their relative advantages and limitations to aid the reader in selecting the most appropriate technique to overcome a specific analytical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Metherall
- Newcastle University, Chemistry - School of Natural Environmental Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - R C Carroll
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - S J Coles
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - M J Hall
- Newcastle University, Chemistry - School of Natural Environmental Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - M R Probert
- Newcastle University, Chemistry - School of Natural Environmental Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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2
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Morimoto K, Kitagawa D, Bardeen CJ, Kobatake S. Cooperative Photochemical Reaction Kinetics in Organic Molecular Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203291. [PMID: 36414545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive molecular crystals have been intensively investigated as next-generation functional materials. Changes in physicochemical properties are usually interpreted in terms of static pre- and post-reaction molecular structures and packings determined by X-ray structure analysis. However, to elucidate the dynamic properties, it is necessary to understand the dynamic nature of photochemical kinetics in crystals. Reaction dynamics in the crystal phase can be dramatically different from those in dilute solution because the local molecular environment evolves as the surrounding reactant molecules are transformed into products. In this Review article, we summarize multiple examples of photochemical reactions in the crystalline phase that do not follow classical kinetic behavior. We also discuss different theoretical methods that can be used to describe this behavior. This Review article should help provide a foundation for future workers to understand and analyze photochemical reaction kinetics in crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto., Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto., Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto., Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto., Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto., Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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3
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Louati M, Barrau S, Tahon JF, Brosseau A, Takao M, Takeshita M, Métivier R, Buntinx G, Aloise S. Is it possible to maintain photomechanical properties of crystalline diarylethenes after thermal amorphization? J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ahmed E, Chizhik S, Sidelnikov A, Boldyreva E, Naumov P. Relating Excited States to the Dynamics of Macroscopic Strain in Photoresponsive Crystals. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3573-3585. [PMID: 35170305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of a photoreactive single crystal to light with a wavelength offset from its absorption maximum can have two distinct effects. The first is the "direct" effect, wherein the excited state generated in individual chemical species is influenced. The second is the "indirect" effect, which describes the penetration of light into the crystal and hence the spatial propagation and completeness of transformation. We illustrate using the nitro-nitrito isomerization of [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl(NO3) as an example that the direct and indirect effects can be independently determined. This is achieved by comparing the dynamics of macroscopic crystal deformation (bending curvature and crystal elongation) induced by the photochemical reaction when irradiating a crystal at the absorption maximum and at different band edges (above or below the maximum) of the same band. Quantitative description of the macroscopic strain dynamics in comparison with experiments allowed us to suggest that irradiation at different tails of the same absorption band causes isomerization to proceed via different excited states and an additional photochemical reaction (presumably, reverse nitrito-nitro isomerization) can occur on irradiation at the ligand-field band edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaz Ahmed
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, Abu Dhabi 00000, U.A.E
| | - Stanislav Chizhik
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Sidelnikov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University, Abu Dhabi, POB 129188, Abu Dhabi 00000, U.A.E
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5
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Ye Y, Hao H, Xie C. Photomechanical crystalline materials: new developments, property tuning and applications. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This highlight gives an overview of the mechanism development, property tuning and application exploration of photomechanical crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuang Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Pokutsa A, Ohkubo K, Zaborovski A, Bloniarz P. UV‐induced oxygenation of toluene enhanced by Co (acac)
2
/9‐mesityl‐10‐methylacridinium ion/
N
‐hydroxyphthalimide tandem. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pokutsa
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fuel Fossils NAS of Ukraine Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry and Chemistry of Coal NAS of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Advanced Co‐Creation Studies Osaka University Osaka Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Andriy Zaborovski
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fuel Fossils NAS of Ukraine Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry and Chemistry of Coal NAS of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
| | - Pawel Bloniarz
- Chemistry Department Rzeszow University of Technology Rzeszow Poland
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Bai R, Ocegueda E, Bhattacharya K. Photochemical-induced phase transitions in photoactive semicrystalline polymers. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:033003. [PMID: 33862748 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The emergent photoactive materials obtained through photochemistry make it possible to directly convert photon energy to mechanical work. There has been much recent work in developing appropriate materials, and a promising system is semicrystalline polymers of the photoactive molecule azobenzene. We develop a phase field model with two order parameters for the crystal-melt transition and the trans-cis photoisomerization to understand such materials, and the model describes the rich phenomenology. We find that the photoreaction rate depends sensitively on temperature: At temperatures below the crystal-melt transition temperature, photoreaction is collective, requires a critical light intensity, and shows an abrupt first-order phase transition manifesting nucleation and growth; at temperatures above the transition temperature, photoreaction is independent and follows first-order kinetics. Further, the phase transition depends significantly on the exact forms of spontaneous strain during the crystal-melt and trans-cis transitions. A nonmonotonic change of photopersistent cis ratio with increasing temperature is observed accompanied by a reentrant crystallization of trans below the melting temperature. A pseudo phase diagram is subsequently presented with varying temperature and light intensity along with the resulting actuation strain. These insights can assist the further development of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Bai
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Eric Ocegueda
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Kaushik Bhattacharya
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Gately TJ, Sontising W, Easley CJ, Islam I, Al-Kaysi RO, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ. Effect of halogen substitution on energies and dynamics of reversible photomechanical crystals based on 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental/computational analysis of photomechanical anthracene derivatives reveals their kinetic behavior is not simply related to the monomer-photodimer energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Watit Sontising
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Connor J. Easley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Imadul Islam
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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9
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Yelgaonkar SP, Campillo-Alvarado G, MacGillivray LR. Phototriggered Guest Release from a Nonporous Organic Crystal: Remarkable Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformation of a Binary Cocrystal Solvate to a Ternary Cocrystal. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20772-20777. [PMID: 33236628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of organic solids for applications in materials science requires a fundamental understanding of how close packing of molecules can affect structure and function. We report here nonporous organic crystals that release entrapped guest molecules upon application of UV light. We show components of binary cocrystal solvates to undergo an intermolecular photoreaction to generate ternary cocrystals that results in release of entrapped solvent molecules. The phototriggered guest release occurs in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation that is in the absence pores and channels in the solid. The cocrystals are composed of a tetratopic hydrogen-bond-acceptor molecule synthesized in the solid state. The UV-light results in [2 + 2] photodimerization of an isocoumarin to generate a ternary cocrystal with cyclobutane molecules that support guest release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta P Yelgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
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