1
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Li Y, Xue B, Yang J, Jiang J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Wu M, Yuan Y, Zhu Z, Wang ZJ, Chen Y, Harabuchi Y, Nakajima T, Wang W, Maeda S, Gong JP, Cao Y. Azobenzene as a photoswitchable mechanophore. Nat Chem 2024; 16:446-455. [PMID: 38052946 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene has been widely explored as a photoresponsive element in materials science. Although some studies have investigated the force-induced isomerization of azobenzene, the effect of force on the rupture of azobenzene has not been explored. Here we show that the light-induced structural change of azobenzene can also alter its rupture forces, making it an ideal light-responsive mechanophore. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy and ultrasonication, we found that cis and trans para-azobenzene isomers possess contrasting mechanical properties. Dynamic force spectroscopy experiments and quantum-chemical calculations in which azobenzene regioisomers were pulled from different directions revealed that the distinct rupture forces of the two isomers are due to the pulling direction rather than the energetic difference between the two isomers. These mechanical features of azobenzene can be used to rationally control the macroscopic fracture behaviours of polymer networks by photoillumination. The use of light-induced conformational changes to alter the mechanical response of mechanophores provides an attractive way to engineer polymer networks of light-regulatable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiao Wu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenshu Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Jian Wang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yulan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Yang F, Geng T, Shen H, Kou Y, Xiao G, Zou B, Chen Y. Mechanochemical Release of Fluorophores from a "Flex-activated" Mechanophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308662. [PMID: 37565546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical force probes that can release force-dependent and visualized signals with minimal changes in the polymer main chains under mechanical load are highly sought after but currently limited. In this study, we introduce a flex-activated mechanophore (FA) based on the Diels-Alder adduct of anthracene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylatea that exhibits turn-on mechanofluorescence. We demonstrate that when FA is incorporated into polymer networks or in its crystalline state, it can release fluorescent anthracenes through a retro-Diels-Alder mechanochemical reaction under compression or hydrostatic high pressure, respectively. The flex-activated mechanism of FA is successfully confirmed. Furthermore, we systematically modulate the force delivered to the mechanophore by varying the crosslinking density of the networks and the applied macroscopic pressures. This modulation leads to incremental increases in mechanophore activation, successive release of anthracenes, and quantitative enhancement of fluorescence intensity. The exceptional potential of FA as a sensitive force probe in different bulk states is highlighted, benefiting from its unique flex-activated mode with highly emissive fluorophore releasing. Overall, this report enriches our understanding of the structures and functions of flex-activated mechanophores and polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects & Control for Emerging Contaminants, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, 351100, P. R. China
| | - Ting Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hang Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guanjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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3
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Imato K, Ishii A, Kaneda N, Hidaka T, Sasaki A, Imae I, Ooyama Y. Thermally Stable Photomechanical Molecular Hinge: Sterically Hindered Stiff-Stilbene Photoswitch Mechanically Isomerizes. JACS AU 2023; 3:2458-2466. [PMID: 37772185 PMCID: PMC10523368 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are extensively used as molecular machines because of the small structures, simple motions, and advantages of light including high spatiotemporal resolution. Applications of photoswitches depend on the mechanical responses, in other words, whether they can generate motions against mechanical forces as actuators or can be activated and controlled by mechanical forces as mechanophores. Sterically hindered stiff stilbene (HSS) is a promising photoswitch offering large hinge-like motions in the E/Z isomerization, high thermal stability of the Z isomer, which is relatively unstable compared to the E isomer, with a half-life of ca. 1000 years at room temperature, and near-quantitative two-way photoisomerization. However, its mechanical response is entirely unexplored. Here, we elucidate the mechanochemical reactivity of HSS by incorporating one Z or E isomer into the center of polymer chains, ultrasonicating the polymer solutions, and stretching the polymer films to apply elongational forces to the embedded HSS. The present study demonstrated that HSS mechanically isomerizes only in the Z to E direction and reversibly isomerizes in combination with UV light, i.e., works as a photomechanical hinge. The photomechanically inducible but thermally irreversible hinge-like motions render HSS unique and promise unconventional applications differently from existing photoswitches, mechanophores, and hinges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hidaka
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ayane Sasaki
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry
Program,
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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4
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Noh J, Koo MB, Jung J, Peterson GI, Kim KT, Choi TL. Monodisperse Cyclic Polymer Mechanochemistry: Scission Kinetics and the Dynamic Memory Effect with Ultrasonication and Ball-Mill Grinding. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18432-18438. [PMID: 37486970 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of monodisperse cyclic and linear poly(d,l-lactide)s (c-PLA and l-PLA, respectively) were prepared with various degrees of polymerization (DP) using an iterative convergent synthesis approach. The absence of a molecular weight distribution provided us a chance to study their mechanochemical reactivity without obstructions arising from the size distribution. Additionally, we prepared l- and c-PLAs with identical DPs, which enabled us to attribute differences in scission rates to the cyclic polymer architecture alone. The polymers were subjected to ultrasonication (US) and ball-mill grinding (BMG), and their degradation kinetics were explored. Up to 9.0 times larger scission rates were observed for l-PLA (compared to c-PLA) with US, but the difference was less than 1.9 times with BMG. Fragmentation requires two backbone scission events for c-PLA, and we were able to observe linear intermediates (formed after a single scission) for the first time. We also developed a new method of studying the dynamic memory effect in US by characterizing and comparing the daughter fragment molecular weight distributions of l- and c-PLAs. These results provide new insights into the influence of the cyclic polymer architecture on mechanochemical reactions as well as differences in reactivity observed with US and BMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo Beom Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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5
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He W, Yuan Y, Wu M, Li X, Shen Y, Qu Z, Chen Y. Multicolor Chromism from a Single Chromophore through Synergistic Coupling of Mechanochromic and Photochromic Subunits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218785. [PMID: 36642693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile mechanophore exhibiting a vividly detectable, light-regulable multicolor mechanochromism. Such optical features rely on the synergistic coupling of mechanochromic bis-rhodamine (Rh) and photochromic bisthienylethene (BTE). Poly(methyl acrylate)s incorporating this bis-mechanophore can be mechanically activated under sonication. The relative distribution of the two distinctly colored and fluorescent Rh ring-opening products is altered with different magnitudes of applied force. Orthogonal use of the photochromic reaction of the BTE core can strengthen the mechanochromism and gate the mechanofluorescence in polymers. Due to increased conjugation offered by the BTE linker, both force- and light-induced optical signals display high contrast. Combined DFT simulated and experimental results reveal that the three subunits (two Rhs and one BTE) in this chromophore are activated sequentially, thus generating switchable three-colored forms and gradient optical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye He
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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6
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Willis-Fox N, Watchorn-Rokutan E, Rognin E, Daly R. Technology pull: scale-up of polymeric mechanochemical force sensors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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7
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Lai Y, Li J, Chen M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Z. Multicolor Mechanochromic Epoxy Thermosets That Recognize the Intensity, Type, and Duration of Mechanical Stimulation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200821. [PMID: 36479907 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers that exhibit multiple color changes under external mechanical stimulation show great potential for sensor applications. Herein, an epoxy thermoset that can reveal the intensity, type, and duration of mechanical stimulation via a combination of disulfide (DS) and rhodamine (Rh) mechanochromophores is reported. A unique multicolor transition occurs upon ball mill or manual grinding because of the different activation energies of DS and Rh. The epoxy changes color depending on the ball mill grinding duration. Simultaneous activation occurs with a mechanochromic time lag between DS and Rh, and the collision energy strongly affects the relative intensity. A more dramatic multicolor response is observed using a mortar and pestle, as sequential activation occurs upon gentle and strong grinding. Various types of mechanical stimulation can cause different aggregates of the activated Rh moiety and vary the relative mechanosensitivities of Rh and DS, which lead to a different color response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Lai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Zhongtao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
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8
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Wu M, Li Y, Yuan W, De Bo G, Cao Y, Chen Y. Cooperative and Geometry-Dependent Mechanochromic Reactivity through Aromatic Fusion of Two Rhodamines in Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17120-17128. [PMID: 36070612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unique topological features of Piezo proteins underlie the lever-like cellular mechanotransduction mechanism. This knowledge inspires us to seek topological/geometric control of mechanochromophores with unprecedentedly amplified, synergistic changes in polymers to serve as ideal stress probes. Here, by judicious placement of two spirolactam rings into aminobenzopyranoxanthene, a series of stereo- and regio-isomeric rhodamine-like mechanophores are developed. With two labile bonds closely coupled into one rigidified scaffold, these π-fused bis-mechanophores enable mechanochromic polymers, featuring cooperative bond scission, low rupture force (lower than rhodamine), and geometry-controlled ring-opening reactivity. Sonication, single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, and density functional theory calculations provide insight into the force-color relationship and rationalize how the difference in reactivity of the four isomeric mechanophores is affected by their molecular geometry and thermodynamic equilibrium. Our strategy based on the aromatic fusion of bis-mechanophore promises a modular approach to isomeric mechanophores for cooperative bond scission. Also, important insights into internal and external factors governing tandem mechanochemical reactions are gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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9
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Lai Y, Chen M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Z. Epoxy thermosets with a multicolor switching during both compression and recovery processes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Lai
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Mao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Zhongtao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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10
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Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
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11
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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12
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Chen Z, Ye F, Shao T, Wu Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zou B, Ma Y. Stress-Dependent Multicolor Mechanochromism in Epoxy Thermosets Based on Rhodamine and Diaminodiphenylmethane Mechanophores. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Fangjun Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Li Q, Wang YX, Chen Y. Unraveling Ultrasonic Stress Response of Nanovesicles by the Mechanochromism of Self-Assembled Polydiacetylene. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:103-109. [PMID: 35574789 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The force response of nanosized vesicles shows substantial applications in drug delivery, cancer therapies, and so on. Conventional methods in mechanical studies on vesicles rely on a camera and an optical microscope, which can hardly work for nanosized particles. Herein, we use self-assembled polydiacetylene (PDA) as a chromic mechanoresponsive group to study the responsiveness of nanovesicles under sonication. The sonication-induced deformation of the PDA backbone and reduction in its conjugation length leads to a color transition from blue to red. Three internal and external factors, including greater shear stress, lower polymerization degree, and higher viscosity of the continue phase, have been found to promote the mechanochromism of the vesicles. These results, for the first time, reveal that the force response of vesicles depends on the actual capillary number (correlated with the three explored factors), even at the nanoscale level, which opens a new avenue to mechanical modulation of nanovesicles for the development of vesicle-based bio- and nanotechniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12675-12678. [PMID: 34779466 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore (NCD). Our results revealed that mechanically induced retro-cycloaddition of the NCD and subsequent crosslinking reactions between CC bonds were responsible for this peculiar strenghthening, and demonstrated the good possibility that the NCD can be applied in smart materials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
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15
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He S, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Dreuw A, Göstl R. Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:15889-15897. [PMID: 34582082 PMCID: PMC9292383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra‐tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang He
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Qi Q, Sekhon G, Chandradat R, Ofodum NM, Shen T, Scrimgeour J, Joy M, Wriedt M, Jayathirtha M, Darie CC, Shipp DA, Liu X, Lu X. Force-Induced Near-Infrared Chromism of Mechanophore-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17337-17343. [PMID: 34586805 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A near-infrared (NIR) mechanophore was developed and incorporated into a poly(methyl acrylate) chain to showcase the first force-induced NIR chromism in polymeric materials. This mechanophore, based on benzo[1,3]oxazine (OX) fused with a heptamethine cyanine moiety, exhibited NIR mechanochromism in solution, thin-film, and bulk states. The mechanochemical activity was validated using UV-vis-NIR absorption/fluorescence spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), NMR, and DFT simulations. Our work demonstrates that NIR mechanochromic polymers have considerable potential in mechanical force sensing, damage detection, bioimaging, and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tianruo Shen
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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17
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Yamamoto T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Polystyrene Functionalized with Diarylacetonitrile for the Visualization of Mechanoradicals and Improved Thermal Stability. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:744-748. [PMID: 35549102 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct scission of polymer main chains leads to a decrease in the performance of the polymeric materials. Polystyrene-functionalized with diarylacetonitrile (DAAN) was prepared through a postpolymerization modification with 4-methoxymandelonitrile to generate mechanofluorescent polymers that enable the visualization of the scission of the polymer main chain. The polymeric mechanoradicals obtained from the homolytic cleavage of the polymer main chain in response to mechanical stress were observed using fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, a thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polymers was greatly improved relative to the parent polystyrene, that is, the introduction of the DAAN moiety via postpolymerization modification endowed the original polymers with multiple functions in one step; specifically, the ability to visualize polymer main-chain scission and improved thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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18
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Wu M, Chen Y. Developing real-time mechanochromic probes for polymeric materials. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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