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Villard C. Spatial confinement: A spur for axonal growth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:54-62. [PMID: 35927121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The concept of spatial confinement is the basis of cell positioning and guidance in in vitro studies. In vivo, it reflects many situations faced during embryonic development. In vitro, spatial confinement of neurons is achieved using different technological approaches: adhesive patterning, topographical structuring, microfluidics and the use of hydrogels. The notion of chemical or physical frontiers is particularly central to the behaviors of growth cones and neuronal processes under confinement. They encompass phenomena of cell spreading, boundary crossing, and path finding on surfaces with different adhesive properties. However, the most universal phenomenon related to confinement, regardless of how it is implemented, is the acceleration of neuronal growth. Overall, a bi-directional causal link emerges between the shape of the growth cone and neuronal elongation dynamics, both in vivo and in vitro. The sensing of adhesion discontinuities by filopodia and the subsequent spatial redistribution and size adaptation of these actin-rich filaments seem critical for the growth rate in conditions in which adhesive contacts and actin-associated clutching forces dominate. On the other hand, the involvement of microtubules, specifically demonstrated in 3D hydrogel environments and leading to ameboid-like locomotion, could be relevant in a wider range of growth situations. This review brings together a literature collected in distinct scientific fields such as development, mechanobiology and bioengineering that highlight the consequences of confinement and raise new questions at different cellular scales. Its ambition is to stimulate new research that could lead to a better understanding of what gives neurons their ability to establish and regulate their exceptional size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Villard
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université Paris Cité, UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Bonetti L, Caprioglio A, Bono N, Candiani G, Altomare L. Mucoadhesive chitosan-methylcellulose oral patches for the treatment of local mouth bacterial infections. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2699-2710. [PMID: 36722890 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive buccal patches are dosage forms promising for successful drug delivery. They show the distinctive advantages of long residence time on the oral mucosa and increased in situ drug bioavailability. In this context, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of chitosan (CS) has been demonstrated as a simple and easily tunable technique to produce mucoadhesive buccal patches. However, CS-based buccal patches may suffer from weak mucoadhesion, which can impair their therapeutic effect. In this work, methylcellulose (MC), a widely investigated biopolymer in the biomedical area, was exploited to increase the mucoadhesive characteristic of pristine CS patches. CS-MC patches were obtained in a one-pot process via EPD, and the possibility of incorporating gentamicin sulfate (GS) as a model of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in the so-obtained patches was investigated. The resulting CS-MC patches showed high stability in a water environment and superior mucoadhesive characteristic (σadh = 0.85 ± 0.26 kPa, Wadh = 1192.28 ± 602.36 Pa mm) when compared with the CS control samples (σadh = 0.42 ± 0.22 kPa, Wadh = 343.13 ± 268.89 Pa mm), due to both the control of the patch porosity and the bioadhesive nature of MC. Furthermore, GS-loaded patches showed no in vitro cytotoxic effects by challenging L929 cells with material extracts and noteworthy antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Caprioglio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nina Bono
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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Ozgun A, Lomboni D, Arnott H, Staines WA, Woulfe J, Variola F. Biomaterial-based strategies for in vitro neural models. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1134-1165. [PMID: 35023513 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01361k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models have been used as a complementary tool to animal studies in understanding the nervous system's physiological mechanisms and pathological disorders, while also serving as platforms to evaluate the safety and efficiency of therapeutic candidates. Following recent advances in materials science, micro- and nanofabrication techniques and cell culture systems, in vitro technologies have been rapidly gaining the potential to bridge the gap between animal and clinical studies by providing more sophisticated models that recapitulate key aspects of the structure, biochemistry, biomechanics, and functions of human tissues. This was made possible, in large part, by the development of biomaterials that provide cells with physicochemical features that closely mimic the cellular microenvironment of native tissues. Due to the well-known material-driven cellular response and the importance of mimicking the environment of the target tissue, the selection of optimal biomaterials represents an important early step in the design of biomimetic systems to investigate brain structures and functions. This review provides a comprehensive compendium of commonly used biomaterials as well as the different fabrication techniques employed for the design of neural tissue models. Furthermore, the authors discuss the main parameters that need to be considered to develop functional platforms not only for the study of brain physiological functions and pathological processes but also for drug discovery/development and the optimization of biomaterials for neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Ozgun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Lomboni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering (OCIBME), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hallie Arnott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering (OCIBME), Ottawa, Canada
| | - William A Staines
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering (OCIBME), Ottawa, Canada.,The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), Ottawa, Canada
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The Role of Substrate Topography and Stiffness on MSC Cells Functions: Key Material Properties for Biomimetic Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 7:biomimetics7010007. [PMID: 35076475 PMCID: PMC8788532 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of the present research is that by altering the substrate topography and/or stiffness to make it biomimetic, we can modulate cells behavior. Substrates with similar surface chemistry and varying stiffnesses and topographies were prepared. Bulk PCL and CNTs-reinforced PCL composites were manufactured by solvent casting method and electrospinning and further processed to obtain tunable moduli of elasticity in the range of few MPa. To ensure the same chemical profile for the substrates, a protein coating was added. Substrate topography and properties were investigated. Further on, the feedback of Wharton’s Jelly Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells to substrates characteristics was investigated. Solvent casting scaffolds displayed superior mechanical properties compared to the corresponding electrospun films. However, the biomimetic fibrous texture of the electrospun substrates induced improved feedback of the cells with respect to their viability and proliferation. Cells’ adhesion and differentiation was remarkably pronounced on solvent casting substrates compared to the electrospun substrates. Soft substates improved cells multiplication and migration, while stiff substrates induced differentiation into bone cells. Aspects related to the key factors and the ideal properties of substrates and microenvironments were clarified, aiming towards the deep understanding of the required optimum biomimetic features of biomaterials.
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Recent Developments in Surface Topography-Modulated Neurogenesis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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