1
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O'Toole HJ, Lowe N, Arun V, Kolesov AV, Palmieri TL, Tran NK, Carney RP. Plasma-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Biomarkers of Sepsis in Burn Patients via Label-free Raman Spectroscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.593634. [PMID: 38798662 PMCID: PMC11118394 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.593634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis following burn trauma is a global complication with high mortality, with ∼60% of burn patient deaths resulting from infectious complications. Sepsis diagnosis is complicated by confounding clinical manifestations of the burn injury, and current biomarkers markers lack the sensitivity and specificity required for prompt treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patient liquid biopsy as biomarkers of sepsis due to their release by pathogens from bacterial biofilms and roles in subsequent immune response. This study applies Raman spectroscopy to patient plasma derived EVs for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of sepsis in burn patients, achieving 97.5% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity. Furthermore, spectral differences between septic and non-septic burn patient EVs could be traced to specific glycoconjugates of bacterial strains associated with sepsis morbidity. This work illustrates the potential application of EVs as biomarkers in clinical burn trauma care, and establishes Raman analysis as a fast, label-free method to specifically identify features of bacterial EVs relevant to infection amongst the host background.
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2
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Dorado E, Doria ML, Nagelkerke A, McKenzie JS, Maneta‐Stavrakaki S, Whittaker TE, Nicholson JK, Coombes RC, Stevens MM, Takats Z. Extracellular vesicles as a promising source of lipid biomarkers for breast cancer detection in blood plasma. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12419. [PMID: 38443328 PMCID: PMC10914699 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, mediate intercellular communication in cancer, from development to metastasis. EV-based liquid biopsy is a promising strategy for cancer diagnosis as EVs can be found in cancer patients' body fluids. In this study, the lipid composition of breast cancer-derived EVs was studied as well as the potential of blood plasma EVs for the identification of lipid biomarkers for breast cancer detection. Initially, an untargeted lipidomic analysis was carried out for a panel of cancerous and non-cancerous mammary epithelial cells and their secreted EVs. We found that breast cancer-derived EVs are enriched in sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids compared to their parental cells. The initial in vitro study showed that EVs and their parental cells can be correctly classified (100% accuracy) between cancerous and non-cancerous, as well as into their respective breast cancer subtypes, based on their lipid composition. Subsequently, an untargeted lipidomic analysis was carried out for blood plasma EVs from women diagnosed with breast cancer (primary or progressive metastatic breast cancer) as well as healthy women. Correspondingly, when blood plasma EVs were analysed, breast cancer patients and healthy women were correctly classified with an overall accuracy of 93.1%, based on the EVs' lipid composition. Similarly, the analysis of patients with primary breast cancer and healthy women showed an overall accuracy of 95% for their correct classification. Furthermore, primary and metastatic breast cancers were correctly classified with an overall accuracy of 89.5%. This reveals that the blood plasma EVs' lipids may be a promising source of biomarkers for detection of breast cancer. Additionally, this study demonstrates the usefulness of untargeted lipidomics in the study of EV lipid composition and EV-associated biomarker discovery studies. This is a proof-of-concept study and a starting point for further analysis on the identification of EV-based biomarkers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dorado
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Luisa Doria
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials, Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James S. McKenzie
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefania Maneta‐Stavrakaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Whittaker
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials, Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Institute of Global Health InnovationImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Raoul Charles Coombes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials, Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- PRISM Inserm U1192University of LilleLilleFrance
- Deparment of ImmunomedicineUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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3
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Abbasi R, Mesgin RM, Nazari-Khanamiri F, Abdyazdani N, Imani Z, Talatapeh SP, Nourmohammadi A, Nejati V, Rezaie J. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes: novel carriers for nanoparticle to combat cancer. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:579. [PMID: 38071346 PMCID: PMC10709841 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advancement in novel cancer therapeutics brought a platform combining the properties of exosomes with nanoparticles to precision medicine. The novel therapeutic approach aim is cancer-targeted therapy. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-Exo) exhibit unique properties in cancer therapies, which makes them an ideal tool for delivering therapeutic agents into tumor cells. The key role of natural MSCs-Exo is controversial in cancer therapy; however, they can be engineered at their surface or cargo to serve as a smart drug delivery system for cancer-targeted therapy. In the last few years, researchers harnessed nanotechnology to enforce MSCs-Exo for cancer management including, tumor cell tracking, imaging, and tumor cell killing. Different nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles have particularly been incorporated into MSCs-Exo, which showed an efficient accumulation at the site of tumor with improved anticancer impact. These findings indicate that a hybrid of exosomes-nanoparticles may serve as combination therapy for the effective removal of cancers. SHORT CONCLUSION Although exhibiting impressive potential, the use of nanoparticle-loaded MSCs-Exo as a drug-delivery tool has been troubled by some challenges, therefore, translation to clinic prerequisites further scrutiny. In this review, we focus on nanoparticle-loaded MSCs-Exo as a new cancer therapy and discuss engineered MSC-Exo for target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Nazari-Khanamiri
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nima Abdyazdani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Imani
- Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Nourmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Biology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, Urmia, Iran.
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4
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Zhu J, Wu F, Li C, Mao J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Xie H, Wen C. Application of Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5365-5376. [PMID: 37750091 PMCID: PMC10518151 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s421342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid containers that are actively released by cells and contain complex molecular cargoes. These cargoes include abundant material such as genomes and proteins from cells of origin. They are involved in intercellular communication and various pathological processes, showing excellent potential for diagnosing and treating diseases. Given the significant heterogeneity of EVs in complex physiopathological processes, unveiling their composition is essential to understanding their function. Bulk detection methods have been previously used to analyze EVs, but they often mask their heterogeneity, leading to the loss of valuable information. To overcome this limitation, single extracellular vesicle (SEV) analysis techniques have been developed and advanced. These techniques allow for analyzing EVs' physical information and biometric molecules at the SEV level. This paper reviews recent advances in SEV detection methods and summarizes some clinical applications for SEV detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifeng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuifang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jueyi Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haotian Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Bao C, Xiang H, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Gao Q, Huang F, Mao L. A Review of Labeling Approaches Used in Small Extracellular Vesicles Tracing and Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4567-4588. [PMID: 37588627 PMCID: PMC10426735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s416131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from the endosomal compartment, are a kind of lipid bilayer vesicles released by almost all types of cells, serving as natural carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids for intercellular communication and transfer of bioactive molecules. The current findings suggest their vital role in physiological and pathological processes. Various sEVs labeling techniques have been developed for the more advanced study of the function, mode of action, bio-distribution, and related information of sEVs. In this review, we summarize the existing and emerging sEVs labeling techniques, including fluorescent labeling, radioisotope labeling, nanoparticle labeling, chemical contrast agents labeling, and label-free technique. These approaches will pave the way for an in-depth study of sEVs. We present a systematic and comprehensive review of the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these techniques, to help promote applications of these labeling approaches in future research on sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxuan Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Kishimoto T, Masui K, Minoshima W, Hosokawa C. Recent advances in optical manipulation of cells and molecules for biological science. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Liu Q, Huang J, Xia J, Liang Y, Li G. Tracking tools of extracellular vesicles for biomedical research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:943712. [PMID: 36466335 PMCID: PMC9716315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.943712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging of extracellular vesicles (EVs) will facilitate a better understanding of their biological functions and their potential as therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles. In order to clarify EV-mediated cellular communication in vitro and to track the bio-distribution of EV in vivo, various strategies have been developed to label and image EVs. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the tracking of EVs, demonstrating the methods for labeling and imaging of EVs, in which the labeling methods include direct and indirect labeling and the imaging modalities include fluorescent imaging, bioluminescent imaging, nuclear imaging, and nanoparticle-assisted imaging. These techniques help us better understand the mechanism of uptake, the bio-distribution, and the function of EVs. More importantly, we can evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of EVs, which will help promote their further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianghong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua University Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guangheng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
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8
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Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911312. [PMID: 36232613 PMCID: PMC9569979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The amount and composition of EVs in human biological fluids serve as biomarkers and are used for diagnosing diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. EVs are promising for use as therapeutic agents and as natural vectors for drug delivery. However, the successful use of EVs in clinical practice requires an understanding of their biodistribution in an organism. Numerous studies conducted so far on the biodistribution of EVs show that, after intravenous administration, EVs are mostly localized in organs rich in blood vessels and organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In order to improve resolution, new dyes and labels are being developed and detection methods are being optimized. In this work, we review all available modern methods and approaches used to assess the biodistribution of EVs, as well as discuss their advantages and limitations.
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9
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Wang X, Liu NM, Zhao YF, Yang F, Zhu ZJ, Song D. Research Progress in the Medical Application of Heavy Water, Especially in the Field of D 2O-Raman Spectroscopy. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1357-1363. [PMID: 35928718 PMCID: PMC9346379 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.73150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy water is an ideal contrast agent for metabolic activity and can be adapted to a wide range of biological systems owing to its non-invasiveness, universal applicability, and cost-effectiveness. As a new type of probe, the heavy isotope of water has been widely used in the study of cell development, metabolism, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we review findings supporting the applications of and research on heavy water in monitoring of bacterial metabolism, rapid detection of drug sensitivity, identification of tumor cells, precision medicine, and evaluation of skin barrier function and promote the use of heavy water as a suitable marker for the development of detection and treatment methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Nai-Meng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Zi-Jia Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
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10
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Horgan CC, Jensen M, Nagelkerke A, St-Pierre JP, Vercauteren T, Stevens MM, Bergholt MS. High-Throughput Molecular Imaging via Deep-Learning-Enabled Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15850-15860. [PMID: 34797972 PMCID: PMC9286315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Raman spectroscopy
enables nondestructive, label-free imaging with
unprecedented molecular contrast, but is limited by slow data acquisition,
largely preventing high-throughput imaging applications. Here, we
present a comprehensive framework for higher-throughput molecular
imaging via deep-learning-enabled Raman spectroscopy, termed DeepeR,
trained on a large data set of hyperspectral Raman images, with over
1.5 million spectra (400 h of acquisition) in total. We first perform
denoising and reconstruction of low signal-to-noise ratio Raman molecular
signatures via deep learning, with a 10× improvement in the mean-squared
error over common Raman filtering methods. Next, we develop a neural
network for robust 2–4× spatial super-resolution of hyperspectral
Raman images that preserve molecular cellular information. Combining
these approaches, we achieve Raman imaging speed-ups of up to 40–90×,
enabling good-quality cellular imaging with a high-resolution, high
signal-to-noise ratio in under 1 min. We further demonstrate Raman
imaging speed-up of 160×, useful for lower resolution imaging
applications such as the rapid screening of large areas or for spectral
pathology. Finally, transfer learning is applied to extend DeepeR
from cell to tissue-scale imaging. DeepeR provides a foundation that
will enable a host of higher-throughput Raman spectroscopy and molecular
imaging applications across biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Horgan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Magnus Jensen
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands.,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Mads S Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K
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11
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Visualizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Function in 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094784. [PMID: 33946403 PMCID: PMC8125158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanostructures that mediate intercellular communication by delivering complex signals in normal tissues and cancer. The cellular coordination required for tumor development and maintenance is mediated, in part, through EV transport of molecular cargo to resident and distant cells. Most studies on EV-mediated signaling have been performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures, largely because of their simplicity and high-throughput screening capacity. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures can be used to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, enabling the study of EV-mediated cellular communication. 3D cultures may best model the role of EVs in formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer cell-stromal interactions that sustain tumor growth. In this review, we discuss EV biology in 3D culture correlates of the TME. This includes EV communication between cell types of the TME, differences in EV biogenesis and signaling associated with differing scaffold choices and in scaffold-free 3D cultures and cultivation of the premetastatic niche. An understanding of EV biogenesis and signaling within a 3D TME will improve culture correlates of oncogenesis, enable molecular control of the TME and aid development of drug delivery tools based on EV-mediated signaling.
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12
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Suhito IR, Han Y, Ryu YS, Son H, Kim TH. Autofluorescence-Raman Mapping Integration analysis for ultra-fast label-free monitoring of adipogenic differentiation of stem cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Potter M, Najer A, Klöckner A, Zhang S, Holme MN, Nele V, Che J, Massi L, Penders J, Saunders C, Doutch JJ, Edwards AM, Ces O, Stevens MM. Controlled Dendrimersome Nanoreactor System for Localized Hypochlorite-Induced Killing of Bacteria. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17333-17353. [PMID: 33290039 PMCID: PMC7760217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health problem necessitating new bactericidal approaches such as nanomedicines. Dendrimersomes (DSs) have recently become a valuable alternative nanocarrier to polymersomes and liposomes due to their molecular definition and synthetic versatility. Despite this, their biomedical application is still in its infancy. Inspired by the localized antimicrobial function of neutrophil phagosomes and the versatility of DSs, a simple three-component DS-based nanoreactor with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity is presented. This was achieved by encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) within DSs (GOX-MPO-DSs), self-assembled from an amphiphilic Janus dendrimer, that possesses a semipermeable membrane. By external addition of glucose to GOX-MPO-DS, the production of hypochlorite (-OCl), a highly potent antimicrobial, by the enzymatic cascade was demonstrated. This cascade nanoreactor yielded a potent bactericidal effect against two important multidrug resistant pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), not observed for H2O2 producing nanoreactors, GOX-DS. The production of highly reactive species such as -OCl represents a harsh bactericidal approach that could also be cytotoxic to mammalian cells. This necessitates the development of strategies for activating -OCl production in a localized manner in response to a bacterial stimulus. One option of locally releasing sufficient amounts of substrate using a bacterial trigger (released toxins) was demonstrated with lipidic glucose-loaded giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), envisioning, e.g., implant surface modification with nanoreactors and GUVs for localized production of bactericidal agents in the presence of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Potter
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Anna Klöckner
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- MRC
Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Margaret N. Holme
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Nele
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Junyi Che
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Lucia Massi
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jelle Penders
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Catherine Saunders
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - James J. Doutch
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon
Source, STFC, Didcot OX11 ODE, U.K.
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- MRC
Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Emerging strategies for labeling and tracking of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2020; 328:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Theranostic Platforms in Cancer Research. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122569. [PMID: 33271820 PMCID: PMC7761021 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles produced by healthy as well as diseased cells. Their proteic, lipidic and nucleic acid composition is related to the cell of origin, and by vehiculating bioactive molecules they are involved in cell-to-cell signaling, both in healthy and pathologic conditions. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, scarcely immunogenic, and possessing targeting ability and organotropism, exosomes have been proposed as nanocarriers for their potential application in diagnosis and therapy. Among the different techniques exploited for exosome isolation, the sequential ultracentrifugation/ultrafiltration method seems to be the gold standard; alternatively, commercially available kits for exosome selective precipitation from cell culture media are frequently employed. To load a drug or a detectable agent into exosomes, endogenous or exogenous loading approaches have been developed, while surface engineering procedures, such as click chemistry, hydrophobic insertion and exosome display technology, allow for obtaining actively targeted exosomes. This review reports on diagnostic or theranostic platforms based on exosomes or exosome-mimetic vesicles, highlighting the diverse preparation, loading and surface modification methods applied, and the results achieved so far.
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