Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed C-H amination/annulation cascade of sulfoxonium ylides with anthranils for the synthesis of indoloindolones

Rhodium-catalyzed C-H α-fluoroalkenylation/annulation of β-ketosulfoxonium ylides with 2,2-difluorovinyl tosylate/oxadiazolones

A Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H α-fluoroalkenylation/annulation of β-ketosulfoxonium ylides with 2,2-difluorovinyl tosylate/oxadiazolones was realized, which afforded various o-fluoroalkenylation β-ketosulfoxonium ylides with high Z-selectivity and diverse oxadiazolone fused-isoquinolines. This protocol featured mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and functional-group compatibility. In addition, scale-up synthesis, related applications and preliminary mechanistic explorations were also accomplished.

Tf2O-mediated [4+2]-annulation of anthranils with 2-chloropyridines: enabling access to pyridoquinazolinones and euxylophoricine B

We present an efficient approach for synthesizing pyridoquinazolinones in the presence of triflic anhydride utilizing anthranils and 2-chloropyridines as starting materials. In this process, Tf2O initially activates anthranils forming an electrophilic 1-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)benzo[c]isoxazol-1-ium species. This species undergoes an in situ annulation reaction with 2-chloropyridines, resulting in therapeutically useful pyridoquinazolinones. The reaction is tolerant to various functional groups, allowing access to a wide range of substituted pyridoquinazolinones in good yields. Furthermore, the synthesis of euxylophoricine B, known to be an antitumor agent, was also achieved.

Synthesis of 4-styrylquinolines via direct oxidative C3-alkenylation of anthranils under Pd(II) catalysis

The palladium-catalyzed oxidative C3-alkenylation of anthranils (2,1-benzisoxazoles) with various styrenes has been successfully achieved. The C3-alkenylated anthranils were subsequently utilized in a [4+2]-cycloaddition with in situ generated α,β-unsaturated ketones leading to the synthesis of a diverse range of olefin-containing quinolines. Notably, this reaction exclusively yielded mono-alkenylated products with E-selectivity. The optimized catalytic conditions were compatible with a wide variety of substituted olefins and anthranils, forming various C3-alkenylated anthranils with good yields. To showcase the application of the present methodology, the C3-alkenylated anthranils have been employed as synthons to access a wide range of substituted quinolines.

Rh(III) Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C-H Activation/[5 + 2] Annulation of Aroyl Hydrazides and Sulfoxonium Ylides: Synthesis of Benzodiazepinones

We herein report the Rh(III) catalyzed redox-neutral C-H activation/[5 + 2] annulation of aroyl hydrazides with sulfoxonium ylides as safe carbene precursors. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and scalability. We demonstrated the synthetic utility of the protocol via the synthesis of various diazepam drug analogues, late-stage functionalization of probenecid drug, and large scale synthesis. Finally, kinetic studies revealed C-H activation as the rate-determining step.

Advances in transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination strategies using anthranils

Modern times have witnessed an uprise in the synthesis and derivatization of nitrogen-containing fused heterocycles. Amination reactions involving nitrene chemistry have always been the most convenient choice for the incorporation of a nitrogen atom in a molecule. The utilization of an open nitrene species harnesses harsh conditions. Hence, transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions using aminating agents have been an attractive choice. Electrophilic aminating agents for C-H amination reactions are well exploited due to their desirable reaction conditions. Out of all, anthranils have paved the way forward due to their utility in simultaneously forming two new functional groups (amine and carbonyl). Amination using anthranils follows a metal-nitrenoid pathway. Often, the amination has been followed by a Lewis acid or transition metal-mediated intramolecular cyclization to directly produce fused heterocycles. This review broadly demonstrates the utilization of anthranils as an aminating agent for transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions. The focus has been given to the scope, limitations, and mechanistic understanding of using such an electrophilic aminating agent, anthranil, with transition metals.

Reverse Regioselective Cp*Co(III)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] C-H Annulation of N-Chloroamides with Vinylsilanes: Synthesis of 4-Silylated Isoquinolones and Their Synthetic Utilities

We have developed a Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed reverse regioselective [4 + 2] annulation of N-chlorobenzamides/acrylamides with vinylsilanes for the synthesis of 4-silylated isoquinolones. The reaction was performed at ambient temperature under redox-neutral conditions. The reaction utilized the N-Cl bond as an internal oxidant, furnished the required products with excellent regioselectivities, and demonstrated high functional group tolerance. The synthetic utility of 4-silylated isoquinolones has been demonstrated for the preparation of 4-heteroarylated and 4-alkylated isoquinolones via metal-free C-C couplings. Additionally, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones were synthesized via protodesilylation of 4-silylated isoquinolones, thus making vinylsilane an ethylene surrogate.

Harnessing Vinyl Acetate as an Acetylene Equivalent in Redox-Neutral Cp*Co(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Annulation for the Synthesis of Isoquinolones and Pyridones

We have developed Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed redox-neutral synthesis of 3,4-unsubstituted isoquinoline 1(2H)-ones at ambient temperature using N-chloroamides as a starting material. The reaction utilizes vinyl acetate as an inexpensive and benign acetylene surrogate. The N-Cl bond of the N-chlorobenzamides plays the role of an internal oxidant and hence precludes the need for an external oxidant. The reaction works with a wide range of substrates having various functional groups and a substrate containing a heterocyclic ring. Notably, the reaction is extended to the N-chloroacrylamides in which vinylic C-H activation occurs to furnish the 2-pyridone derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies were also conducted to shed light on the mechanism of this reaction.

α-Carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides in transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation: a safe carbene precursor and a weak directing group

Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of sp² C-H bonds with diazo compounds via carbene migratory insertion represents an efficient strategy for the construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in organic synthesis. Despite the popularity of diazo compounds as coupling partners in C-H activation, they pose serious safety and stability issues due to potential exothermic reactions linked with the release of N₂ gas. However, compared with diazo compounds, sulfoxonium ylides are generally crystalline solids, more stable, widely used in industrial scales, and easier/safer to prepare. Therefore, recent years have witnessed an upsurge in employing α-carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides as an alternative carbene surrogate in transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation. Unlike diazo compounds, α-carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides contain inherent potential to serve as a coupling partner as well as a weak directing group. This review will summarize the progress made in both categories of reactions.

Synthesis of acridines via copper-catalyzed amination/annulation cascades between arylboronic acids and anthranils

Copper-catalyzed tandem cyclization reactions between arylboronic acids and anthranils have been established, providing new approaches for one-pot assembly of azacycle acridines. This one-pot protocol features simple operation, precious-metal-free conditions and good functional group compatibility, thus providing an efficient approach for the synthesis of a variety of acridines in moderate to good yields.

Free Amine-Directed Ru(II)-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral [4 + 2] C-H Activation/Annulation of Benzylamines with Sulfoxonium Ylides

An external oxidant free Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization/annulation of primary benzylamines with sulfoxonium ylides has been developed for the synthesis of isoquinolines. The reaction utilizes free amine as a directing group, which is generally considered to be a poor directing group. This work presents the first example of Ru-catalyzed C-H functionalization of benzylamines under redox-neutral conditions. The detection of the amine-directed ruthenacyclic intermediate using high-resolution mass spectrometry corroborated the involvement of free amine as a directing group.

Acetonitrile and benzonitrile as versatile amino sources in copper-catalyzed mild electrochemical C-H amidation reactions

A mild, efficient electrochemical approach to the site-selective direct C–H amidation of benzene and its derivatives with acetonitrile and benzonitrile has been developed. It has been shown that joint electrochemical oxidation of various arenes in the presence of a copper salt as a catalyst and nitriles leads to the formation of N-phenylacetamide from benzene and N-benzylacetamides from benzyl derivatives (up to 78% yield). A favorable feature of the process is mild conditions (room temperature, ambient pressure, no strong oxidants) that meet the criteria of green chemistry.

Different pathways of C–H transformation depending on the substrate nature and oxidation potential.