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Woźniak AP, Moszyński R. Modeling of High-Harmonic Generation in the C 60 Fullerene Using Ab Initio, DFT-Based, and Semiempirical Methods. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2683-2702. [PMID: 38534023 PMCID: PMC11017253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
We report calculations of the high-harmonic generation spectra of the C60 fullerene molecule carried out by employing a diverse set of real-time time-dependent quantum chemical methods. All methodologies involve expanding the propagated electronic wave function in bases consisting of the ground and singly excited time-independent eigenstates obtained through the solution of the corresponding linear-response equations. We identify the correlation and exchange effect in the spectra by comparing the results from methods relying on the Hartree-Fock reference determinant with those obtained using approaches based on the density functional theory with different exchange-correlation functionals. The effect of the full random-phase approximation treatment of the excited electronic states is also analyzed and compared with the configuration interaction singles and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. We also showcase the fact that the real-time extension of the semiempirical method INDO/S can be effectively applied for an approximate description of laser-driven dynamics in large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Moszyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University
of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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2
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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3
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Peyton BG, Stewart ZJ, Weidman JD, Wilson AK. Tailoring light-induced charge transfer and intersystem crossing in FeCO using time-dependent spin-orbit configuration interaction. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204108. [PMID: 38014783 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time (RT) electronic structure methods provide a natural framework for describing light-matter interactions in arbitrary time-dependent electromagnetic fields (EMF). Optically induced excited state transitions are of particular interest, which require tuned EMF to drive population transfer to and from the specific state(s) of interest. Intersystem crossing, or spin-flip, may be driven through shaped EMF or laser pulses. These transitions can result in long-lived "spin-trapped" excited states, which are especially useful for materials requiring charge separation or protracted excited state lifetimes. Time-dependent configuration interaction (TDCI) is unique among RT methods in that it may be implemented in a basis of eigenstates, allowing for rapid propagation of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The recent spin-orbit TDCI (TD-SOCI) enables a real-time description of spin-flip dynamics in an arbitrary EMF and, therefore, provides an ideal framework for rational pulse design. The present study explores the mechanism of multiple spin-flip pathways for a model transition metal complex, FeCO, using shaped pulses designed to drive controlled intersystem crossing and charge transfer. These results show that extremely tunable excited state dynamics can be achieved by considering the dipole transition matrix elements between the states of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Zachary J Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jared D Weidman
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Angela K Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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4
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Tsai HY, Chai JD. Real-Time Extension of TAO-DFT. Molecules 2023; 28:7247. [PMID: 37959667 PMCID: PMC10647330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermally assisted occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT) has been an efficient electronic structure method for studying the ground-state properties of large electronic systems with multi-reference character over the past few years. To explore the time-dependent (TD) properties of electronic systems (e.g., subject to an intense laser pulse), in this work, we propose a real-time (RT) extension of TAO-DFT, denoted as RT-TAO-DFT. Moreover, we employ RT-TAO-DFT to study the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) spectra and related TD properties of molecular hydrogen H2 at the equilibrium and stretched geometries, aligned along the polarization of an intense linearly polarized laser pulse. The TD properties obtained with RT-TAO-DFT are compared with those obtained with the widely used time-dependent Kohn-Sham (TDKS) method. In addition, issues related to the possible spin-symmetry breaking effects in the TD properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yi Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Da Chai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Morassut C, Coccia E, Luppi E. Quantitative performance analysis and comparison of optimal-continuum Gaussian basis sets for high-harmonic generation spectra. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124108. [PMID: 38127378 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum-chemistry methods in the time domain with Gaussian basis sets are increasingly used to compute high-harmonic generation (HHG) spectra of atomic and molecular systems. The quality of these approaches is limited by the accuracy of Gaussian basis sets to describe continuum energy states. In the literature, optimal-continuum Gaussian basis sets have been proposed: Kaufmann et al. [J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 22, 2223 (1989)], Woźniak et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 154, 094111 (2021)], Nestmann and Peyerimhoff [J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 23, L773 (1990)], Faure et al. [Comput. Phys. Commun. 144, 224 (2002)], and Krause et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 174113 (2014)]. In this work, we have compared the performances of these basis sets to simulate HHG spectra of H atom at different laser intensities. We have also investigated different strategies to balance basis sets with these continuum functions, together with the role of angular momentum. To quantify the performance of the different basis sets, we introduce local and global HHG descriptors. Comparisons with the grid and exact calculations are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morassut
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Coccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Luppi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris F-75005, France
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6
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Monti M, Stener M, Coccia E. Electronic circular dichroism from real-time propagation in state space. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:084102. [PMID: 36859092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose to compute the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of chiral molecules using a real-time propagation of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) in the space of electronic field-free eigenstates, by coupling TDSE with a given treatment of the electronic structure of the target. The time-dependent induced magnetic moment is used to compute the ECD spectrum from an explicit electric perturbation. The full matrix representing the transition magnetic moment in the space of electronic states is generated from that among pairs of molecular orbitals. In the present work, we show the ECD spectra of methyloxirane, of several conformers of L-alanine, and of the Λ-Co(acac)3 complex, computed from a singly excited ansatz of time-dependent density functional theory eigenstates. The time-domain ECD spectra properly reproduce the frequency-domain ones obtained in the linear-response regime and quantitatively agree with the available experimental data. Moreover, the time-domain approach to ECD allows us to naturally go beyond the ground-state rotationally averaged ECD spectrum, which is the standard outcome of the linear-response theory, e.g., by computing the ECD spectra from electronic excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Stener
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Coccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Woźniak AP, Lewenstein M, Moszyński R. Exploring the attosecond laser-driven electron dynamics in the hydrogen molecule with different real-time time-dependent configuration interaction approaches. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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8
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A TD-CIS study of high-harmonic generation of uracil cation fragments. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Korsaye FA, de la Lande A, Ciofini I. Following the density evolution using real time density functional theory and density based indexes: Application to model push-pull molecules. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1464-1473. [PMID: 35766295 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering as test case a family of organic rod like push-pull molecules, we derived and applied density based index enabling the description and diagnostic of the electronic density evolution in real time-time dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) simulations. In particular, both the charge transfer (CT) distance and a diagnostic index, the DCT and MAC RT respectively, were computed on the fly from the density distribution obtained at a given time and the reference ground state density and their mean values were compared with what obtained at Linear Response-TDDFT level. Besides giving a way of analyzing the density redistribution occurring in time, these tools allowed to show how RT-TDDFT, which is definitely a powerful method to model the evolution of the density in CT or charge separation processes, can be affected by the same artifacts known for LR-TDDFT approaches and, particularly, to those related to the use of approximate exchange correlation functionals. The analysis here performed allowed to identify and discard on fly the electronic configurations corresponding to spurious situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feven Alemu Korsaye
- PSL University, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), Paris, France.,Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8000, Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8000, Orsay, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL University, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech-PSL, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (i-CLeHS), Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling Group (CTM), Paris, France
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10
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Zhu Y, Herbert JM. High harmonic spectra computed using time-dependent Kohn-Sham theory with Gaussian orbitals and a complex absorbing potential. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204123. [PMID: 35649850 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High harmonic spectra for H2 and H2 + are simulated by solving the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation in the presence of a strong laser field using an atom-centered Gaussian representation of the density and a complex absorbing potential. The latter serves to mitigate artifacts associated with the finite extent of the basis functions, including spurious reflection of the outgoing electronic wave packet. Interference between the outgoing and reflected waves manifests as peak broadening in the spectrum as well as the appearance of spurious high-energy peaks after the harmonic progression has terminated. We demonstrate that well-resolved spectra can be obtained through the use of an atom-centered absorbing potential. As compared to grid-based algorithms, the present approach is more readily extensible to larger molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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11
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Wozniak AP, Przybytek M, Lewenstein M, Moszynski R. Effects of electronic correlation on the high harmonic generation in helium: a time-dependent configuration interaction singles vs time-dependent full configuration interaction study. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of full electronic correlation on the high harmonic generation in the helium atom subjected to laser pulses of extremely high intensity. To do this, we perform real-time propagations of the helium atom wavefunction using quantum chemistry methods coupled to Gaussian basis sets. The calculations are done within the real-time time-dependent configuration interaction framework, at two levels of theory: time-dependent configuration interation with single excitations (TD-CIS, uncorrelated method) and time-dependent full configuration interaction (TD-FCI, fully correlated method). The electronic wavefunction is expanded in Dunning basis sets supplemented with functions adapted to describing highly excited and continuum states. We also compare the TD-CI results with grid-based propagations of the helium atom within the single-active-electron approximation. Our results show that when including the dynamical electron correlation, a noticeable improvement to the description of HHG can be achieved, in terms of e.g. a more constant intensity in the lower energy part of the harmonic plateau. However, such effects can be captured only if the basis set used suffices to reproduce the most basic features, such as the HHG cutoff position, at the uncorrelated level of theory.
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12
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Langkabel F, Albrecht PA, Bande A, Krause P. Making Optical Excitations Visible - an Exciton Wavefunction Extension to the Time-dependent Configuration Interaction Method. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Serrat C. Resonantly Enhanced Difference-Frequency Generation in the Core X-ray Absorption of Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10706-10710. [PMID: 34910497 PMCID: PMC8724795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We use real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulations to numerically demonstrate that resonantly enhanced difference-frequency generation (re-DFG) involving intense ultrashort coherent X-ray pulses can selectively excite core states of atoms in molecules. As a model case, we evaluate the spectral selectivity of re-DFG excitation of the oxygen K-edge by illumination of a single gas-phase water molecule with two-color X-ray pulses of different photon energies and durations. The re-DFG excitation is further probed by a small delayed pulse with central photon energy resonant with the oxygen K-edge peak absorption line. Based on these results, we anticipate that highly selective excitation by re-DFG X-ray nonlinear processes might be achieved in more complex molecular systems and bulk materials by using highly penetrating two-color hard X-ray pulses, with extensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Serrat
- Department of Physics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
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14
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Coccia E, Luppi E. Time-dependent ab initioapproaches for high-harmonic generation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:073001. [PMID: 34731835 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a nonlinear physical process used for the production of ultrashort pulses in XUV region, which are then used for investigating ultrafast phenomena in time-resolved spectroscopies. Moreover, HHG signal itself encodes information on electronic structure and dynamics of the target, possibly coupled to the nuclear degrees of freedom. Investigating HHG signal leads to HHG spectroscopy, which is applied to atoms, molecules, solids and recently also to liquids. Analysing the number of generated harmonics, their intensity and shape gives a detailed insight of, e.g., ionisation and recombination channels occurring in the strong-field dynamics. A number of valuable theoretical models has been developed over the years to explain and interpret HHG features, with the three-step model being the most known one. Originally, these models neglect the complexity of the propagating electronic wavefunction, by only using an approximated formulation of ground and continuum states. Many effects unravelled by HHG spectroscopy are instead due to electron correlation effects, quantum interference, and Rydberg-state contributions, which are all properly captured by anab initioelectronic-structure approach. In this review we have collected recent advances in modelling HHG by means ofab initiotime-dependent approaches relying on the propagation of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (or derived equations) in presence of a very intense electromagnetic field. We limit ourselves to gas-phase atomic and molecular targets, and to solids. We focus on the various levels of theory employed for describing the electronic structure of the target, coupled with strong-field dynamics and ionisation approaches, and on the basis used to represent electronic states. Selected applications and perspectives for future developments are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Coccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Luppi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France
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