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Amjad Z, Terzyk AP, Boncel S. Covalent functionalization of 1D and 2D sp 2-carbon nanoallotropes - twelve years of progress (2011-2023). NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38651798 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanoallotropes have attracted significant attention in the field of materials science due to their unique combination of physicochemical and biological properties, with numerous applications. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sp2-carbon nanoallotropes, such as carbon nanohorns (CNHs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene, have emerged as prominent candidates for a variety of technological advancements. To fully exploit their exceptional characteristics, the covalent functionalization of these nanostructures may alleviate the problems with the processing and final performance. This route of the carbon nanoallotrope functionalization is based on a covalent attachment of functional groups or molecules (via linkers of various strengths) to their surfaces, enabling precise control over physical, chemical, biological, and electronic properties. Such an approach opens up new avenues for tailoring the nanoallotrope characteristics, such as solubility/dispersibility, reactivity, and interactions with other materials. Over more than the last decade, significant progress has been made in the covalent functionalization of both 1D and 2D sp2-carbon nanoallotropes, paving the way for diverse applications in the nanoelectronics, energy storage, sensing, and biomedical fields. In this comprehensive review, we provide state-of-the-art advancements and achievements in the covalent functionalization of 1D and 2D sp2-carbon nanoallotropes during the past dozen years. We aim to highlight the key strategies, methodologies, and breakthroughs that have significantly contributed to this field. Eventually, we discuss the implications of those advancements and explore the opportunities for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Amjad
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, NanoCarbon Group, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Artur P Terzyk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Gagarin Street 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sławomir Boncel
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, NanoCarbon Group, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Silesian University of Technology, Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics (CONE), Stanisława Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Bellucci L, Cassetta M, Skogby H, Nazzareni S. Pure and Sc-doped diopside (CaMgSi 2O 6) vibrational spectra: modelling and experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4029-4038. [PMID: 38224174 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the structure of pure and Sc-doped synthetic diopside (a monoclinic single-chain silicate nominally CaMgSi2O6); in Sc-doped diopside, Sc3+ substitutes Mg2+ in the structure and, to achieve charge balance, vacancies form at the expense of Ca2+. We compared the structure obtained from ab initio modelling techniques at the density functional theory (DFT) level with the structure solved by employing single crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, we compared IR and Raman spectroscopy experiments with vibrational density of states (VDOS) calculated from the Fourier transform of the velocity autocorrelation function obtained using ab initio (DFT) molecular dynamics simulations. In this framework, we developed a computational tool to assign the vibrational mode associated with a specific frequency. This method consists of projecting velocities along a specific set of internal coordinates such as stretching or bending, in cases involving defects or vacancies, to calculate a partial VDOS (pVDOS) that takes into account only the vibrations associated with selected internal modes, aiding the interpretation of the total VDOS and the experimental spectra in a relevant way. The computed data were validated with the experiments and we observed that doping the diopside structure with Sc produces peak broadening and the occurrence of new peaks in the Raman spectra and that site vacancies are associated with the nearby Sc site. The present work constitutes an interesting starting point to exploit the calculated VDOS/pVDOS to characterize experimental vibrational spectra of complex systems containing local vacancies, substitutions or defects as the Sc-doped diopside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bellucci
- NEST, Istituto-Nanoscienze del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO) and Scuola Normale Superiore (SNS), Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy.
| | - Michele Cassetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Henrik Skogby
- Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Nazzareni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Veronesi S, Vlamidis Y, Ferbel L, Marinelli C, Sanmartin C, Taglieri I, Pfusterschmied G, Leitgeb M, Schmid U, Mencarelli F, Heun S. Three-dimensional graphene on a nano-porous 4H-silicon carbide backbone: a novel material for food sensing applications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023. [PMID: 37947767 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensors that are sensitive to volatile organic compounds, and thus able to monitor the conservation state of food, are precious because they work non-destructively and allow avoiding direct contact with the food, ensuring hygienic conditions. In particular, the monitoring of rancidity would solve a widespread issue in food storage. RESULTS The sensor discussed here is produced utilizing a novel three-dimensional arrangement of graphene, which is grown on a crystalline silicon carbide wafer previously porousified by chemical etching. This approach allows a very high surface-to-volume ratio. Furthermore, the structure of the sensor surface features a large number of edges, dangling bounds, and active sites, which make the sensor, on a chemically robust skeleton, chemically active, particularly to hydrogenated molecules. The interaction of the sensor with such compounds is read out by measuring the sensor resistance in a four-wire configuration. The sensor performance has been assessed on three hazelnut samples: sound, spoiled, and stink bug hazelnuts. A resistance variation of about ∆R = 0.13 ± 0.02 Ω between sound and damaged hazelnuts has been detected. CONCLUSIONS Our measurements confirm the ability of the sensor to discriminate between sound and damaged hazelnuts. The sensor signal is stable for days, providing the possibility to use this sensor for the monitoring of the storage state of fats and foods in general. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veronesi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylea Vlamidis
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physical Science, Earth, and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Letizia Ferbel
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmela Marinelli
- Department of Physical Science, Earth, and Environment, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Sanmartin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Taglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Markus Leitgeb
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Mencarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefan Heun
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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Fragkogiannis C, Belles L, Gournis DP, Deligiannakis Y, Georgakilas V. Spin-Injection in Graphene: An EPR and Raman Study. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301720. [PMID: 37515521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the enrichment of graphene and graphene oxide with free radicals through their functionalization with tyrosine is studied. In contrast with what is commonly observed in the functionalization of graphene with organic species the addition of tyrosine radicals on to the graphene substrate led to a remarkable increase of the aromatic character as indicated by the spectroscopic data. Similar behaviour was observed for the functionalization of graphene oxide. In addition, a brief analysis of the tyrosine functionalized graphene with EPR spectroscopy showed a remarkable enhancement of the spin density that could be useful in spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loukas Belles
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials & Environment, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Gournis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yiannis Deligiannakis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials & Environment, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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