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Kim H, Kang J, Kim MI, Jeong W, Baek S, Ahn H, Chung DS, Jung IH. Development of n-Type Small-Molecule Acceptors for Low Dark Current Density and Fast Response Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38032313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing the dark current density (Jd) while maintaining sufficient charge transport is important for improving the specific detectivity (D*) and dynamic characteristics of organic photodetectors (OPDs). In this study, we synthesized three novel small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) densely surrounded by insulating alkyl side chains to minimize the Jd in OPDs. Introducing trialkylated N-annulated perylene diimide as a terminal moiety to the alkylated π-conjugated core structure was highly efficient in suppressing Jd in the devices, resulting in an extremely low Jd of 4.60 × 10-11 A cm-2 and 10-100 times improved D* values in the devices. In addition, SMAs with a geometrically aligned backbone structure exhibited better intermolecular ordering in the blended films, resulting in 3-10 times as high responsivity (R) values in the OPDs. Outstanding OPD performances with a D* of 8.09 × 1012 Jones, -3 dB cutoff frequency of 205.2 kHz, and rising response time of 16 μs were achieved under a 530 nm illumination in photoconductive mode. Geometrically aligned core-terminal SMAs densely surrounded by insulating alkyl side chains are promising for improving the static and dynamic properties of OPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeon Kang
- Light/Display Convergence R&BD Division, Cheorwon Plasma Research Institute, 7194 Geumgang-ro, Seo-myeon, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do 24062, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong In Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - WonJo Jeong
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37363, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37363, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, and Human-Tech Convergence Program, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Tian X, Xiao Y, Wang S, Liu G, Zhang W, Zhou L, Gong J, Zhang X, Li X, Meng H, Wang J, Dai G, Wang Q. Bowl-Shaped Bispyrrole-Fused Perylene-diimide and Its Anions. Org Lett 2023; 25:1605-1610. [PMID: 36602376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating two pyrrole subunits at the bay positions of perylene-diimide has been a long-pursued goal since 2009, but it has not been achieved due to high strain. Herein, via one step Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, PDI-2N was successfully generated with a bowl depth of 1.52 Å. Though with electron-rich pyrrole embedding, PDI-2N's radical anion and dianion were facilely prepared and were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Moreover, PDI-2N crystallized in different manners under distinct conditions, and it formed tubular crystals with infinite two-directional columnar stacking under DMF conditions. This finding develops a dream bowl-shaped PDI derivative that holds great promise in organoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shuoyingjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Guanghua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Laiyun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jianye Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot 010021, China
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Farahat ME, Anderson MA, Martell M, Ratcliff EL, Welch GC. New Perylene Diimide Ink for Interlayer Formation in Air-Processed Conventional Organic Photovoltaic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43558-43567. [PMID: 36099398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Roll-to-roll coating of conventional organic photovoltaic architectures in air necessitates low work function, electron-harvesting interlayers as the top interface, termed cathode interlayers. Traditional materials based on metal oxides are often not compatible with coating in air and/or green solvents, require thermal annealing, and are limited in feasibility due to interactions with underlying layers. Alternatively, perylene diimide materials offer easily tunable redox properties, are amenable to air coating in green solvents, and are considered champion organic-based cathode interlayers. However, underlying mechanisms of the extraction of photogenerated electrons are less well understood. Herein, we demonstrate the utilization of two N-annulated perylene diimide materials, namely, PDIN-H and CN-PDIN-H, in air-processed conventional organic photovoltaic devices, using the now standard PM6:Y6 photoactive layer. The processing ink formulation using cesium carbonate as a processing agent to solubilize the perylene diimides in suitable green solvents (1-propanol and ethyl acetate) for uniform film formation using spin or slot-die coating on top of the photoactive layer is critical. Cesium carbonate remains in the film, creating hybrid organic/metal salt cathode interlayers. Best organic photovoltaic devices have power conversion efficiencies of 13.2% with a spin-coated interlayer and 13.1% with a slot-die-coated interlayer, superior to control devices using the classic conjugated polyelectrolyte PFN-Br as an interlayer (ca. 12.8%). The cathode interlayers were found to be semi-insulating in nature, and the device performance improvements were attributed to beneficial interfacial effects and electron tunneling through sufficiently thin layers. The efficiencies beyond 13% achieved in air-processed organic photovoltaic devices utilizing slot-die-coated cathode interlayers are among the highest reported so far, opening new opportunities for the fabrication of large-area solar cell modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael A Anderson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mark Martell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Liao Y, Wang L, Shen H, You X, Wu D, Xia J. Structural symmetry-breaking of perylene diimide acceptor at N-position for enhanced photovoltaic performance. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01429g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vinylene-bridged helical perylene diimide dimer (PDI2) and derivatives have received considerable attention for application in nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). Benefit from the large natural dipole moment and the...
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