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Arora A, Singh M, Saini V, Mehta D, Safwan SM, Pandey N, Verma V, Bajaj A. Cholic Acid-Derived Gemini Amphiphile Can Eradicate Interkingdom Polymicrobial Biofilms and Wound Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:138-154. [PMID: 38146853 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm infections are mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) like Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi like Candida albicans. These infections are responsible for antimicrobial tolerance, and commensal interactions of these microbes pose a severe threat to chronic infections. Treatment therapies against biofilm infections are limited to eradicating only 20-30% of infections. Here, we present the synthesis of a series of bile acid-derived molecules using lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and cholic acid where two bile acid molecules are tethered through 3'-hydroxyl or 24'-carboxyl terminals with varying spacer length (trimethylene, pentamethylene, octamethylene, and dodecamethylene). Our structure-activity relationship investigations revealed that G21, a cholic acid-derived gemini amphiphile having trimethylene spacer tethered through the C24 position, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Biochemical studies witnessed that G21 interacts with negatively charged lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and phosphatidylcholine moieties of GPB, GNB, and fungi and disrupts the microbial cell membranes. We further demonstrated that G21 can eradicate polymicrobial biofilms and wound infections and prevent bacteria and fungi from developing drug resistance. Therefore, our findings revealed the potential of G21 as a versatile antimicrobial agent capable of effectively targeting polymicrobial biofilms and wound infections, suggesting that it is a promising antimicrobial agent for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohit Singh
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Varsha Saini
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Devashish Mehta
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sayed M Safwan
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Nishant Pandey
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, NCR Biotech Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
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Kumar Pradhan M, Suresh Puthenpurackal S, Srivastava A. Enzymatic Dimerization-Induced Self-Assembly of Alanine-Tyramine Conjugates into Versatile, Uniform, Enzyme-Loaded Organic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314960. [PMID: 37992201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel enzymatic dimerization-induced self-assembly (e-DISA) procedure that converts alanine-tyramine conjugates into highly uniform enzyme-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) or nanocontainers by the action of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in an aqueous medium under ambient conditions. The NP formation was possible with both enantiomers of alanine, and the average diameter could be varied from 150 nm to 250 nm (with a 5-12 % standard deviation of as-prepared samples) depending on the precursor concentration. About 60 % of the added HRP enzyme was entrapped within the NPs and was subsequently utilized for post-synthetic modification of the NPs with phenolic compounds such as tyramine or tannic acid. One-pot multi-enzyme entrapment of glucose oxidase (GOx) and peroxidase (HRP) within the NPs was also achieved. These GOx-HRP loaded NPs allowed multimodal detection of glucose, including that present in human saliva, with a limit of detection (LoD) of 740 nM through fluorimetry. The NPs exhibited good cytocompatibility and were stable to changes in pH (acidic to basic), temperature, ultrasonication, and even the presence of organic solvent (EtOH) to a certain extent, since they are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding, π-π, and CH-π interactions. The proposed e-DISA procedure can be widely expanded through the design of diverse enzyme-responsive precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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