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Ma X, Zhang D, Wen J, Fan L, Rao AM, Lu B. Sustainable Electrolytes: Design Principles and Recent Advances. Chemistry 2024:e202400332. [PMID: 38654511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Today, rechargeable batteries are omnipresent and essential for our existence. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of electric fields, the introduction of electrolytes with fluorine (F)-based inorganic elemental compositions is a direction of exploration. However, most fluorocarbons have a high global warming potential and ozone depletion potential, which do not meet the sustainability requirements of the battery industry. Therefore, developing sustainable electrolytes is a viable option for future battery development. Although researchers have made much progress in electrolyte optimization, little attention has been paid to developing low-toxic and safe electrolytes. This review aims to elucidate the design principles and recent advances in this direction for solvents and salts. It concludes with a summary and outlook on future research directions for the molecular design of green electrolytes for practical high-voltage rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ma
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Dianwei Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ling Fan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Apparao M Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Bingan Lu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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2
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Mönich C, Andersson R, Hernández G, Mindemark J, Schönhoff M. Seeing the Unseen: Mg 2+, Na +, and K + Transference Numbers in Post-Li Battery Electrolytes by Electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38608722 PMCID: PMC11048119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for energy storage devices worldwide combined with limited resources for lithium attracts interest in other alkali or alkaline earth metals. In addition to conductivity, the cation transference number T+ is a decisive parameter to rank the electrolyte performance. However, the existing experimental methods for its determination suffer from various intrinsic problems. We demonstrate here a novel approach for T+ determination based on determining the total conductivity with impedance spectroscopy (IS) and the partial conductivity of the anion species, with the latter being obtained from the anion mobility by electrophoretic NMR. First, this eNMR/IS approach is validated by comparing T+ values from different methods in a Li-based solvate ionic liquid electrolyte. Then, it is applied to obtain T+ of cations with nuclei not detectable in NMR transport measurements, employing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based metal salts. Solvate ionic liquids consisting of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G3) and Mg(TFSI)2 or NaTFSI yield values of TNa and TMg on the order of 0.4, similar to TLi. Furthermore, we apply the method to polymer electrolytes, again testing the concept with LiTFSI, and finally investigating NaTFSI, KTFSI, and Mg(TFSI)2 in poly(ethylene oxide). Values of TNa and TK are in the range of 0.14-0.2, similar to those of TLi, while Mg2+ shows a higher transference number (TMg = 0.3). The method is very versatile as it allows quantification of T+ for any type of cation, and moreover, it is applicable to highly concentrated electrolytes without suffering from assumptions about dissociation or from unknown interfacial resistances which impede electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mönich
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Rassmus Andersson
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Guiomar Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
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3
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Oshinowo M, Piccini M, Kociok-Köhn G, Marken F, Buchard A. Xylose- and Nucleoside-Based Polymers via Thiol-ene Polymerization toward Sugar-Derived Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:1622-1632. [PMID: 38357438 PMCID: PMC10862469 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A series of copolymers have been prepared via thiol-ene polymerization of bioderived α,ω-unsaturated diene monomers with dithiols toward application as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for Li+-ion conduction. Amorphous polyesters and polyethers with low Tg's (-31 to -11 °C) were first prepared from xylose-based monomers (with varying lengths of fatty acid moiety) and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol (EDT). Cross-linking by incorporation of a trifunctional monomer also produced a series of SPEs with ionic conductivities up to 2.2 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 60 °C and electrochemical stability up to 5.08 V, a significant improvement over previous xylose-derived materials. Furthermore, a series of copolymers bearing nucleoside moieties were prepared to exploit the complementary base-pairing interaction of nucleobases. Flexible, transparent, and reprocessable SPE films were thus prepared with improved ionic conductivity (up to 1.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 60 °C), hydrolytic degradability, and potential self-healing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Oshinowo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- University
of Bath Institute for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Marco Piccini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- University
of Bath Institute for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- University
of Bath Institute for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- University
of Bath Institute for Sustainability, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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4
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Stevens MJ, Rempe SLB. Binding of Li + to Negatively Charged and Neutral Ligands in Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10200-10207. [PMID: 37930189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Conceptually, single-ion polymer electrolytes (SIPE) with the anion bound to the polymer could solve major issues in Li-ion batteries, but their conductivity is too low. Experimentally, weakly interacting anionic groups have the best conductivity. To provide a theoretical basis for this result, density functional theory calculations of the optimized geometries and energies are performed for charged ligands used in SIPE. Comparison is made to neutral ligands found in dual-ion conductors, which demonstrate higher conductivity. The free energy differences between adding and subtracting a ligand are small enough for the neutral ligands to have the conductivity seen experimentally. However, charged ligands have large barriers, implying that lithium transport will coincide with the slow polymer diffusion, as observed in experiments. Overall, SIPE will require additional solvent to achieve a sufficiently high conductivity. Additionally, the binding of mono- and bidentate geometries varies, providing a simple and clear reason that polarizable force fields are required for detailed interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Susan L B Rempe
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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5
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Fortuin B, Meabe L, Peña SR, Zhang Y, Qiao L, Etxabe J, Garcia L, Manzano H, Armand M, Martínez-Ibañez M, Carrasco J. Molecular-Level Insight into Charge Carrier Transport and Speciation in Solid Polymer Electrolytes by Chemically Tuning Both Polymer and Lithium Salt. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:1955-1964. [PMID: 36761231 PMCID: PMC9900585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of Li-metal batteries has seen progress toward studies focused on the chemical modification of solid polymer electrolytes, involving tuning either polymer or Li salt properties to enhance the overall cell performance. This study encompasses chemically modifying simultaneously both polymer matrix and lithium salt by assessing ion coordination environments, ion transport mechanisms, and molecular speciation. First, commercially used lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt is taken as a reference, where F atoms become partially substituted by one or two H atoms in the -CF3 moieties of LiTFSI. These substitutions lead to the formation of lithium(difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFTFSI) and lithium bis(difluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFSI) salts. Both lithium salts promote anion immobilization and increase the lithium transference number. Second, we show that exchanging archetypal poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) significantly changes charge carrier speciation. Studying the ionic structures of these polymer/Li salt combinations (LiTFSI, LiDFTFSI or LiDFSI with PEO or PCL) by combining molecular dynamics simulations and a range of experimental techniques, we provide atomistic insights to understand the solvation structure and synergistic effects that impact macroscopic properties, such as Li+ conductivity and transference number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette
A. Fortuin
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department
of Physics, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Meabe
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodriguez Peña
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department
of Physics, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940Leioa, Spain
| | - Yan Zhang
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lixin Qiao
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Etxabe
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Hegoi Manzano
- Department
of Physics, University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU), 48940Leioa, Spain
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Ibañez
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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6
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Eriksson T, Gudla H, Manabe Y, Yoneda T, Friesen D, Zhang C, Inokuma Y, Brandell D, Mindemark J. Carbonyl-Containing Solid Polymer Electrolyte Host Materials: Conduction and Coordination in Polyketone, Polyester, and Polycarbonate Systems. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10940-10949. [PMID: 36590372 PMCID: PMC9798856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is now moving beyond the realm of polyethers that have dominated the field for several decades. A promising alternative group of candidates for SPE host materials is carbonyl-containing polymers. In this work, SPE properties of three different types of carbonyl-coordinating polymers are compared: polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyketones. The investigated polymers were chosen to be as structurally similar as possible, with only the functional group being different, thereby giving direct insights into the role of the noncoordinating main-chain oxygens. As revealed by experimental measurements as well as molecular dynamics simulations, the polyketone possesses the lowest glass transition temperature, but the ion transport is limited by a high degree of crystallinity. The polycarbonate, on the other hand, displays a relatively low coordination strength but is instead limited by its low molecular flexibility. The polyester performs generally as an intermediate between the other two, which is reasonable when considering its structural relation to the alternatives. This work demonstrates that local changes in the coordinating environment of carbonyl-containing polymers can have a large effect on the overall ion conduction, thereby also showing that desired transport properties can be achieved by fine-tuning the polymer chemistry of carbonyl-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Eriksson
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harish Gudla
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yumehiro Manabe
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Daniel Friesen
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8628, Japan
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden,E-mail:
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7
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Johansson I, Sångeland C, Uemiya T, Iwasaki F, Yoshizawa-Fujita M, Brandell D, Mindemark J. Improving the Electrochemical Stability of a Polyester-Polycarbonate Solid Polymer Electrolyte by Zwitterionic Additives. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:10002-10012. [PMID: 36034759 PMCID: PMC9400021 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries with solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), Li-metal anodes, and high-voltage cathodes like LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 (NMC) are promising next-generation high-energy-density storage solutions. However, these types of cells typically experience rapid failure during galvanostatic cycling, visible as an incoherent voltage noise during charging. Herein, two imidazolium-based zwitterions, with varied sulfonate-bearing chain length, are added to a poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate):LiTFSI electrolyte as cycling-enhancing additives to study their effect on the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte and the cycling performance of half-cells with NMC cathodes. The oxidative stability is studied with two different voltammetric methods using cells with inert working electrodes: the commonly used cyclic voltammetry and staircase voltammetry. The specific effects of the NMC cathode on the electrolyte stability is moreover investigated with cutoff increase cell cycling (CICC) to study the chemical and electrochemical compatibility between the active material and the SPE. Zwitterionic additives proved to enhance the electrochemical stability of the SPE and to facilitate improved galvanostatic cycling stability in half-cells with NMC by preventing the decomposition of LiTFSI at the polymer-cathode interface, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell
L. Johansson
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christofer Sångeland
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamao Uemiya
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Fumito Iwasaki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department
of Chemistry−Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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