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Moragues T, Giannakakis G, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Bugaev A, de Mello AJ, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Droplet-Based Microfluidics Reveals Insights into Cross-Coupling Mechanisms over Single-Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401056. [PMID: 38472115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) hold promise as sustainable alternatives to metal complexes in organic transformations. However, their working structure and dynamics remain poorly understood, hindering advances in their design. Exploiting the unique features of droplet-based microfluidics, we present the first in-situ assessment of a palladium SAC based on exfoliated carbon nitride in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results confirm a surface-catalyzed mechanism, revealing the distinct electronic structure of active Pd centers compared to homogeneous systems, and providing insights into the stabilizing role of ligands and bases. This study establishes a valuable framework for advancing mechanistic understanding of organic syntheses catalyzed by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moragues
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona, 43002, Spain
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Aram Bugaev
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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Mitchell S, Martín AJ, Guillén-Gosálbez G, Pérez-Ramírez J. The Future of Chemical Sciences is Sustainable. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202318676. [PMID: 38570864 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemistry, a vital tool for sustainable development, faces a challenge due to the lack of clear guidance on actionable steps, hindering the optimal adoption of sustainability practices across its diverse facets from discovery to implementation. This Scientific Perspective explores established frameworks and principles, proposing a conciliated set of triple E priorities anchored on Environmental, Economic, and Equity pillars for research and decision making. We outline associated metrics, crucial for quantifying impacts, classifying them according to their focus areas and scales tackled. Emphasizing catalysis as a key driver of sustainable synthesis of chemicals and materials, we exemplify how triple E priorities can practically guide the development and implementation of processes from renewables conversions to complex customized products. We summarize by proposing a roadmap for the community aimed at raising awareness, fostering academia-industry collaboration, and stimulating further advances in sustainable chemical technologies across their broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Martín
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rossi K, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Akl DF, Abalos VG, Heras-Domingo J, Graux R, Hai X, Lu J, Garcia-Gasulla D, López N, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Quantitative Description of Metal Center Organization and Interactions in Single-Atom Catalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307991. [PMID: 37757786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-density single-atom catalysts (UHD-SACs) present unique opportunities for harnessing cooperative effects between neighboring metal centers. However, the lack of tools to establish correlations between the density, types, and arrangements of isolated metal atoms and the support surface properties hinders efforts to engineer advanced material architectures. Here, this work precisely describes the metal center organization in various mono- and multimetallic UHD-SACs based on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) supports by coupling transmission electron microscopy with tailored machine-learning methods (released as a user-friendly web app) and density functional theory simulations. This approach quantifies the non-negligible presence of multimers with increasing atom density, characterizes the size and shape of these low-nuclearity clusters, and identifies surface atom density criteria to ensure isolation. Further, it provides previously inaccessible experimental insights into coordination site arrangements in the NC host, uncovering a repulsive interaction that influences the disordered distribution of metal centers in UHD-SACs. This observation holds in multimetallic systems, where chemically-specific analysis quantifies the degree of intermixing. These fundamental insights into the materials chemistry of single-atom catalysts are crucial for designing catalytic systems with superior reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rossi
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcellí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Dario Faust Akl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Heras-Domingo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Romain Graux
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Dario Garcia-Gasulla
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça d'Eusebi Güell 1-3, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Nuria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Avenida Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Freese T, Meijer JT, Brands MB, Alachouzos G, Stuart MCA, Tarozo R, Gerlach D, Smits J, Rudolf P, Reek JNH, Feringa BL. Iron oxide-promoted photochemical oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). EES CATALYSIS 2024; 2:262-275. [PMID: 38222062 PMCID: PMC10782808 DOI: 10.1039/d3ey00256j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a valuable green oxidant with a wide range of applications. Furthermore, it is recognized as a possible future energy carrier achieving safe operation, storage and transportation. The photochemical production of H2O2 serves as a promising alternative to the waste- and energy-intensive anthraquinone process. Following the 12 principles of Green Chemistry, we demonstrate a facile and general approach to sustainable catalyst development utilizing earth-abundant iron and biobased sources only. We developed several iron oxide (FeOx) nanoparticles (NPs) for successful photochemical oxygen reduction to H2O2 under visible light illumination (445 nm). Achieving a selectivity for H2O2 of >99%, the catalyst material could be recycled for up to four consecutive rounds. An apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 0.11% was achieved for the photochemical oxygen reduction to H2O2 with visible light (445 nm) at ambient temperatures and pressures (9.4-14.8 mmol g-1 L-1). Reaching productivities of H2O2 of at least 1.7 ± 0.3 mmol g-1 L-1 h-1, production of H2O2 was further possible via sunlight irradiation and in seawater. Finally, a detailed mechanism has been proposed on the basis of experimental investigation of the catalyst's properties and computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Freese
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer T Meijer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Maria B Brands
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Electron Microscopy, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Tarozo
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dominic Gerlach
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smits
- Shell Global Solutions International BV Grasweg 31 1031 HW Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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