Assessing the bio-stability of microRNA-146a conjugated nanoparticles via electroanalysis

Mechanistic insights of diabetic wound: Healing process, associated pathways and microRNA-based delivery systems

Wounds that represent one of the most critical complications can occur in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus, and results in the need for hospitalisation and, in severe cases, require amputation. This condition is primarily characterized by infections, persistent inflammation, and delayed healing processes, which exacerbate the overall health of the patients. As per the standard mechanism, signalling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, HIF-1, TGF-β, Notch, Wnt/β-Cat, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TLR, and Nrf2 play major roles in inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling phases of wound healing. However, dysregulation of the above pathways has been seen during the healing of diabetic wounds. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of various genes and signalling pathways which are associated with the process of wound healing. In the past few years, there has been a great deal of interest in the potential of miRNAs as biological agents in the management of a number of disorders. These miRNAs have been shown to modulate expression of genes involved in the healing process of wounds. There have been previous reviews pertaining to clinical trials examining miRNAs in several disorders, but only a few clinical studies have examined involvement of miRNAs in healing of wounds. Considering the therapeutic promise, there are several obstacles concerning their instabilities and inefficient delivery into the target cells. Therefore, this review is an attempt to discuss precise roles of signalling pathways and miRNAs in different phases of wound healing, and their aberrant regulation in diabetic wounds, particularly. It has also compiled a range of delivery mechanisms as well as an overview of the latest findings pertaining to miRNAs and associated delivery systems for improved healing of diabetic wounds.

A One-Step Plasma Assisted Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Simultaneous Linker-Free Conjugation with Nestin: An In Vitro Study of Cellular Toxicity

We present a method for conjugating antigens to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) during their synthesis via gas plasma, eliminating the need for chemical linkers and significantly speeding up the process (taking only 15 min). This fast, linker-free method produces biocompatible and stable GNPs, with potential for immunotherapy applications, such as antigen and antibody conjugation and drug delivery. We demonstrate the conjugation of the antigen Nestin (NES), a tumor marker, to GNPs using two approaches. The first method involves synthesizing GNPs with citrate, followed by NES conjugation via plasma. The second method synthesizes and conjugates GNPs to NES simultaneously using plasma treatment. Conjugation was confirmed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Zeta-sizer, UV-vis spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. In addition, the toxicity of the prepared samples was investigated in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and flow cytometry, which proved the nontoxicity of the samples.

Oral Delivery of miR146a Conjugated to Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Improves an Established T Cell-Mediated Experimental Colitis in Mice

Background: Dysregulated inflammation and oxidative stress are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We have developed a novel therapeutic that targets inflammation and oxidative stress. It is comprised of microRNA-146a (miR146a)-loaded cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) (CNP-miR146a). We hypothesized that oral delivery of CNP-miR146a would reduce colonic inflammation in a mouse model of established, chronic, T cell-mediated colitis. Methods: The stability of CNP-miR146a and mucosal delivery was assessed in vitro with simulated gastrointestinal fluid and in vivo after oral gavage by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The efficacy of orally administered CNP-miR146a was tested in mice with established colitis using the model of adoptive naïve T-cell transfer in recombinant activating gene 2 knockout (Rag2-/-) mice. Measured outcomes included histopathology; CD45+ immune cell infiltration; oxidative DNA damage (tissue 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG); expression of IL-6 and TNF mRNA and protein, and flow cytometry analysis of lamina propria Th1 and Th17 cell populations. Results: miR146a expression remained stable in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. miR146a expression increased in the intestines of mice six hours following oral gavage of CNP-miR146a. Oral delivery of CNP-miR146a in mice with colitis was associated with reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in the proximal and distal colons as evidenced by histopathology scoring, reduced immune cell infiltration, reduced IL-6 and TNF expression, and decreased populations of CD4+Tbet+IFNg+ Th1, CD4+RorgT+IL17+ Th17, as well as pathogenic double positive IFNg+IL17+ T cells. Conclusions: CNP-miR146a represents a novel orally available therapeutic with high potential to advance into clinical trials.

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

Antioxidants play an important role in the prevention of oxidative stress and have been widely used in medicine and healthcare. However, natural antioxidants have several limitations such as low stability, difficult long-term storage, and high cost of large-scale production. Along with significant advances in nanotechnology, nanomaterials have emerged as a promising solution to improve the limitations of natural antioxidants because of their high stability, easy storage, time effectiveness, and low cost. Among various types of nanomaterials exhibiting antioxidant activity, metal-based nanoantioxidants show excellent reactivity because of the presence of an unpaired electron in their atomic structure. In this review, we summarize some novel metal-based nanoantioxidants and classify them into two main categories, namely chain-breaking and preventive antioxidant nanomaterials. In addition, the applications of antioxidant nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare are also discussed. This review provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of metal-based nanoantioxidants and a guideline for using these nanomaterials in medicine and healthcare.

A therapeutically targetable positive feedback loop between lnc-HLX-2-7, HLX, and MYC that promotes group 3 medulloblastoma

Recent studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to medulloblastoma (MB) formation and progression. We have identified an lncRNA, lnc-HLX-2-7, as a potential therapeutic target in group 3 (G3) MBs. lnc-HLX-2-7 RNA specifically accumulates in the promoter region of HLX, a sense-overlapping gene of lnc-HLX-2-7, which activates HLX expression by recruiting multiple factors, including enhancer elements. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation reveal that HLX binds to and activates the promoters of several oncogenes, including TBX2, LIN9, HOXM1, and MYC. Intravenous treatment with cerium-oxide-nanoparticle-coated antisense oligonucleotides targeting lnc-HLX-2-7 (CNP-lnc-HLX-2-7) inhibits tumor growth by 40%-50% in an intracranial MB xenograft mouse model. Combining CNP-lnc-HLX-2-7 with standard-of-care cisplatin further inhibits tumor growth and significantly prolongs mouse survival compared with CNP-lnc-HLX-2-7 monotherapy. Thus, the lnc-HLX-2-7-HLX-MYC axis is important for regulating G3 MB progression, providing a strong rationale for using lnc-HLX-2-7 as a therapeutic target for G3 MBs.

Surface Chemistry of Biologically Active Reducible Oxide Nanozymes

Reducible metal oxide nanozymes (rNZs) are a subject of intense recent interest due to their catalytic nature, ease of synthesis, and complex surface character. Such materials contain surface sites which facilitate enzyme-mimetic reactions via substrate coordination and redox cycling. Further, these surface reactive sites are shown to be highly sensitive to stresses within the nanomaterial lattice, the physicochemical environment, and to processing conditions occurring as part of their syntheses. When administered in vivo, a complex protein corona binds to the surface, redefining its biological identity and subsequent interactions within the biological system. Catalytic activities of rNZs each deliver a differing impact on protein corona formation, its composition, and in turn, their recognition, and internalization by host cells. Improving the understanding of the precise principles that dominate rNZ surface-biomolecule adsorption raises the question of whether designer rNZs can be engineered to prevent corona formation, or indeed to produce "custom" protein coronas applied either in vitro, and preadministration, or formed immediately upon their exposure to body fluids. Here, fundamental surface chemistry processes and their implications in rNZ material performance are considered. In particular, material structures which inform component adsorption from the application environment, including substrates for enzyme-mimetic reactions are discussed.

Inorganic Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers for Cancer Treatment

Nanotechnology has expanded what can be achieved in our approach to cancer treatment. The ability to produce and engineer functional nanoparticle formulations to elicit higher incidences of tumor cell radiolysis has resulted in substantial improvements in cancer cell eradication while also permitting multi-modal biomedical functionalities. These radiosensitive nanomaterials utilize material characteristics, such as radio-blocking/absorbing high-Z atomic number elements, to mediate localized effects from therapeutic irradiation. These materials thereby allow subsequent scattered or emitted radiation to produce direct (e.g., damage to genetic materials) or indirect (e.g., protein oxidation, reactive oxygen species formation) damage to tumor cells. Using nanomaterials that activate under certain physiologic conditions, such as the tumor microenvironment, can selectively target tumor cells. These characteristics, combined with biological interactions that can target the tumor environment, allow for localized radio-sensitization while mitigating damage to healthy cells. This review explores the various nanomaterial formulations utilized in cancer radiosensitivity research. Emphasis on inorganic nanomaterials showcases the specific material characteristics that enable higher incidences of radiation while ensuring localized cancer targeting based on tumor microenvironment activation. The aim of this review is to guide future research in cancer radiosensitization using nanomaterial formulations and to detail common approaches to its treatment, as well as their relations to commonly implemented radiotherapy techniques.

Engineered Faceted Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Therapeutic miRNA Delivery

In general, wound healing is a highly ordered process, with distinct phases of inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, among diabetic patients, the progression through these phases is often impeded by increased level of oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrated that cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) conjugated with therapeutic microRNA146a (miR146a) could effectively enhance wound healing by targeting the NFκB pathway, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. In the present study, we consider the potential effects of nanomaterial surface-faceting and morphology on the efficacy of miRNA delivery. Compared with octahedral-CNPs and cubic-CNPs, rod-CNPs exhibited higher loading capacity. In addition, in comparing the influence of particle morphology on wound healing efficacy, several markers for bioactivity were evaluated and ascribed to the combined effects of the gene delivery and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties. In the cellular treatment study, rod-CNP-miR146a displayed the greatest miR146a delivery into cells. However, the reduction of IL-6 was only observed in the octahedral-CNP-miR146a, suggesting that the efficacy of the miRNA delivery is a result of the combination of various factors. Overall, our results give enlightenments into the relative delivery efficiency of the CNPs with different morphology enhancing miRNA delivery efficacy.