Energetic performance of trinitromethyl nitrotriazole (TNMNT) and its energetic salts

Polynitro-1,2,4-triazole Energetic Materials with N-Amino Functionalization

Trinitromethyl and N-amino groups were innovatively incorporated into the framework of 1,2,4-triazole, resulting in 1-amino-5-nitro-3-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole (2). Ammonium and hydrazinium salts of 1-amino-5-nitro-3-(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole were synthesized by acidification, extraction, and neutralization with bases from the potassium salt. All of the newly prepared energetic compounds were comprehensively characterized by using infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 exhibits favorable properties such as positive oxygen balance (OBCO2 = 5.8%), high density (1.88 g cm-1), good detonation performances (vD = 8937 m s-1, P = 35.5 GPa), and appropriate friction sensitivity (FS = 144 N). The potassium salt 3 demonstrates good thermal decomposition temperature (181 °C) and high density (1.98 g cm-1), while the ammonium salt and hydrazinium salt also display good thermal decomposition temperatures of 183 and 176 °C, respectively. Among these compounds, the ammonium salt exhibits the lowest mechanical sensitivities (FS = 144 N, IS = 6 J).

Synthesis, Characterization and Energetic Properties of Hydroxymethyl-Bishomocubanone Derivatives

The present work reports synthesis, characterization and theoretical insights on novel hydroxymethyl-bishomocubanone derivatives. Twelve new bishomocubanes (BHCs) were synthesized and fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray analysis. The densities of the title compounds were in the range of 1.30-1.59 g/cm3. Density-functional theory (DFT) based calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory were performed on ten selected BHC based cage compounds. Propulsive and ballistic properties of newly synthesized hydroxymethyl-bishomocubanone derivatives in solid and liquid propulsion systems were calculated, and the results suggested that these compounds are superior to conventional fuel RP1 and binder HTPB. The detonation parameters revealed that these compounds are not explosive in nature and safe to use as solid propellants. Furthermore, kinetic and thermal stabilities of the title compounds were determined by HOMO-LUMO energy gap, ESP maps, impact sensitivity (h50) and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) followed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Three compounds, a dinitroazide (Isp,vac=310.98 s), a dinitrate (Isp,vac=309.51 s), and a dinitronitrate (Isp,vac=309.20s) were found to be excellent candidates for volume limited applications.

Synthetic manifestation of trinitro-pyrazolo-2H-1,2,3-triazoles (TNPT) as insensitive energetic materials

This study showcases the design and development of a facile method for synthesizing trinitro-pyrazolo-triazole (TNPT) and its derivatives. The synthesized compounds are analysed using multinuclear NMR [1H, 13C, and 15N] and HRMS analyses. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction studies confirm the structure of some TNPT derivatives. Notably, compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 exhibit good thermal stability with a decomposition threshold above 250 °C, and show a high level of insensitivity towards impact and friction [impact sensitivity (IS) is more than 25 J and friction sensitivity (FS) is above 180 N]. Compound 12, in particular, displays excellent performance characteristics [density 1.76 g cc-1 (at 298 K), a high detonation velocity (Dv = 8550 m s-1), and good thermal stability (Td = 280 °C), with high insensitivity towards impact and friction (IS = 35 J; FS = 180 N)]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis study provides further insight into the sensitivity of the TNPT derivatives.