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Antoniou G, Athanasopoulos S, Koyioni M, Koutentis PA, Keivanidis PE. Unexpected Performance of a Bifunctional Sensitizer/Activator Component for Photon Energy Management via Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5337-5343. [PMID: 38728150 PMCID: PMC11129295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We here report on the observation of upconverted photoluminescence (UC-PL) from the blue-light-emitting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) mixed with the yellow-light-absorbing bifunctional sensitizer/activator component of (3,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin-22,24-diid-2-one) PtII (PtOEP-K). Yellow-to-blue UC-PL (0.680 eV spectral upshift) is achieved at room temperature under ultralow power continuous incoherent photoexcitation (220 μW/cm2) despite the absence of triplet energy transfer (TET) between PtOEP-K and DPA. Under selective CW-laser photoexcitation of PtOEP-K in DPA:PtOEP-K, a 2.5% UC-PL quantum yield is obtained; that is an improvement exceeding by more than 3 orders of magnitude the UC-PL quantum yield of TTA-UC material combinations wherein no TET is operative. The PL response of DPA:PtOEP-K to varying laser fluence suggests that bimolecular annihilation reactions between triplet-excited PtOEP-K facilitate the UC-PL activation in DPA. These findings pave the way toward low-complexity strategies for the reduction of transmission losses in solar energy technologies through an innovative wavelength upshifting protocol involving excitonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Antoniou
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid, Avenida Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Panagiotis E. Keivanidis
- Device
Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 45 Kitiou Kyprianou str., 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
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2
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Ibrayev NK, Valiev RR, Seliverstova EV, Menshova EP, Nasibullin RT, Sundholm D. Molecular phosphorescence enhancement by the plasmon field of metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14624-14636. [PMID: 38739453 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01281j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed that allows the estimation of the quantum yield of phosphorescence of dye molecules in the vicinity of plasmonic nanoparticles. For this purpose, the rate constants of the radiative and nonradiative intramolecular transitions for rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and brominated rhodamine (Rh123-2Br) dyes have been calculated. The plasmon effect of Ag nanoparticles on various types of luminescence processes has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. We show that in the presence of a plasmonic nanoparticle, the efficiency of the immediate and delayed fluorescence increases significantly. The phosphorescence rate of the rhodamine dyes also increases near plasmonic nanoparticles. The long-lived luminescence i.e., delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence is more enhanced for Rh123-2Br than for Rh123. The largest phosphorescence quantum yield is obtained when the dye molecule is at a distance of 4-6 nm from the nanoparticle surface. Our results can be used in the design of plasmon-enhancing nanostructures for light-emitting media, organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, and catalysts for activation of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazbek Kh Ibrayev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Evgeniya V Seliverstova
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
| | - Evgeniya P Menshova
- Institute of Molecular Nanophotonics, Buketov Karaganda University, 100024 Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
| | - Rinat T Nasibullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Prabhakaran A, Jha KK, Sia RCE, Arellano Reyes RA, Sarangi NK, Kogut M, Guthmuller J, Czub J, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Keyes TE. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconverting Liposomes: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Membranes in Two-Dimensional TTA-UC. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38776974 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) implemented in nanoparticle assemblies is of emerging interest in biomedical applications, including in drug delivery and imaging. As it is a bimolecular process, ensuring sufficient mobility of the sensitizer and annihilator to facilitate effective collision in the nanoparticle is key. Liposomes can provide the benefits of two-dimensional confinement and condensed concentration of the sensitizer and annihilator along with superior fluidity compared to other nanoparticle assemblies. They are also biocompatible and widely applied across drug delivery modalities. However, there are relatively few liposomal TTA-UC systems reported to date, so systematic studies of the influence of the liposomal environment on TTA-UC are currently lacking. Here, we report the first example of a BODIPY-based sensitizer TTA-UC system within liposomes and use this system to study TTA-UC generation and compare the relative intensity of the anti-Stokes signal for this system as a function of liposome composition and membrane fluidity. We report for the first time on time-resolved spectroscopic studies of TTA-UC in membranes. Nanosecond transient absorption data reveal the BODIPY-perylene dyad sensitizer has a long triplet lifetime in liposome with contributions from three triplet excited states, whose lifetimes are reduced upon coinclusion of the annihilator due to triplet-triplet energy transfer, to a greater extent than in solution. This indicates triplet energy transfer between the sensitizer and the annihilator is enhanced in the membrane system. Molecular dynamics simulations of the sensitizer and annihilator TTA collision complex are modeled in the membrane and confirm the co-orientation of the pair within the membrane structure and that the persistence time of the bound complex exceeds the TTA kinetics. Modeling also reliably predicted the diffusion coefficient for the sensitizer which matches closely with the experimental values from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relative intensity of the TTA-UC output across nine liposomal systems of different lipid compositions was explored to examine the influence of membrane viscosity on upconversion (UC). UC showed the highest relative intensity for the most fluidic membranes and the weakest intensity for highly viscous membrane compositions, including a phase separation membrane. Overall, our study reveals that the co-orientation of the UC pair within the membrane is crucial for effective TTA-UC within a biomembrane and that the intensity of the TTA-UC output can be tuned in liposomal nanoparticles by modifying the phase and fluidity of the liposome. These new insights will aid in the design of liposomal TTA-UC systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Keshav Kumar Jha
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Rengel Cane E Sia
- Institute of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ruben Arturo Arellano Reyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mateusz Kogut
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Niihori Y, Kosaka T, Negishi Y. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion using nanoparticles and nanoclusters. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2304-2322. [PMID: 38587491 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of photon upconversion (UC), generating high-energy photons from low-energy photons, has attracted significant attention. In particular, triplet-triplet annihilation-based UC (TTA-UC) has been achieved by combining the excitation states of two types of molecules, called the sensitizer and emitter (or annihilator). With TTA-UC, it is possible to convert weak, incoherent near-infrared (NIR) light, which constitutes half of the solar radiation intensity, into ultraviolet and visible light that are suitable for the operation of light-responsive functional materials or devices such as solar cells and photocatalysts. Research on TTA-UC is being conducted worldwide, often employing materials with high intersystem crossing rates, such as metal porphyrins, as sensitizers. This review summarizes recent research and trends in triplet energy transfer and TTA-UC for semiconductor nanoparticles or nanocrystals with diameters in the nanometer range, also known as quantum dots, and for ligand-protected metal nanoclusters, which have even smaller well-defined sub-nanostructures. Concerning nanoparticles, transmitter ligands have been applied on the surface of the nanoparticles to efficiently transfer triplet excitons formed inside the nanoparticles to emitters. Applications are expanding to solid-state UC devices that convert NIR light to visible light. Additionally, there is active research in the development of sensitizers using more cost-effective and environmentally friendly elements. Regarding metal nanoclusters, methods have been established for the evaluation of excited states, deepening the understanding of luminescent properties and excited relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Taiga Kosaka
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Collins AR, Zhang B, Bennison MJ, Evans RC. Ambient solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in ureasil organic-inorganic hybrid hosts. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:6310-6318. [PMID: 38707254 PMCID: PMC11064974 DOI: 10.1039/d4tc00562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has attracted significant attention as an approach to harvest low energy solar photons that cannot be captured by conventional photovoltaic devices. However, device integration requires the design of solid-state TTA-UC materials that combine high upconversion efficiency with long term stability. Herein, we report an efficient solid-state TTA-UC system based on organic-inorganic hybrid polymers known as ureasils as hosts for the archetypal sensitiser/emitter pair of palladium(ii) octaethylporphyrin and diphenylanthracene. The role of the ureasil structure on the TTA-UC performance was probed by varying the branching and molecular weight of the organic precursor to tune the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. Solid-state green-to-blue UC quantum yields of up to 1.86% were observed under ambient conditions. Notably, depending on the ureasil structure, UC emission could be retained for >70 days without any special treatment, including deoxygenation. Detailed analysis of the structure-function trends revealed that while a low glass transition temperature is required to promote TTA-UC molecular collisions, a higher inorganic content is the primary factor that determines the UC efficiency and stability, due to the inherent oxygen barrier provided by the silica nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Bolong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Michael J Bennison
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
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6
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Minussi FB, Silva RM, Araújo EB. Composition-Property Relations for GA x FA y MA 1- x - y PbI 3 Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305054. [PMID: 37803390 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are materials for diverse optoelectronic applications owing to a combination of factors, including their compositional flexibility. A major source of this diversity of compositions comes from the use of mixed organic cations in the A-site of such compounds to form solid solutions. Many organic cations are possible for this purpose. Although significant progress is made over years of intensive research, the determination of systematic relationships between the compositions and properties of halide perovskites is not exploited accordingly. Using the MAPbI3 prototype, a wide range of compositions substituted by formamidinium (FA+ ) and guanidinium (GA+ ) cations are studied. From a detailed collection of experimental data and results reported in the literature, heat maps correlating the composition of GAx FAy MA1- x - y PbI3 solid solutions with phase transition temperatures, dielectric permittivity, and activation energies are constructed. Considering the characteristics of organic cations, namely their sizes, dipole moments, and the number of N─H bonds, it is possible to interpret the heat maps as consequences of these characteristics. This work brings a systematization of how obtaining specific properties of halide perovskites might be possible by customizing the characteristics of the A-site organic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Brondani Minussi
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marcos Silva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Eudes Borges Araújo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
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7
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Jeyaseelan R, Utikal M, Daniliuc CG, Næsborg L. Photocyclization by a triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion pair in water - avoiding UV-light and oxygen removal. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11040-11044. [PMID: 37860655 PMCID: PMC10583691 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a formal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of unsaturated ketones enabled by a green-to-ultraviolet triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) pair, using commercially available Ru(bpy)32+ and pyrene as sensitizer and annihilator, respectively. In the developed protocol, visible light irradiation at λmax = 520 nm allows for the reaction to proceed without the need for UV-light and the aqueous medium eliminates the need for oxygen removing protocols. Through this study, the application of the readily available upconversion pair is broadened to include cyclization reactions. We showcase the utility of the system by generating bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are valuable bioisosteres of ortho-substituted benzenes, a promising motif for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jeyaseelan
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - M Utikal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - C G Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - L Næsborg
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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9
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Yin HJ, Xiao ZG, Feng Y, Yao CJ. Recent Progress in Photonic Upconversion Materials for Organic Lanthanide Complexes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5642. [PMID: 37629933 PMCID: PMC10456671 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic lanthanide complexes have garnered significant attention in various fields due to their intriguing energy transfer mechanism, enabling the upconversion (UC) of two or more low-energy photons into high-energy photons. In comparison to lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles, organic UC complexes hold great promise for biological delivery applications due to their advantageous properties of controllable size and composition. This review aims to provide a summary of the fundamental concept and recent developments of organic lanthanide-based UC materials based on different mechanisms. Furthermore, we also detail recent applications in the fields of bioimaging and solar cells. The developments and forthcoming challenges in organic lanthanide-based UC offer readers valuable insights and opportunities to engage in further research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (H.-J.Y.); (Z.-G.X.)
| | - Zhong-Gui Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (H.-J.Y.); (Z.-G.X.)
| | - Yansong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Forecast R, Gholizadeh EM, Prasad SKK, Blacket S, Tapping PC, McCamey DR, Tayebjee MJY, Huang DM, Cole JH, Schmidt TW. Power Dependence of the Magnetic Field Effect on Triplet Fusion: A Quantitative Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4742-4747. [PMID: 37184362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two strategies for improving solar energy efficiencies, triplet fusion and singlet fission, rely on the details of triplet-triplet interactions. In triplet fusion, there are several steps, each of which is a possible loss mechanism. In solution, the parameters describing triplet fusion collisions are difficult to inspect. Here we show that these parameters can be determined by examining the magnetic field dependence of triplet fusion upconversion. We show that there is a reduction of the magnetic field effect for perylene triplet fusion as the system moves from the quadratic to linear annihilation regimes with an increase in laser power. Our data are modeled with a small set of parameters that characterize the triplet fusion dynamics. These parameters are cross-validated with molecular dynamics simulations. This approach can be applied to both solution and solid state materials, providing a tool for screening potential annihilators for photon upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn Forecast
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Elham M Gholizadeh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Simon Blacket
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Patrick C Tapping
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Murad J Y Tayebjee
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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