1
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Sameem B, Karuso P, Liu F. Hypervalent silicate-assisted azidation approach for the substituted azepane motif. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Ahmad S, Akhtar R, Zahoor AF. Comprehensive Account on the Synthesis of (-)-Balanol and its Analogues. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:56-85. [PMID: 34370642 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210809131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of diseases have been associated with hyperactivation of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. There is a dire need to selectively inhibit these enzymes by synthesizing new potent inhibitors. Balanol, a fungal metabolite belonging to the PKC inhibitor family, is especially included in this aspect. Tremendous effort has been put towards the synthesis of balanol by different research groups. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide a detailed description of synthetic approaches adopted for the synthesis of key fragments of balanol (azepane and benzophenone). All the factors that resulted in excellent yield and high enantioselectivity have also been mentioned. CONCLUSION It has been shown throughout this review that the synthesis of hexahydroazepine and benzophenone cores of balanol was achieved by employing a variety of important key steps with commercially available starting precursors, which make this total synthesis more valuable. Moreover, this article provides ideas to the synthetic as well as pharmaceutical chemists for the synthesis of (-)-balanol and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad, Pakistan
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3
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Chavan SP, Kalbhor DB, Gonnade RG. Divergent approach to the synthesis of (-)-balanol heterocycle and cis-3-hydroxypipecolic acid based on chiral 2-aminoalkanol equivalent. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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He X, Zhang M, Guo YY, Mao XM, Chen XA, Li YQ. Revelation of the Balanol Biosynthetic Pathway in Tolypocladium ophioglossoides. Org Lett 2018; 20:6323-6326. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-Ming Mao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Spedding H, Karuso P, Liu F. Synthesis of Substituted Oxo-Azepines by Regio- and Diastereoselective Hydroxylation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111871. [PMID: 29088108 PMCID: PMC6150284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Spedding
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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6
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Choi J, Yadav NN, Ha HJ. Preparation of a Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ion and Its Ring Expansion toward Piperidines and Azepanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Yongin 17035 Korea
| | - Nagendra Nath Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli; Arunachal Pradesh 791109 India
| | - Hyun-Joon Ha
- Department of Chemistry; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Yongin 17035 Korea
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7
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Rohokale R, Dhavale D. Chiron approach towards the synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxyornithine, (2S,3R)-3-hydroxylysine and tetrahydroazepine core of (−)-balanol. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Noncovich A, Ung J, Patron A. Total synthesis of the novel benzophenone NP-011694. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Saha T, Maitra R, Chattopadhyay SK. A unified approach to the important protein kinase inhibitor balanol and a proposed analogue. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2910-5. [PMID: 24454570 PMCID: PMC3896276 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to the important protein kinase inhibitor (−)-balanol and an azepine-ring-modified balanol derivative has been developed using an efficient fragment coupling protocol which proceeded in good overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratnava Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani - 741235, West Bengal, India
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Louvel J, Chemla F, Demont E, Ferreira F, Pérez-Luna A, Voituriez A. Stereoselective Synthesis of syn-β-Amino Propargylic Ethers: Application to the Asymmetric Syntheses of (+)-β-Conhydrine and (−)-Balanol. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Yar M, Unthank MG, McGarrigle EM, Aggarwal VK. Remote chiral induction in vinyl sulfonium salt-mediated ring expansion of hemiaminals into epoxide-fused azepines. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:372-5. [PMID: 21254413 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yar
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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12
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13
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Formal total synthesis of (–)- and (+)-balanol: two complementary enantiodivergent routes from vinyloxiranes and vinylaziridines. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Concise syntheses of stereoisomeric hexahydroazepine derivatives related to the protein kinase inhibitor balanol. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Chuzel O, Roesch A, Genet JP, Darses S. Sterically Hindered Benzophenones via Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Arylation of Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7800-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801460w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chuzel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Alexander Roesch
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Genet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Sylvain Darses
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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16
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Srivastava AK, Panda G. Total synthesis of (-)-balanol, all stereoisomers, their N-tosyl analogues, and fully protected ophiocordin: an easy route to hexahydroazepine cores from garner aldehydes. Chemistry 2008; 14:4675-88. [PMID: 18399526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-balanol and all of its stereoisomers starting from easily available Garner aldehydes are described. Diastereoselective Grignard reactions on Garner aldehydes and ring-closing metatheses are the key steps for the construction of hexahydroazepine subunits. The benzophenone subunits were constructed through coupling of suitably functionalized aromatic aldehyde and bromo components. The synthetic route constitutes a convenient and scalable reaction sequence to generate all of the stereoisomers of balanol. The methodology is explored further for the synthesis of N-tosyl analogues of balanol and of fully protected ophiocordin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
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17
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Sullivan B, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic formal synthesis of (−)-balanol. Provision of optical data for an often-reported intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Sullivan B, Gilmet J, Leisch H, Hudlicky T. Chiral version of the Burgess reagent and its reactions with oxiranes: application to the formal enantiodivergent synthesis of balanol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:346-350. [PMID: 18205317 DOI: 10.1021/np0705357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient formal synthesis of a (-)-balanol intermediate ( 25a) from cyclohexadiene oxide was accomplished in eight steps. An asymmetric version of the Burgess reagent allows for an enantiodivergent approach to both enantiomers of balanol from a racemic starting material.
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19
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Mal D, Pahari P, De SR. Regiospecific synthesis of 3-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)phthalides: application to the synthesis of isopestacin and cryphonectric acid. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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21
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Patil ML, Borate HB. The Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydro-1H-xanthen-1-ones and Xanthenes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3184/030823405774309023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A short and an efficient methodology for the synthesis of substituted tetrahydro-1H-1-xanthenones and xanthenes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh L. Patil
- National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
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22
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Patil ML, Deshpande VH, Ramlingam S, Borate HB. Synthetic studies towards the benzophenone precursor for balanol. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Yadav J, Srinivas C. Ring expansion approach for the synthesis of the (3S,4S)-hexahydroazepine core of balanol and ophiocordin. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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25
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26
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Laursen B, Denieul MP, Skrydstrup T. Formal total synthesis of the PKC inhibitor, balanol: preparation of the fully protected benzophenone fragment. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Phansavath P, de Paule S, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V, Genêt JP. An Efficient Formal Synthesis of (−)-Balanol by Using Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200012)2000:23<3903::aid-ejoc3903>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Denieul MP, Laursen B, Hazell R, Skrydstrup T. Synthesis of the benzophenone fragment of balanol via an intramolecular cyclization event. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6052-60. [PMID: 10987939 DOI: 10.1021/jo000750r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies are reported on the use of either a 7-exo radical cyclization or an intramolecular Heck reaction as the key step for the construction of the benzophenone fragment of the PKC inhibitor, balanol. Whereas, the former approach was unsuccessful, the Heck reaction proved to be viable for the coupling of two fully functionalized aryl subunits affording regioselectively a biaryl seven-membered lactone with an exocyclic alkene as the major component, in contrast to the competing eight-membered ring lactone. Hydrolysis of the lactone followed by oxidative cleavage of the alkene with ruthenium tetraoxide completed this short synthesis of the benzophenone unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Denieul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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29
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Studies on the SmI2-promoted pinacol-type cyclization: synthesis of the hexahydroazepine ring of balanol. J Org Chem 2000; 65:5382-90. [PMID: 10993369 DOI: 10.1021/jo000538n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the samarium(II) iodide induced pinacol-type coupling for the construction of seven-membered cyclic amino alcohols has been investigated. With the acyclic carbonylhydrazones 6 and 16, good yields of the hexahydroazepines 22 and 23 were obtained (56-57%) with high trans-selectivity (= 10:1), which compares well with similar reactions generating the corresponding five- and six-membered carbocycles (Fallis, A. G.; Sturino, C. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7447). It is essential for ring formation that the strongly electron-donating ligand, hexamethylphosphoramide, be present, as in its absense intermolecular pinacol coupling forming the diols 27-30 is the dominant reaction. Hence, the role for HMPA appears not only to increase the rate of electron transfer but also to modulate rate constants for the subsequent reactions (cyclization and pinacol coupling) of the intermediate ketyl. This ring forming reaction has been applied to the construction of the fully functionalized hexahydroazepine ring of the PKC inhibitor, balanol. Initial attempts to develop an asymmetric version of this reaction indicate the use of chiral ligands based on the structure of HMPA.
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30
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Fürstner A, Thiel OR. Formal total synthesis of (-)-balanol: concise approach to the hexahydroazepine segment based on RCM. J Org Chem 2000; 65:1738-42. [PMID: 10750493 DOI: 10.1021/jo991611g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of the hexahydroazepine moiety 13 of (-)-balanol 1 is described that comprises only eight steps and is distinctly shorter than all previous reported approaches to this particular compound. Sharpless epoxidation of divinylcarbinol 4 and ring closing alkene metathesis (RCM) reaction for the formation of the heterocyclic scaffold 9 constitute the key transformations of this sequence. The latter reaction is best achieved with catalytic amounts of the ruthenium indenylidene complex 18 recently reported. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that RCM can be successfully carried out even in the presence of an azido function provided that Schrock's molybdenum alkylidene complex Mo(=NAr)(=CHCMe2Ph)[OC(Me)(CF3)2]2 (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) is used as precatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Germany
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31
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Storm JP, Andersson CM. An organoiron approach to the benzophenone appendage of the protein kinase C inhibitor balanol. Org Lett 1999; 1:1451-3. [PMID: 10825993 DOI: 10.1021/ol9910060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] A new synthetic route to the benzophenone appendage of balanol, based on sequential iron-assisted nucleophilic aromatic substitution and ring-opening as well as regioselective oxidative cyanation, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Storm
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden
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32
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Cook GR, Shanker PS, Peterson SL. Asymmetric synthesis of the balanol heterocycle via a palladium-mediated epimerization and olefin metathesis. Org Lett 1999; 1:615-7. [PMID: 10823189 DOI: 10.1021/ol990705+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] The enantioselective formal synthesis of balanol, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor, was accomplished from D-serine utilizing a Pd-catalyzed equilibration of diastereomeric 5-vinyloxazolines to set the stereochemistry of the vicinal amino and hydroxyl groups. A ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis was employed to form the seven-membered nitrogen heterocyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105-5516, USA.
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33
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Denieul MP, Skrydstrup T. Application of an intramolecular Heck reaction for the construction of the balanol aryl core structure. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Narayana N, Diller TC, Koide K, Bunnage ME, Nicolaou KC, Brunton LL, Xuong NH, Ten Eyck LF, Taylor SS. Crystal structure of the potent natural product inhibitor balanol in complex with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:2367-76. [PMID: 10029530 DOI: 10.1021/bi9820659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protein kinase inhibitors are essential for a wide range of physiological functions. These endogenous inhibitors may mimic peptide substrates as in the case of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), or they may mimic nucleotide triphosphates. Natural product inhibitors, endogenous to the unique organisms producing them, can be potent exogenous inhibitors against foreign protein kinases. Balanol is a natural product inhibitor exhibiting low nanomolar Ki values against serine and threonine specific kinases, while being ineffective against protein tyrosine kinases. To elucidate balanol's specific inhibitory effects and provide a basis for understanding inhibition-regulated biological processes, a 2.1 A resolution crystal structure of balanol in complex with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) was determined. The structure reveals conserved binding regions and displays extensive complementary interactions between balanol and conserved cAPK residues. This report describes the structure of a protein kinase crystallized with a natural ATP mimetic in the absence of metal ions and peptide inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narayana
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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35
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An efficient synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxylysine via ruthenium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Hu H, Mendoza JS, Lowden CT, Ballas LM, Janzen WP. Synthesis and protein kinase C inhibitory activities of balanol analogues with modification of 4-hydroxybenzamido moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:1873-82. [PMID: 9354244 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of racemic balanol analogues with modification of the benzamido moiety of balanol have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against human protein kinase C isozymes (PKC-alpha, -beta I, -beta II, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -eta). The structural modification includes replacement of the 4-hydroxyphenyl group with variously substituted phenyl rings, substitution of the amide linkage with a sulfonamide or an ester, and replacement of the 4-hydroxyphenyl substructure with a hydroxyl substituted indole or a hydroxybenzyl group. in general, these analogues were found to be less potent than balanol, but a number of analogues were identified with improved isozyme selectivity. The structure-activity relationship studies of these analogues also indicated that (1) the optimal general PKC inhibition requires a free 4-hydroxyl group in the benzamido portion of the molecule, (2) the amide linkage of the benzamido moiety is important for PKC inhibition, and (3) the conformation associated with the benzamido moiety seems to have a profound effect on PKC inhibition. The requirement of a free 4-hydroxyl group in conjunction with an appropriate conformation of the benzamido moiety for optimal PKC inhibition suggests that the 4-hydroxyphenyl group may be involved in a specific inhibitor-enzyme interaction important for PKC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hu
- Sphinx Pharmaceuticals, Division of Eli Lilly & Company, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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37
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Nilsson J, Andersson CM. A divergent route to substituted benzophenones based on cationic η6-(Arene)iron intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Wu MH, Jacobsen EN. An efficient formal synthesis of balanol via the asymmetric epoxide ring opening reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Tanner D, Tedenborg L, Almario A, Pettersson I, Csöregh I, Kelly NM, Andersson PG, Högberg T. Total synthesis of balanol, part 2. Completion of the synthesis and investigation of the structure and reactivity of two key heterocyclic intermediates. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Tuch A, Sanière M, Le Merrer Y, Depezay JC. Synthesis of (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxydecanoic acid and (3R,4R)-3-amino-4-hydroxyazepane from D-isoascorbic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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