1
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Ramos LD, Gomes TMV, Stevani CV, Bechara EJH. Mining reactive triplet carbonyls in biological systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 243:112712. [PMID: 37116363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic triplet carbonyls can be treated as short-lived radicals, since both species share similar reactions such as hydrogen atom abstraction, cyclization, addition, and isomerization. Importantly, enzyme-generated triplet carbonyls excite triplet molecular oxygen to the highly reactive, electrophilic singlet state by resonance energy transfer, which can react with proteins, lipids, and DNA. Carbonyl triplets, singlet oxygen, and radicals are endowed with the potential to trigger both normal and pathological responses. In this paper, we present a short review of easy, fast, and inexpensive preliminary tests for the detection of transient triplet carbonyls in chemical and biological systems. This paper covers direct and indirect methods to look for triplet carbonyls based on their spectral distribution of chemiluminescence, photoproduct analysis, quenching of light emission by conjugated dienes, and enhancement of light emission by the sensitizer 9,10-dibromoanthracence-2-sulfonate ion (DBAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz D Ramos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M V Gomes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Cabello MC, Bartoloni FH, Bastos EL, Baader WJ. The Molecular Basis of Organic Chemiluminescence. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040452. [PMID: 37185527 PMCID: PMC10136088 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) and chemiluminescence (CL) are interesting and intriguing phenomena that involve the emission of visible light as a consequence of chemical reactions. The mechanistic basis of BL and CL has been investigated in detail since the 1960s, when the synthesis of several models of cyclic peroxides enabled mechanistic studies on the CL transformations, which led to the formulation of general chemiexcitation mechanisms operating in BL and CL. This review describes these general chemiexcitation mechanisms-the unimolecular decomposition of cyclic peroxides and peroxide decomposition catalyzed by electron/charge transfer from an external (intermolecular) or an internal (intramolecular) electron donor-and discusses recent insights from experimental and theoretical investigation. Additionally, some recent representative examples of chemiluminescence assays are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Bartoloni
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Erick L Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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3
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Cabello MC, Bartoloni FH, Baader WJ. An Update on General Chemiexcitation Mechanisms in Cyclic Organic Peroxide Decomposition and the Chemiluminescent Peroxyoxalate Reaction in Aqueous Media. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:235-250. [PMID: 35837818 DOI: 10.1111/php.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four-membered ring peroxides are intimately linked to chemiluminescence and bioluminescence transformations, as high-energy intermediates responsible for electronically excited state formation. The synthesis of 1,2-dioxetanes and 1,2-dioxetanones enabled mechanistic studies on their decomposition occurring with the formation of electronically excited carbonyl products in the singlet or triplet state. The third member of this family, 1,2-dioxetanedione, has been postulated as the intermediate in the peroxyoxalate reaction, recently confirmed by kinetic studies on peroxalic acid derivatives. Several general chemiexcitation mechanisms have been proposed as model systems for the chemiexcitation step in efficient bioluminescence and chemiluminescence transformations. In this review article, we discuss the validity and efficiency of the most important chemiexcitation mechanisms, extended to aqueous media, where the efficiency is known to be drastically reduced, specifically in the peroxyoxalate reaction, highly efficient in anhydrous environment, but much less efficient in aqueous media. Mechanistic studies of this reaction will be discussed in diverse aqueous environments, with special attention to the catalysis involved in the thermal reaction leading to the formation of the high-energy intermediate and to the chemiexcitation mechanism, as well as emission quantum yields. Finally, several recent analytical and bioanalytical applications of the peroxyoxalate reaction in aqueous media will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Bartoloni
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Hashemi Z, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Biparva P, Abedirad SM. Pyridine-2-yl Quinoxaline (2-CPQ) Derivative As a Novel Pink Fluorophore: Synthesis, and Chemiluminescence Characteristics. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:723-736. [PMID: 35044576 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline derivatives are well-known N-heterocycles with pharmacological and fluorescence activities. Almost all quinoxaline derivatives with extensive π-conjugation have been introduced as fluorophores which emit blue and green light. For the first time, we designed and synthesized 6-chloro-2,3 di(Pyridine-2yl) quinoxaline (2-CPQ) as a pink fluorophore in acetonitrile medium by simple route at room temperature whitin 30 min. The synthesized quinoxaline was identified using 1H, 13C NMR, MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the iodine-catalyzed method for both oxidation and cyclization during the synthesis of quinoxaline from pyridine 2-carbaldehyde was straightforward, efficient, and clean. All of the mentioned characterization devices confirmed the synthesis of 2-CPQ.Moreover, we studied the photophysical properties of the synthesized fluorophore in which The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of 2-CPQ in DMF were three peaks at 451, 518 and 556 nm. Based on photophysical properties investigation, 2-CPQ shows good fluorescence with maximum peaks 607 and 653 nm in DMF as solvent (фF = 0.21). Hence, the fluorophore was applied in the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence system. The reaction of imidazole, H2O2, and bis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) can transfer energy to a 6-chloro-2,3 di(pyridine-2yl) quinoxaline. In this process, dioxetane was synthesized, which chemically initiated the electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism and led to pink light emission. We anticipate our synthesized fluorophores 2-CPQ will have great potential applications in imaging and medical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hashemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Pourya Biparva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O.Box 578, Sari, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Abedirad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O.Box 578, Sari, Iran
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5
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da Silva SM, Lang AP, Dos Santos APF, Cabello MC, Ciscato LFML, Bartoloni FH, Bastos EL, Baader WJ. Cyclic Peroxidic Carbon Dioxide Dimer Fuels Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11434-11441. [PMID: 34420296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence is used in self-contained light sources, such as glow sticks, where oxidation of aromatic oxalate esters produces a high-energy intermediate (HEI) that excites fluorescence dyes via electron transfer chemistry, mimicking bioluminescence for efficient chemical energy-to-light conversion. The identity of the HEI and reasons for the efficiency of the peroxyoxalate reaction remain elusive. We present here unequivocal proof that the HEI of the peroxyoxalate system is a cyclic peroxidic carbon dioxide dimer, namely, 1,2-dioxetanedione. Oxalic peracids bearing a substituted phenyl group were unable to directly excite fluorescent dyes; hence, they could be ruled out as the HEI. However, base-catalyzed cyclization of these species results in bright chemiluminescence, with decay rates and chemiexcitation quantum yields that are influenced by the electronic phenylic substituent properties. Hammett (ρ = +2.2 ± 0.1) and Brønsted (β = -1.1 ± 0.1) constants for the cyclization step preceding chemiexcitation imply that the loss of the phenolate-leaving group and intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the percarboxylate anion occur in a concerted manner, generating 1,2-dioxetanedione as the unique outcome. The presence of better leaving groups influences the reaction mechanism, favoring the chemiluminescent reaction pathway over the nonemissive formation of aryl-1,2-dioxetanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M da Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Lang
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Francisco M L Ciscato
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Bartoloni
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Erick L Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Cabello MC, Bello LV, Baader WJ. Use of coumarin derivatives as activators in the peroxyoxalate system in organic and aqueous media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Augusto FA, Bartoloni FH, Pagano APE, Baader WJ. Mechanistic Study of the Peroxyoxalate System in Completely Aqueous Carbonate Buffer. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:309-316. [PMID: 33073353 DOI: 10.1111/php.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The peroxyoxalate reaction is one of the most efficient chemiluminescence transformations, with emission quantum yields of up to 50%; additionally, it is widely utilized in analytical and bioanalytical assays. Although the real reason for its extremely high efficiency is still not yet understood, the mechanism of this transformation has been well elucidated in anhydrous medium. Contrarily, only few mechanistic studies have been performed in aqueous media, which would be of great importance for its application in biological systems. We report here our experimental results of the peroxyoxalate reaction in completely aqueous carbonate buffer, using fluorescein as chemiluminescence activator. The kinetics are very fast in the used basic conditions (pH > 9); despite this, reproducible kinetic results were obtained. The reaction proceeds by specific base catalysis, with rate-limiting attack of hydrogen peroxide anion to the oxalic ester, in competition with ester hydrolysis by hydroxide ion. Emission quantum yields increase with the hydrogen peroxide concentration up to an optimal concentration of 10 mmol L-1 . The infinite singlet quantum yield of (5.8 ± 0.2) × 10-7 is much lower than in anhydrous medium; however, it is similar to quantum yields measured before in partially aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Augusto
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando H Bartoloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula E Pagano
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Soares AR, Reis RA, Melo DU, Boaro A, Bartoloni FH. Better late than never! Transition state character involved in the neutral solvolysis of an oxalic ester determined by the ionizing power of ethanol/water and methanol/water mixtures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Cabello MC, Souza GA, Bello LV, Baader WJ. Mechanistic Studies on the Salicylate‐Catalyzed Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence in Aqueous Medium. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C. Cabello
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Glalci A. Souza
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Liena V. Bello
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J. Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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10
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Delafresnaye L, Bloesser FR, Kockler KB, Schmitt CW, Irshadeen IM, Barner‐Kowollik C. All Eyes on Visible‐Light Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Read‐Out Systems. Chemistry 2019; 26:114-127. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Fabian R. Bloesser
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Katrin B. Kockler
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Christian W. Schmitt
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Ishrath M. Irshadeen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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11
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Augusto FA, Bartoloni FH, Cabello MC, dos Santos APF, Baader WJ. Kinetic studies on 2,6-lutidine catalyzed peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence in organic and aqueous medium: Evidence for general base catalysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Rühle B, Virmani E, Engelke H, Hinterholzinger FM, von Zons T, Brosent B, Bein T, Godt A, Wuttke S. A Chemiluminescent Metal–Organic Framework. Chemistry 2019; 25:6349-6354. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Rühle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
- Current address: Division 1.2 BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Erika Virmani
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
| | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
| | - Florian M. Hinterholzinger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias von Zons
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2)Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Birte Brosent
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2)Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2)Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS)University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 11 (E) 81377 München Germany
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks LaboratoriesUniversity of Lincoln Lincoln LN6 7TS UK
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13
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Stevani CV, Baader WJ. Preparation and Characterisation of 2,2,2-Triphenyl-2λ5-1,3,2-Dioxastibolane-4,5-Dione as Standard For an Attempt to Trap 1,2-Dioxetanedione, A Possible High-Energy Intermediate in Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823402103172752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thermally stable triorganoantimony derivative, 2,2,2-triphenyl-2λ5-1,3,2-dioxastibolane-4,5-dione, has been prepared and characterised being then used as a reference in attempts to trap 1,2-dioxetanedione, one of the high-energy intermediates postulated in peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence, by an insertion reaction with triphenylantimony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassius V. Stevani
- Departamento de Química do Centro Universitário FIEO, Av. Franz Voegeli, 300, CEP 06020-190, Osasco-SP, Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J. Baader
- Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077-05599/970, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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14
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Cabello MC, El Seoud OA, Baader WJ. Effect of ionic liquids on the kinetics and quantum efficiency of peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence in aqueous media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Vacher M, Fdez Galván I, Ding BW, Schramm S, Berraud-Pache R, Naumov P, Ferré N, Liu YJ, Navizet I, Roca-Sanjuán D, Baader WJ, Lindh R. Chemi- and Bioluminescence of Cyclic Peroxides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6927-6974. [PMID: 29493234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a phenomenon that has fascinated mankind for centuries. Today the phenomenon and its sibling, chemiluminescence, have impacted society with a number of useful applications in fields like analytical chemistry and medicine, just to mention two. In this review, a molecular-orbital perspective is adopted to explain the chemistry behind chemiexcitation in both chemi- and bioluminescence. First, the uncatalyzed thermal dissociation of 1,2-dioxetane is presented and analyzed to explain, for example, the preference for triplet excited product states and increased yield with larger nonreactive substituents. The catalyzed fragmentation reaction and related details are then exemplified with substituted 1,2-dioxetanone species. In particular, the preference for singlet excited product states in that case is explained. The review also examines the diversity of specific solutions both in Nature and in artificial systems and the difficulties in identifying the emitting species and unraveling the color modulation process. The related subject of excited-state chemistry without light absorption is finally discussed. The content of this review should be an inspiration to human design of new molecular systems expressing unique light-emitting properties. An appendix describing the state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methods used to study the phenomena serves as a complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Vacher
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Ignacio Fdez Galván
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Bo-Wen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Stefan Schramm
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Romain Berraud-Pache
- Université Paris-Est , Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Échelle, MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, UPEM , 5 bd Descartes , 77454 Marne-la-Vallée , France
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Isabelle Navizet
- Université Paris-Est , Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Échelle, MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, UPEM , 5 bd Descartes , 77454 Marne-la-Vallée , France
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular , Universitat de València , P.O. Box 22085 , Valencia , Spain
| | - Wilhelm J Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 , 05508-000 São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström , Uppsala University , P.O. Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala , Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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16
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Souza GA, Lang AP, Baader WJ. Mechanistic Studies on the Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Using Sodium Salicylate as Base Catalyst. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1423-1429. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glalci A. Souza
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - André P. Lang
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Wilhelm J. Baader
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Steimer SS, Kourtchev I, Kalberer M. Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Peroxycarboxylic Acids as Proxies for Reactive Oxygen Species and Highly Oxygenated Molecules in Atmospheric Aerosols. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2873-2879. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Steimer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Maruyama T, Narita S, Motoyoshiya J. The Hammett correlation between distyrylbenzene substituents and chemiluminescence efficiency providing various ρ-values for peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence of several oxalates. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ciscato LFML, Bartoloni FH, Bastos EL, Baader WJ. Direct kinetic observation of the chemiexcitation step in peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence. J Org Chem 2010; 74:8974-9. [PMID: 19711973 DOI: 10.1021/jo901402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-energy intermediate in the peroxyoxalate reaction can be accumulated at room temperature under specific reaction conditions and in the absence of any reducing agent in up to micromolar concentrations. Bimolecular interaction of this intermediate, accumulated in the reaction of oxalyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide, with an activator (highly fluorescent aromatic hydrocarbons with low oxidation potential) added in delay shows unequivocally that this intermediate is responsible for chemiexcitation of the activator. Activation parameters for the unimolecular decomposition of this intermediate (DeltaH(double dagger) = 11.2 kcal mol(-1); DeltaS(double dagger) = -23.2 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) and for its bimolecular reaction with 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DeltaH(double dagger) = 4.2 kcal mol(-1); DeltaS(double dagger) = -26.9 cal mol(-1) K(-1)) show that this intermediate is much less stable than typical 1,2-dioxetanes and 1,2-dioxetanones and demonstrate its highly favored interaction with the activator. Therefore, it can be inferred that structural characterization of the high-energy intermediate in the presence of an activator must be highly improbable. The observed linear free-energy correlation between the catalytic rate constants and the oxidation potentials of several activators definitely confirms the occurrence of the chemically initiated electron-exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism in the chemiexcitation step of the peroxyoxalate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F M L Ciscato
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tonkin SA, Bos R, Dyson GA, Lim KF, Russell RA, Watson SP, Hindson CM, Barnett NW. Studies on the mechanism of the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 614:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Koike R, Katayose Y, Ohta A, Motoyoshiya J, Nishii Y, Aoyama H. Poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers with strongly fluorescent distyrylbenzene cores as the fluorophores for peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence: insulating effect of dendritic structures on fluorescent sites. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bos R, Barnett NW, Dyson GA, Lim KF, Russell RA, Watson SP. Studies on the mechanism of the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chaichi MJ, Karami AR, Shockravi A, Shamsipur M. Chemiluminescence characteristics of cumarin derivatives as blue fluorescers in peroxyoxalate-hydrogen peroxide system. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:1145-1150. [PMID: 12659882 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemiluminescence characteristics of seven different cumarin derivatives were studied in detail. The fluorescence and chemiluminescence spectra were compared; all cumarins used were found to act as blue fluorescers. The intensity and kinetic parameters for the chemiluminescent systems were evaluated from computer fitting of the resulting intensity-time plots. Among different cumarin derivatives used, 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcumarin revealed the most promising characteristics as an efficient blue fluorescent emitter.
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Silva SM, Casallanovo F, Oyamaguchi KH, Ciscato LFLM, Stevani CV, Baader WJ. Kinetic studies on the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction: determination of the cyclization rate constant. LUMINESCENCE 2002; 17:313-20. [PMID: 12407670 DOI: 10.1002/bio.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although more currently utilized as analytical tool because of its high sensitivity and good reproducibility, the mechanism of the peroxyoxalate system, a chemiluminescence reaction with quantum yields only comparable to bioluminescence systems, has been extensively studied. The light emission mechanism can be divided in the pathway before chemiexcitation, which contains the rate-limiting steps, and the fast and kinetically non-observable chemiexcitation step. In this work, we obtain information on the mechanism of the slow pathways, attribute values to several rate constants prior to chemiexcitation and suggest a mechanistic scheme that could help optimization of conditions when the peroxyoxalate reaction is used as analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Jonsson T, Emteborg (b. Stigbrand) M, Irgum K. Heterocyclic compounds as catalysts in the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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