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Oh D, Houston DW. RNA Localization in the Vertebrate Oocyte: Establishment of Oocyte Polarity and Localized mRNA Assemblages. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 63:189-208. [PMID: 28779319 PMCID: PMC6538070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA localization is a fundamental mechanism for controlling cell structure and function. Early development in fish and amphibians requires the localization of specific mRNAs to establish the initial differences in cell fates prior to the onset of zygotic genome activation. RNA localization in these oocytes (e.g., Xenopus and zebrafish) requires that animal-vegetal polarity be established early in oogenesis, mediated by formation of the Balbiani body/mitochondrial cloud. This structure serves as a platform for assembly and transport of germline determinants to the future vegetal pole and also sets up the machinery for the localization of non-germline transcripts later in oogenesis. Understanding these polarization and localization mechanisms is critical for understanding the basis for early embryonic development in these organisms and also for understanding the role of RNA compartmentalization in animal gametogenesis. Here we outline recent advances in elucidating the molecular basis for the establishment of oocyte polarity at the level of Balbiani body assembly as well as the formation of RNP assemblies for early and late pathway mRNA localization in the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Oh
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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2
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Carlier MF, Pernier J, Avvaru BS. Control of actin filament dynamics at barbed ends by WH2 domains: From capping to permissive and processive assembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:540-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Pernier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Team; LEBS; CNRS; Gif-Sur-Yvette France
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Chen CK, Sawaya MR, Phillips ML, Reisler E, Quinlan ME. Multiple forms of Spire-actin complexes and their functional consequences. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10684-10692. [PMID: 22334675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.317792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spire is a WH2 domain-containing actin nucleator essential for establishing an actin mesh during oogenesis. In vitro, in addition to nucleating filaments, Spire can sever them and sequester actin monomers. Understanding how Spire is capable of these disparate functions and which are physiologically relevant is an important goal. To study severing, we examined the effect of Drosophila Spire on preformed filaments in bulk and single filament assays. We observed rapid depolymerization of actin filaments by Spire, which we conclude is largely due to its sequestration activity and enhanced by its weak severing activity. We also studied the solution and crystal structures of Spire-actin complexes. We find structural and functional differences between constructs containing four WH2 domains (Spir-ABCD) and two WH2 domains (Spir-CD) that may provide insight into the mechanisms of nucleation and sequestration. Intriguingly, we observed lateral interactions between actin monomers associated with Spir-ABCD, suggesting that the structures built by these four tandem WH2 domains are more complex than originally imagined. Finally, we propose that Spire-actin mixtures contain both nuclei and sequestration structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Martin L Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095.
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Husson C, Renault L, Didry D, Pantaloni D, Carlier MF. Cordon-Bleu Uses WH2 Domains as Multifunctional Dynamizers of Actin Filament Assembly. Mol Cell 2011; 43:464-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Structure and function of the interacting domains of Spire and Fmn-family formins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11884-9. [PMID: 21730168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for cooperation between actin nucleators is growing. The WH2-containing nucleator Spire and the formin Cappuccino interact directly, and both are essential for assembly of an actin mesh during Drosophila oogenesis. Their interaction requires the kinase noncatalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) domain of Spire and the C-terminal tail of the formin. Here we describe the crystal structure of the KIND domain of human Spir1 alone and in complex with the tail of Fmn2, a mammalian ortholog of Cappuccino. The KIND domain is structurally similar to the C-lobe of protein kinases. The Fmn2 tail is coordinated in an acidic cleft at the base of the domain that appears to have evolved via deletion of a helix from the canonical kinase fold. Our functional analysis of Cappuccino reveals an unexpected requirement for its tail in actin assembly. In addition, we find that the KIND/tail interaction blocks nucleation by Cappuccino and promotes its displacement from filament barbed ends providing insight into possible modes of cooperation between Spire and Cappuccino.
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Carlier MF, Husson C, Renault L, Didry D. Control of Actin Assembly by the WH2 Domains and Their Multifunctional Tandem Repeats in Spire and Cordon-Bleu. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 290:55-85. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386037-8.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Pechlivanis M, Samol A, Kerkhoff E. Identification of a short Spir interaction sequence at the C-terminal end of formin subgroup proteins. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25324-33. [PMID: 19605360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin nucleation factors Spire and Cappuccino interact with each other and regulate essential cellular events during Drosophila oogenesis in a cooperative fashion. The interaction blocks formin actin nucleation activity and enhances the Spire activity. Analogous to Spire and Cappuccino, the mammalian homologs Spir-1 and formin-2 show a regulatory interaction. To get an understanding of the nature of the Spir-formin cooperation, we have analyzed the interaction biochemically and biophysically. Our data shows that the association of Spir-1 and formin-2 is not significantly mediated by binding of the Spir-1-KIND domain to the formin FH2 core domain. Instead, a short sequence motif C-terminal adjacent to the formin-2-FH2 domain could be characterized that mediates the interaction and is conserved among the members of the Fmn subgroup of formins. In line with this, we found that both mammalian Spir proteins, Spir-1 and Spir-2, interact with mammalian Fmn subgroup proteins formin-1 and formin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Pechlivanis
- Bavarian Genome Research Network (BayGene), Cell Structure and Genomics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Qualmann B, Kessels MM. New players in actin polymerization--WH2-domain-containing actin nucleators. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:276-85. [PMID: 19406642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin nucleators promote the polymerization of the different types of actin arrays formed in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell migration, cellular morphogenesis and membrane trafficking processes. Several novel nucleators have been discovered recently. They all contain Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) homology 2 (WH2 or W) domains for actin nucleation but seem to employ different molecular mechanisms and serve distinct cellular functions. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the different molecular mechanisms that Spire, Cordon-Bleu and Leiomodin seem to use and, also, the bacterial counterparts that mimic them (VopF, VopL and TARP). Recent studies on these WH2 proteins offer unique insight into the biological problem of actin-filament formation and how cells use specialized molecular machines to bring about so many different cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Qualmann
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2, Jena, Germany
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Spire and Cordon-bleu: multifunctional regulators of actin dynamics. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:494-504. [PMID: 18774717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
WASP-homology 2 (WH2) domains, which were first identified in the WASP/Scar (suppressor of cAMP receptor)/WAVE (WASP-family verprolin homologous protein) family of proteins, are multifunctional regulators of actin assembly. Two recently discovered actin-binding proteins, Spire and Cordon-bleu (Cobl), which have roles in axis patterning in developmental processes, use repeats of WH2 domains to generate a large repertoire of novel regulatory activities, including G-actin sequestration, actin-filament nucleation, filament severing and barbed-end dynamics regulation. We describe how these multiple functions selectively operate in a cellular context to control the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. In vivo, Spire and Cobl can synergize with other actin regulators. As an example, we outline potential methods to gain insight into the functional basis for reported genetic interactions among Spire, profilin and formin.
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Bosch M, Le KHD, Bugyi B, Correia JJ, Renault L, Carlier MF. Analysis of the function of Spire in actin assembly and its synergy with formin and profilin. Mol Cell 2008; 28:555-68. [PMID: 18042452 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Spire protein, together with the formin Cappuccino and profilin, plays an important role in actin-based processes that establish oocyte polarity. Spire contains a cluster of four actin-binding WH2 domains. It has been shown to nucleate actin filaments and was proposed to remain bound to their pointed ends. Here we show that the multifunctional character of the WH2 domains allows Spire to sequester four G-actin subunits binding cooperatively in a tight SA(4) complex and to nucleate, sever, and cap filaments at their barbed ends. Binding of Spire to barbed ends does not affect the thermodynamics of actin assembly at barbed ends but blocks barbed end growth from profilin-actin. The resulting Spire-induced increase in profilin-actin concentration enhances processive filament assembly by formin. The synergy between Spire and formin is reconstituted in an in vitro motility assay, which provides a functional basis for the genetic interplay between Spire, formin, and profilin in oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Bosch
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Quinlan ME, Hilgert S, Bedrossian A, Mullins RD, Kerkhoff E. Regulatory interactions between two actin nucleators, Spire and Cappuccino. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 179:117-28. [PMID: 17923532 PMCID: PMC2064741 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200706196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spire and Cappuccino are actin nucleation factors that are required to establish the polarity of Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. Their mutant phenotypes are nearly identical, and the proteins interact biochemically. We find that the interaction between Spire and Cappuccino family proteins is conserved across metazoan phyla and is mediated by binding of the formin homology 2 (FH2) domain from Cappuccino (or its mammalian homologue formin-2) to the kinase noncatalytic C-lobe domain (KIND) from Spire. In vitro, the KIND domain is a monomeric folded domain. Two KIND monomers bind each FH2 dimer with nanomolar affinity and strongly inhibit actin nucleation by the FH2 domain. In contrast, formation of the Spire-Cappuccino complex enhances actin nucleation by Spire. In Drosophila oocytes, Spire localizes to the cortex early in oogenesis and disappears around stage 10b, coincident with the onset of cytoplasmic streaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Quinlan
- Bayerisches Genomforschungsnetzwerk (BayGene), Institut für funktionelle Genomik, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Carlier
- Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Motility Group, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France.
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