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Vásquez J, Alarcón JC, Jiménez SL, Jaramillo GI, Gómez-Betancur IC, Rey-Suárez JP, Jaramillo KM, Muñoz DC, Marín DM, Romero JO. Main plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of snake bites n the regions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:158-166. [PMID: 25975514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE In Colombia, more than 4.000 ophidian accidents occur per year and due to the scarce distribution and limited availability of antivenom, the use of traditional medicine has been perpetuated in some of its rural communities, in which initially, those affected are treated by healers and shamans using medicinal plants in different ways. METHODS Research was conducted with renowned healers or connoisseurs of plants on the ethnobotany of ophidian accidents in five different areas and their municipalities of Antioquia: Magdalena Medio (Caracolí, Puerto Berrío); Bajo Cauca (Caucasia, Zaragoza); Nordeste (San Roque, Yalí); Norte (Gómez Plata, Valdivia); Suroeste (Ciudad Bolívar, Salgar); collecting information related to experience and time of use of plants in the treatment of these poisonings, amounts used, ways of use (beverage, bathing, ointment, chupaderas, vapors), preparation types (maceration or decoction) and treatment duration. RESULTS 71 plant species were identified and collected, 49.29% of them without previous reports as antiophidian and 38.0% employed for the same purpose in other geographical areas. The leaves (24.82%), stems (11.68%) and flowers (10.95%) were found to be the most frequently employed structures in the preparation of the extracts, which are usually prepared by decoction (83.94%), maceration (6.57%). CONCLUSIONS In this work, specimens lacking previous ethnobotanical reports have been found, plants used by ethnic groups from other regions of Antioquia and the world to treat snake bites; and herbaceous plants whose inhibitory activity of symptoms produced by some snake venoms, has been experimentally verified by in vivo and in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Vásquez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Alarcón
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Silvia L Jiménez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gloria I Jaramillo
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | - J Paola Rey-Suárez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Karen M Jaramillo
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana C Muñoz
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Daniela M Marín
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jefferson O Romero
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Kind T, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Fiehn O. LipidBlast templates as flexible tools for creating new in-silico tandem mass spectral libraries. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11024-7. [PMID: 25340521 PMCID: PMC4238643 DOI: 10.1021/ac502511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
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Tandem mass spectral libraries (MS/MS)
are usually built by acquiring
experimentally measured mass spectra from chemical reference compounds.
We here show the versatility of in-silico or computer generated tandem
mass spectra that are directly obtained from compound structures.
We use the freely available LipidBlast development software to generate
15 000 MS/MS spectra of the glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG)
lipid class, recently discovered for the first time in plants. The
generation of such an in-silico MS/MS library for positive and negative
ionization mode took 5 h development time, including the validation
of the obtained mass spectra. Such libraries allow for high-throughput
annotations of previously unknown glycolipids. The publicly available
LipidBlast templates are universally applicable for the development
of MS/MS libraries for novel lipid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kind
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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A PPARγ ligand present in Actinidia fruit (Actinidia chrysantha) is identified as dilinolenoyl galactosyl glycerol. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20120110. [PMID: 23548247 PMCID: PMC3654553 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionation of Actinidia fruit species, including Kiwifruit, has identified DLGG (dilinolenoyl galactosyl glycerol) as a potent PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) ligand. DLGG is a type of MGDG (monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) and is present in all chloroplasts, and therefore all green fruits and vegetables. PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates glucose metabolism and inflammation. An ethyl acetate extract of Actinidia chrysantha was fractionated by HPLC and the PPARγ-binding activity was detected by FP (fluorescence polarization). Linoleic and α-linolenic acids in A. chrysantha were readily detected as PPARγ ligands. Slow-binding PPARγ ligands were detected in several hydrophobic fractions. High-resolution MS identified DLGG as one of these ligands and confirmed that its binding is non-covalent. DLGG is a slow-binding PPARγ ligand with an IC50 of 1.64 μM, ±0.093 achieved after 45 min equilibration. DLGG is the first example of a form of DAG (diacylglycerol) that is a PPARγ ligand. In addition, DLGG is the first reported glycolipid ligand for PPARγ and also the first non-covalent, slow-binding PPARγ ligand.
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Shimojima M. Biosynthesis and functions of the plant sulfolipid. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:234-9. [PMID: 21371504 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Higher-plant chloroplast membranes are composed primarily of four characteristic lipids, namely monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylglycerol. Among them, SQDG is the only sulfur-containing anionic glycerolipid and is the least prevalent component of photosynthetic membrane lipids. SQDG biosynthesis is mostly mediated by UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase (SQD1) and SQDG synthase (SQD2). Recently, another essential gene for SQDG synthesis, UGP3, was identified using transcriptome coexpression analysis and reverse genetics. UGP3 is a novel plastid UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase that supplies UDP-glucose to SQD1 in plastids. In Arabidopsis, SQDG is dispensable under normal growth conditions but important in certain environments, particularly phosphate-depleted conditions. The function of SQDG under phosphate-limited growth conditions is highly correlated with the regulation of other plant glycerolipid biosyntheses. This review summarizes recent research defining the mechanism for SQDG biosynthesis and its biological function in higher plants, particularly under phosphate-starved conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Shimojima
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B65 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Rahman LN, Bamm VV, Voyer JAM, Smith GST, Chen L, Yaish MW, Moffatt BA, Dutcher JR, Harauz G. Zinc induces disorder-to-order transitions in free and membrane-associated Thellungiella salsuginea dehydrins TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2: a solution CD and solid-state ATR-FTIR study. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1485-502. [PMID: 20924623 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrins are intrinsically unstructured proteins that are expressed in plants experiencing extreme environmental conditions such as drought or low temperature. Although their role is not completely understood, it has been suggested that they stabilize proteins and membrane structures during environmental stress and also sequester metals such as zinc. Here, we investigate two dehydrins (denoted as TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2) from Thellungiella salsuginea. This plant is a crucifer that thrives in the Canadian sub-Arctic (Yukon Territory) where it grows on saline-rich soils and experiences periods of both extreme cold and drought. We show using circular dichroism and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that ordered secondary structure is induced and stabilized in these proteins, both in free and vesicle-bound form, by association with zinc. In membrane-associated form, both proteins have an increased proportion of β-strand conformation induced by the cation, in addition to the amphipathic α-helices formed by their constituent K-segments. These results support the hypothesis that dehydrins stabilize plant plasma and organellar membranes in conditions of stress, and further that zinc may be an important co-factor in stabilization. Whereas dehydrins in the cytosol of a plant cell undergoing dehydration or temperature stress form bulk hydrogels and remain primarily disordered, dehydrins with specific membrane- or protein-associations will have induced ordered secondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna N Rahman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Shiota A, Hada T, Baba T, Sato M, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Yamamoto H, Taketani Y, Takeda E. Protective effects of glycoglycerolipids extracted from spinach on 5-fluorouracil induced intestinal mucosal injury. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2010; 57:314-20. [PMID: 20847532 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.57.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycoglycerolipids are mostly found in plants, however the beneficial effects of the glycoglycerolipids on mammalian body have not been understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of glycolipid extracts from spinach, which highly contained glycoglycerolipids, on mucosal injury induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in rats. Preadministration of glycolipid extracts from spinach (20 mg/kg body weight) prevented villous atrophy, misaligned crypts, and increased inflammatory cytokines in rat jejunum treated with 5-FU (300 mg/kg body weight) compared with the extracts from soybean. The glycolipid extracts from spinach highly contained monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) and diglactosyl-diacylglycerol (DGDG). In Caco-2 cells, MGDG and DGDG inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species induced by phorbol ester. We concluded that glycolipid extracts from spinach has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and the extract may be useful for prevention of drug-induced mucosal injury and other inflammatory diseases. Tokushima
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Shiota
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Kamble RR, Belgur SS, Aladkatti R, Khazi IA. Synthesis and Evaluation of Benzophenone Oximes Derivatized with Sydnone as Inhibitors of Secretory Phospholipase A2 with Anti-inflammatory Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:16-21. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shen SI, Kotamraj PR, Bhattacharya S, Li X, Jasti BR. Synthesis and characterization of RGD-fatty acid amphiphilic micelles as targeted delivery carriers for anticancer agents. J Drug Target 2008; 15:51-8. [PMID: 17365273 DOI: 10.1080/10611860601035212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel amphiphilic conjugates consisting of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide binding motif and aliphatic fatty acids of varying chain length (C10-C18) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to form micelles and bind specifically to alphaVbeta3 integrin over-expressing tumor cells. The aphilphiles were characterized by IR, proton NMR and mass spectrometry. The size and zeta potential of the resultant micelles were ranged from 178 to 450 nm and - 13.5 to 39.6 mV, respectively. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), drug loading efficiency and tumor cell binding of these amphiphiles were determined. The CMC values, determined by pyrene fluorescent probe method, ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 mM for C14-RGD, C16-RGD and C18-RGD. The C18-RGD micelles with lowest CMC were found to increase the solubility of taxol, a model anticancer drug, by 87%. C18-RGD amphiphiles also exhibited significantly higher (12.1 +/- 1.14%, P < 0.05) binding to alphaVbeta3 integrin over-expressing human breast cancer cells (HTB-129) when compared to normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells (6.68 +/- 0.34). The results from this study demonstrated the feasibility of designing RGD-fatty acid amphiphiles as micellar drug delivery carriers to target to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve I Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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Jameel NM, Shekhar MA, Vishwanath BS. α-lipoic acid: An inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci 2006; 80:146-53. [PMID: 17011589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are powerful antioxidants both in hydrophilic and lipophylic environments with diverse pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of ALA and DHALA is not known. The present study describes the interaction of ALA and DHALA with pro-inflammatory secretory PLA(2) enzymes from inflammatory fluids and snake venoms. In vitro enzymatic inhibition of sPLA(2) from Vipera russellii, Naja naja and partially purified sPLA(2) enzymes from human ascitic fluid (HAF), human pleural fluid (HPF) and normal human serum (HS) by ALA and DHLA was studied using (14)C-oleate labeled Escherichia coli as the substrate. Biophysical interaction of ALA with sPLA(2) was studied by fluorescent spectral analysis and circular dichroism studies. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was checked using sPLA(2) induced mouse paw edema model. ALA but not DHLA inhibited purified sPLA(2) enzymes from V. russellii, N. naja and partially purified HAF, HPF and HS in a dose dependent manner. This data indicated that ALA is critical for inhibition. IC(50) value calculated for these enzymes ranges from 0.75 to 3.0 microM. The inhibition is independent of calcium and substrate concentration. Inflammatory sPLA(2) enzymes are more sensitive to inhibition by ALA than snake venom sPLA(2) enzymes. ALA quenched the fluorescence intensity of sPLA(2) enzyme in a dose dependent manner. Apparent shift in the far UV-CD spectra of sPLA(2) with ALA indicated change in its alpha-helical confirmation and these results suggest its direct interaction with the enzyme. ALA inhibits the sPLA(2) induced mouse paw edema in a dose dependent manner and confirms the sPLA(2) inhibitory activity in vivo also. These data suggest that ALA may act as an endogenous regulator of sPLA(2) enzyme activity and suppress inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohamed Jameel
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India
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11
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Bruno A, Rossi C, Marcolongo G, Di Lena A, Venzo A, Berrie CP, Corda D. Selective in vivo anti-inflammatory action of the galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 524:159-68. [PMID: 16253232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The thermophilic blue-green alga ETS-05 colonises the therapeutic thermal muds of Abano and Montegrotto, Italy. Following the isolation, purification and identification of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol from ETS-05, we here examine their in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. MGDG, DGDG and SQDG inhibit croton-oil-induced ear oedema in the mouse in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition by MGDG is greater than that of the reference drug, betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate, and is largely abrogated following acyl group saturation. SQDG is the least potent of these glycoglycerolipids, and shows an early transient effect. In the in vivo carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in the mouse, the inhibitory effects are again dose dependent, with an enhanced efficacy of MGDG over DGDG, SQDG and the reference drug, indomethacin. These compounds are all less toxic than indomethacin. The selective and enhanced inhibitory effects of MGDG over DGDG indicate the mechanisms behind these in vivo anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Unit of Animal Care and Experimental Models, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy.
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Karsten U, Michalik D, Michalik M, West JA. A new unusual low molecular weight carbohydrate in the red algal genus Hypoglossum (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales) and its possible function as an osmolyte. PLANTA 2005; 222:319-326. [PMID: 15846501 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The low molecular weight carbohydrates in various species of the red algal genus Hypoglossum (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales) were analysed using HPLC, 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All specimens contained the heteroside digeneaside which is considered as chemosystematic marker for the Ceramiales. A new HPLC method was developed for the separation and quantification of this compound, and concentrations between 131.6 mmol kg(-1) and 539.6 mmol kg(-1) DW could be measured among the species tested. In addition, during the HPLC analysis another new low molecular weight carbohydrate was detected in two species from The Philippines (H. barbatum) and Western Australia (H . heterocystideum), and its chemical structure elucidated as digalactosylglycerol applying various NMR experiments. The remaining Hypoglossum taxa lack this compound. Although digalactosylglycerol occurred in high concentrations in the range of 221.7 and 438.7 mmol kg(-1) DW in H. barbatum and H . heterocystideum, respectively, it has never been reported for any other algal species before. Therefore, to test the possible physiological function of this unusual carbohydrate as organic osmolyte, H. barbatum was treated with a range of salinities. While the digeneaside content remained almost unchanged, the digalactosylglycerol concentration strongly increased with increasing salinities from 70 mmol kg(-1) DW at 20 psu to 215 mmol kg(-1) DW at 45 psu. In conclusion, while neither published work nor the present study indicate digeneaside to play more than a minor role in osmotic acclimation, the data presented strongly support an osmotic function of digalactosylglyerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
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Tohyama O, Imura A, Iwano A, Freund JN, Henrissat B, Fujimori T, Nabeshima YI. Klotho is a novel beta-glucuronidase capable of hydrolyzing steroid beta-glucuronides. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:9777-84. [PMID: 14701853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312392200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
klotho mutant mice provide a unique model to analyze mechanisms of aging because their phenotypes resemble those of human aging-associated disorders. The klotho gene encodes Klotho, a type I membrane protein that shares sequence similarity with members of the glycosidase family 1. Because Klotho lacks the glutamic acid residues that have been shown to be involved in the catalytic activity of this family of enzymes, the function of this protein was unknown. Here, we have studied the biochemical characteristics of recombinant Klotho. The purified chimeric Klotho-human IgG1 Fc protein (KLFc) was assayed with a series of 4-methylumbelliferyl (4Mu) beta-glycosides as potential substrates. An enzymatic activity of Klotho was observed only with 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucuronide in contrast to bovine liver beta-glucuronidase, which exhibits a rather wide substrate specificity. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of KLFc was reduced by the addition of specific inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase. A number of natural beta-glucuronides were screened by competitive inhibition for KLFc beta-glucuronidase. We found that steroid beta-glucuronides such as beta-estradiol 3-beta-D-glucuronide, estrone 3-beta-D-glucuronide, and estriol 3beta-D-glucuronide were hydrolyzed by KLFc. The artificial fluorescent substrate and the steroid conjugates share a common phenolic structure. Collectively, these data suggest that Klotho functions as a novel beta-glucuronidase and that steroid beta-glucuronides are potential candidates for the natural substrate(s) of Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tohyama
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Bahn SC, Lee HY, Kim HJ, Ryu SB, Shin JS. Characterization of Arabidopsis secretory phospholipase A2-gamma cDNA and its enzymatic properties. FEBS Lett 2003; 553:113-8. [PMID: 14550557 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) probably play important roles in phospholipid signaling based on the data reported from other organisms, but their functions are poorly understood because of the lack of cloned sPLA(2) genes. In this study, we cloned and characterized an Arabidopsis secretory phospholipase A(2)-gamma (AtsPLA(2)-gamma) cDNA, and examined its enzymatic properties. The recombinant protein of AtsPLA(2)-gamma showed maximal enzyme activity at pH 8.0, and required Ca(2+) for activity. Moreover, AtsPLA(2)-gamma showed sn-2 position specificity but no prominent acyl preference, though it showed head group specificity to phosphatidylethanolamine rather than to phosphatidylcholine. AtsPLA(2)-gamma was found to predominate in the mature flower rather than in other tissues, and subcellular localization analysis confirmed that AtsPLA(2)-gamma is secreted into the intercellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Bahn
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Máñez S, Recio MC, Gil I, Gómez C, Giner RM, Waterman PG, Ríos JL. A glycosyl analogue of diacylglycerol and other antiinflammatory constituents from Inula viscosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1999; 62:601-604. [PMID: 10217718 DOI: 10.1021/np980132u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some extracts from Inula viscosa were examined for acute antiinflammatory activity in vivo. Three flavonoids: rhamnocitrin (1), 7-O-methylaromadendrin (3), and 3-O-acetylpadmatin (4); a sesquiterpene lactone, inuviscolide (2); a sesquiterpene acid, ilicic acid (5); and a digalactosyl-diacylglycerol, inugalactolipid A (6), were isolated from the CH2Cl2 extract, identified by spectroscopic methods, and characterized as the topical antiinflammatory principles of this species. All these compounds proved to be effective against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear edema in mice, although lacking activity against arachidonic acid-induced edema. In addition, compounds 5 and, markedly, 6 showed notable effects on a multiple-dose murine chronic dermatitis model. This is the first attempt to establish a rationale concerning the documented use of the plant on various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Máñez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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