1
|
Lin Y, Hu Q, Ye Q, Zhang H, Bao Z, Li Y, Mo LJ. Diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Dioscorea cirrhosa L. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16702. [PMID: 38282859 PMCID: PMC10812585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea cirrhosa L. (D. cirrhosa) tuber is a traditional medicinal plant that is abundant in various pharmacological substances. Although diosgenin is commonly found in many Dioscoreaceae plants, its presence in D. cirrhosa remained uncertain. To address this, HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted and 13 diosgenin metabolites were identified in D. cirrhosa tuber. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to identify 21 key enzymes and 43 unigenes that are involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, leading to a proposed pathway for diosgenin biosynthesis in D. cirrhosa. A total of 3,365 unigenes belonging to 82 transcription factor (TF) families were annotated, including MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, C2H2, C3H, SNF2 and Aux/IAA. Correlation analysis revealed that 22 TFs are strongly associated with diosgenin biosynthesis genes (-r2- > 0.9, P < 0.05). Moreover, our analysis of the CYP450 gene family identified 206 CYP450 genes (CYP450s), with 40 being potential CYP450s. Gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that these CYP450s were associated with sterol C-22 hydroxylase, sterol-14-demethylase and amyrin oxidase in diosgenin biosynthesis. Our findings lay a foundation for future genetic engineering studies aimed at improving the biosynthesis of diosgenin compounds in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Hu
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohua Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Bao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Luo Jian Mo
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang ZW, Fu YF, Yang XY, Yuan M, Zheng XJ, Luo XF, Zhang MY, Xie LB, Shu K, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Wu F, Feng LY, Du JB, Wang CQ, Gao XS, Chen YE, Zhang YY, Li Y, Tao Q, Lan T, Tang XY, Zeng J, Chen GD, Yuan S. Singlet oxygen induces cell wall thickening and stomatal density reducing by transcriptome reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105481. [PMID: 38041932 PMCID: PMC10731243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) has a very short half-life of 10-5 s; however, it is a strong oxidant that causes growth arrest and necrotic lesions on plants. Its signaling pathway remains largely unknown. The Arabidopsis flu (fluorescent) mutant accumulates a high level of 1O2 and shows drastic changes in nuclear gene expression. Only two plastid proteins, EX1 (executer 1) and EX2 (executer 2), have been identified in the singlet oxygen signaling. Here, we found that the transcription factor abscisic acid insensitive 4 (ABI4) binds the promoters of genes responsive to 1O2-signals. Inactivation of the ABI4 protein in the flu/abi4 double mutant was sufficient to compromise the changes of almost all 1O2-responsive-genes and rescued the lethal phenotype of flu grown under light/dark cycles, similar to the flu/ex1/ex2 triple mutant. In addition to cell death, we reported for the first time that 1O2 also induces cell wall thickening and stomatal development defect. Contrastingly, no apparent growth arrest was observed for the flu mutant under normal light/dim light cycles, but the cell wall thickening (doubled) and stomatal density reduction (by two-thirds) still occurred. These results offer a new idea for breeding stress tolerant plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Fan Fu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zheng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Yao Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Bei Xie
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Fan Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling-Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Quan Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Song Gao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Tao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Guang-Deng Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Li H, Ma R, Chang Y, Qin X, Xu J, Fu Y. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and characterization of the cytochrome P450 flavonoid biosynthesis genes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). PLANTA 2022; 255:120. [PMID: 35538269 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. CcCYP75B165 gene was found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and resists different kinds of stresses. Several CYP450 genes have been identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of crop protection agents. However, the CcCYP450 genes from pigeon pea have not been identified. Here, 226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level by analysing the gene structure, distribution on chromosomes, gene duplication, and conserved motifs and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. RNA-seq analysis revealed clear details of CcCYP450 genes that varied with time of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) induction. Among them, six CcCYP450 subfamily genes were found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea. The overexpression of CcCYP75B165 in pigeon pea significantly induced the accumulation of genistin and downregulated the contents of cajaninstilbene acid, apigenin, isovitexin, and genistein and the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. This study provides theoretical guidance and plant genetic resources for cultivating new pigeon pea varieties with high flavonoid contents and exploring the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis of flavonoids under MeJA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ruijin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuanhang Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hansen CC, Nelson DR, Møller BL, Werck-Reichhart D. Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1244-1265. [PMID: 34216829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniele Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gutiérrez-García L, Arró M, Altabella T, Ferrer A, Boronat A. Structural and functional analysis of tomato sterol C22 desaturase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33731007 PMCID: PMC7972189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterols are structural and functional components of eukaryotic cell membranes. Plants produce a complex mixture of sterols, among which β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and cholesterol in some Solanaceae, are the most abundant species. Many reports have shown that the stigmasterol to β-sitosterol ratio changes during plant development and in response to stresses, suggesting that it may play a role in the regulation of these processes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), changes in the stigmasterol to β-sitosterol ratio correlate with the induction of the only gene encoding sterol C22-desaturase (C22DES), the enzyme specifically involved in the conversion of β-sitosterol to stigmasterol. However, despite the biological interest of this enzyme, there is still a lack of knowledge about several relevant aspects related to its structure and function. RESULTS In this study we report the subcellular localization of tomato C22DES in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) based on confocal fluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation analyses. Modeling studies have also revealed that C22DES consists of two well-differentiated domains: a single N-terminal transmembrane-helix domain (TMH) anchored in the ER-membrane and a globular (or catalytic) domain that is oriented towards the cytosol. Although TMH is sufficient for the targeting and retention of the enzyme in the ER, the globular domain may also interact and be retained in the ER in the absence of the N-terminal transmembrane domain. The observation that a truncated version of C22DES lacking the TMH is enzymatically inactive revealed that the N-terminal membrane domain is essential for enzyme activity. The in silico analysis of the TMH region of plant C22DES revealed several structural features that could be involved in substrate recognition and binding. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study contributes to expand the current knowledge on the structure and function of plant C22DES and to unveil novel aspects related to plant sterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gutiérrez-García
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Lin K, Li Y. Highlights to phytosterols accumulation and equilibrium in plants: Biosynthetic pathway and feedback regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:637-649. [PMID: 32858426 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are a group of sterols exclusive to plants and fungi, but are indispensable to humans because of their medicinal and nutritional values. However, current raw materials used for phytosterols extraction add to the cost and waste in the process. For higher sterols production, major attention is drawn to plant materials abundant in phytosterols and genetic modification. To provide an insight into phytosterols metabolism, the research progress on key enzymes involved in phytosterols biosynthesis and conversions were summarized. CAS, SSR2, SMT, DWF1 and CYP710A, the enzymes participating in the biosynthetic pathway, and PSAT, ASAT and SGT, the enzymes involved in the conversion of free sterols to conjugated ones, were reviewed. Specifically, SMT and CYP710A were emphasized for their function on modulating the percentage composition of different kinds of phytosterols. The thresholds of sterol equilibrium and the resultant phytosterols accumulation, which vary in plant species and contribute to plasma membrane remodeling under stresses, were also discussed. By retrospective analysis of the previous researches, we proposed a feedback mechanism regulating sterol equilibrium underlying sterols metabolism. From a strategic perspective, we regard salt tolerant plant as an alternative to present raw materials, which will attain higher phytosterols production in combination with gene-modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kangqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chai M, Wang S, He J, Chen W, Fan Z, Li J, Wang Y. De novo Assembly and Transcriptome Characterization of Opisthopappus (Asteraceae) for Population Differentiation and Adaption. Front Genet 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 30283491 PMCID: PMC6156141 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthopappus Shih (Asteraceae), an endangered genus endemic to the Taihang Mountains of China, is a high-value ornamental and medicinal plant consisting of two species, Opisthopappus longilobus shih and Opisthopappus taihangensis (Ling) Shih. However, the evolutionary relationships and the taxonomic characteristics between the two species remain unknown. In this study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the differential metabolic activity and gene expression and screened special molecular markers for exploring the genetic variation and species differentiation in Opisthopappus Shih. The results showed that 33,974 unigenes with an average size of 801 bp were obtained with optimization of de novo assembly. The comprehensive functional annotation based on Gene Ontology (GO), Cluster of Orthologous Group (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database (KEGG) revealed that these unigenes were mainly related to many physiological, metabolic, and molecular processes. Furthermore, the comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that 3,410 differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism as well as environment adaptation via KEGG. Such as the CYP710A, GST, HSP90A and so on, could be the potential candidate genes for further investigating the molecular mechanism of physiological variations between O. taihangensis and O. longilobus. In addition, the potential 71,804 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,444 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were estimated. Based on the predicted SNP, we have developed eight SNP markers for population genetic analysis in Opisthopappus Shih. A significantly high level of genetic differentiation between the populations of O. longilobus and O. taihangensis were found, and they were clearly grouped into two distinct genetic clusters. These results conformed to the record of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) and unsupported the taxonomic status in the Flora of China. The transcriptome analysis of Opisthopappus Shih can contribute to in-depth exploring of internal mechanisms in species variation and differentiation based on molecular evidence. With the rich and valuable data resources, the more novel structural, functional, and comparative genomic studies will provide comprehensive insights into the evolutionary relationships between O. taihangensis and O. longilobus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chai
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan He
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Zelu Fan
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu G, Chen Y, Færgeman NJ, Nielsen J. Elimination of the last reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis alters the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to multiple stresses. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:4082736. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
9
|
Abstract
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s belong to a superfamily of enzymes that catalyse a wide variety of oxidative transformations. Hydroxylation is one the most thoroughly investigated of all identified P450-catalysed reactions whilst dehydrogenation has been relatively much less explored to date. P450-catalysed dehydrogenation is often found to occur with hydroxylation and thus, it was initially suspected to be a stepwise process consisting of hydroxylation and subsequent dehydration to yield the final olefin product. This theory has been proven to be invalid and the olefin was shown to be the direct product of a P450-catalysed reaction. This interesting reaction plays a vital role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and the biosynthesis of endogenous compounds, including a number of steroids. A number of well-known examples of P450 mediated dehydrogenation, including those in the metabolism of valproic acid, capsaicin and 3-methylindole and those in the biosynthesis of plant and fungal sterols are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohk SO, Park HG, Lee H, Kwon YJ, Kim BJ, Kim D, Chun YJ. Heterologous expression and characterization of CYP61A1 from dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 114:89-94. [PMID: 26160660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia globosa is pathogenic fungus that causes skin disorders including dandruff in humans. Many yeast cytochrome CYP enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of sterols and are considered major targets of azole antifungal agents. Here, we report on the expression and characterization of the MGL_0310 gene product (CYP61A1), a sterol C-22 desaturase in M. globosa. The open reading frame of the CYP61A1 gene was amplified by PCR from M. globosa CBS 7966 genomic DNA and cloned into a pCW vector. The CYP61A1 gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using a Ni(2+)-NTA affinity column. The purified CYP61A1 protein exhibited a CO-difference spectrum typical of CYPs with a maximum absorption at 452nm. Binding spectral titration with β-sitosterol and campesterol demonstrated the type I binding mode with an increase at 411nm and a decrease at 432nm. The calculated Kd values are 5.4±0.6μM and 6.1±1.0μM for β-sitosterol and campesterol, respectively. No metabolic product, however, was observed in the CYP61A1-supported enzyme reaction with these sterols. The purified CYP61A1 protein exhibited tight binding to azole agents, suggesting that this enzyme may be a target for the pathogenic M. globosa fungus. Moreover, several fatty acids were found to bind to CYP61A1, indicating that the architecture of the enzyme includes a relatively large active site space. This study provides new insight into the biosynthesis of fungal sterols in M. globosa and a basis for the development of antifungal as potential therapeutic agents to treat dandruff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Ong Ohk
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Goo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Analysis of the transcriptome of Marsdenia tenacissima discovers putative polyoxypregnane glycoside biosynthetic genes and genetic markers. Genomics 2014; 104:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Hamberger B, Bak S. Plant P450s as versatile drivers for evolution of species-specific chemical diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120426. [PMID: 23297350 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The irreversible nature of reactions catalysed by P450s makes these enzymes landmarks in the evolution of plant metabolic pathways. Founding members of P450 families are often associated with general (i.e. primary) metabolic pathways, restricted to single copy or very few representatives, indicative of purifying selection. Recruitment of those and subsequent blooms into multi-member gene families generates genetic raw material for functional diversification, which is an inherent characteristic of specialized (i.e. secondary) metabolism. However, a growing number of highly specialized P450s from not only the CYP71 clan indicate substantial contribution of convergent and divergent evolution to the observed general and specialized metabolite diversity. We will discuss examples of how the genetic and functional diversification of plant P450s drives chemical diversity in light of plant evolution. Even though it is difficult to predict the function or substrate of a P450 based on sequence similarity, grouping with a family or subfamily in phylogenetic trees can indicate association with metabolism of particular classes of compounds. Examples will be given that focus on multi-member gene families of P450s involved in the metabolic routes of four classes of specialized metabolites: cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, mono- to triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang G, Zhang Y, Su Z. CYPSI: a structure-based interface for cytochrome P450s and ligands in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:332. [PMID: 23256889 PMCID: PMC3598710 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily enables terrestrial plants to adapt to harsh environments. CYPs are key enzymes involved in a wide range of metabolic pathways. It is particularly useful to be able to analyse the three-dimensional (3D) structure when investigating the interactions between CYPs and their substrates. However, only two plant CYP structures have been resolved. In addition, no currently available databases contain structural information on plant CYPs and ligands. Fortunately, the 3D structure of CYPs is highly conserved and this has made it possible to obtain structural information from template-based modelling (TBM). DESCRIPTION The CYP Structure Interface (CYPSI) is a platform for CYP studies. CYPSI integrated the 3D structures for 266 A. thaliana CYPs predicted by three TBM methods: BMCD, which we developed specifically for CYP TBM; and two well-known web-servers, MUSTER and I-TASSER. After careful template selection and optimization, the models built by BMCD were accurate enough for practical application, which we demonstrated using a docking example aimed at searching for the CYPs responsible for ABA 8'-hydroxylation. CYPSI also provides extensive resources for A. thaliana CYP structure and function studies, including 400 PDB entries for solved CYPs, 48 metabolic pathways associated with A. thaliana CYPs, 232 reported CYP ligands and 18 A. thaliana CYPs docked with ligands (61 complexes in total). In addition, CYPSI also includes the ability to search for similar sequences and chemicals. CONCLUSIONS CYPSI provides comprehensive structure and function information for A. thaliana CYPs, which should facilitate investigations into the interactions between CYPs and their substrates. CYPSI has a user-friendly interface, which is available at http://bioinfo.cau.edu.cn/CYPSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brenner WG, Schmülling T. Transcript profiling of cytokinin action in Arabidopsis roots and shoots discovers largely similar but also organ-specific responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:112. [PMID: 22824128 PMCID: PMC3519560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant hormone cytokinin regulates growth and development of roots and shoots in opposite ways. In shoots it is a positive growth regulator whereas it inhibits growth in roots. It may be assumed that organ-specific regulation of gene expression is involved in these differential activities, but little is known about it. To get more insight into the transcriptional events triggered by cytokinin in roots and shoots, we studied genome-wide gene expression in cytokinin-treated and cytokinin-deficient roots and shoots. RESULTS It was found by principal component analysis of the transcriptomic data that the immediate-early response to a cytokinin stimulus differs from the later response, and that the transcriptome of cytokinin-deficient plants is different from both the early and the late cytokinin induction response. A higher cytokinin status in the roots activated the expression of numerous genes normally expressed predominantly in the shoot, while a lower cytokinin status in the shoot reduced the expression of genes normally more active in the shoot to a more root-like level. This shift predominantly affected nuclear genes encoding plastid proteins. An organ-specific regulation was assigned to a number of genes previously known to react to a cytokinin signal, including root-specificity for the cytokinin hydroxylase gene CYP735A2 and shoot specificity for the cell cycle regulator gene CDKA;1. Numerous cytokinin-regulated genes were newly discovered or confirmed, including the meristem regulator genes SHEPHERD and CLAVATA1, auxin-related genes (IAA7, IAA13, AXR1, PIN2, PID), several genes involved in brassinosteroid (CYP710A1, CYP710A2, DIM/DWF) and flavonol (MYB12, CHS, FLS1) synthesis, various transporter genes (e.g. HKT1), numerous members of the AP2/ERF transcription factor gene family, genes involved in light signalling (PhyA, COP1, SPA1), and more than 80 ribosomal genes. However, contrasting with the fundamental difference of the growth response of roots and shoots to the hormone, the vast majority of the cytokinin-regulated transcriptome showed similar response patterns in roots and shoots. CONCLUSIONS The shift of the root and shoot transcriptomes towards the respective other organ depending on the cytokinin status indicated that the hormone determines part of the organ-specific transcriptome pattern independent of morphological organ identity. Numerous novel cytokinin-regulated genes were discovered which had escaped earlier discovery, most probably due to unspecific sampling. These offer novel insights into the diverse activities of cytokinin, including crosstalk with other hormones and different environmental cues, identify the AP2/ERF class of transcriptions factors as particularly cytokinin sensitive, and also suggest translational control of cytokinin-induced changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram G Brenner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang J, Ohyama K, Kawaura K, Hashinokuchi H, Kamiya Y, Suzuki M, Muranaka T, Ogihara Y. A new insight into application for barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat: achievement of stigmasterol accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1555-67. [PMID: 21951468 PMCID: PMC3252158 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.183533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has a much higher content of bioactive substances than wheat (Triticum aestivum). In order to investigate additive and/or synergistic effect(s) on the phytosterol content of barley chromosomes, we used a series of barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat that were produced by normal crossing. In determining the plant sterol levels in 2-week-old seedlings and dry seeds, we found that the level of stigmasterol in the barley chromosome 3 addition (3H) line in the seedlings was 1.5-fold higher than that in the original wheat line and in the other barley chromosome addition lines, but not in the seeds. Simultaneously, we determined the overall expression pattern of genes related to plant sterol biosynthesis in the seedlings of wheat and each addition line to assess the relative expression of each gene in the sterol pathway. Since we elucidated the CYP710A8 (cytochrome P450 subfamily)-encoding sterol C-22 desaturase as a key characteristic for the higher level of stigmasterol, full-length cDNAs of wheat and barley CYP710A8 genes were isolated. These CYP710A8 genes were mapped on chromosome 3 in barley (3H) and wheat (3A, 3B, and 3D), and the expression of CYP710A8 genes increased in the 3H addition line, indicating that it is responsible for stigmasterol accumulation. Overexpression of the CYP710A8 genes in Arabidopsis increased the stigmasterol content but did not alter the total sterol level. Our results provide new insight into the accumulation of bioactive compounds in common wheat and a new approach for assessing plant metabolism profiles.
Collapse
|