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Zhu D, Brückner D, Sosniok M, Skiba M, Feliu N, Gallego M, Liu Y, Schulz F, Falkenberg G, Parak WJ, Sanchez-Cano C. Size-dependent penetration depth of colloidal nanoparticles into cell spheroids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2025; 222:115593. [PMID: 40339992 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2025.115593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Revised: 04/18/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
The penetration of nanoparticle (NP)-based drugs into tissue is essential for their use as nanomedicines. Systematic studies about how different NP properties, such as size, influence NP penetration are helpful for the development of NP-based drugs. An overview of how NPs of different sizes may penetrate three-dimensional cell spheroids is given. In particular different techniques for experimental analysis are compared, including mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, optical fluorescence microscopy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. An experimental data set is supplemented exclusively made for this review, in which the results of different techniques are visualized. Limitations of the analysis techniques for different types of NPs, including carbon-based materials, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingcheng Zhu
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany; Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121 Zhejiang, China
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sosniok
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany; Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Skiba
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neus Feliu
- Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schulz
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
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