Nejat M, Hill JV, Pickering JW, Edelstein CL, Devarajan P, Endre ZH. Albuminuria increases cystatin C excretion: implications for urinary biomarkers.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;
27 Suppl 3:iii96-103. [PMID:
21551085 DOI:
10.1093/ndt/gfr222]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins, including albumin and novel urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) such as cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), are normally absorbed from the glomerular filtrate by receptor-mediated transport. We evaluated the effect of albuminuria on urinary excretion of novel biomarkers.
METHODS
Sprague-Dawley rats given four injections over 2 days of 5 mg/g body wt/day bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline were compared with controls given saline alone. Urinary cystatin C, albumin and protein excretion rates were compared prior to treatment (Day -1), after treatment (Day 2) and 4 days later (Day 6). A preliminary assessment of the clinical effect of proteinuria on the filtered urinary biomarkers cystatin C and NGAL was made by comparison with the effect on urinary interleukin-18 (IL-18) that is not absorbed from the glomerular filtrate, in a cohort of intensive care unit patients.
RESULTS
BSA induced transient increases in albuminuria, proteinuria and cystatinuria (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Beyond a threshold 6-fold increase in albuminuria, cystatin C absorption was reduced by competitive inhibition. The excretion rates of all analytes returned to preinjection levels by Day 6. Clinical proteinuria was associated with increasing cystatin C and NGAL concentrations (n = 90, P < 0.0001) but not IL-18 (P = 0.12).
CONCLUSIONS
Proteinuria may increase the threshold for detection of AKI by increasing the excretion of LMW protein biomarkers.
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