Renal ischemia alters the transcriptomic and epigenetic profile of inflammatory genes in swine scattered tubular-like cells

Interaction of estradiol and renin-angiotensin system with microRNAs-21 and -29 in renal fibrosis: focus on TGF-β/smad signaling pathway

Kidney fibrosis is one of the complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD (and contributes to end-stage renal disease which requires dialysis and kidney transplantation. Several signaling pathways such as renin-angiotensin system (RAS), microRNAs (miRNAs) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad have a prominent role in pathophysiology and progression of renal fibrosis. Activation of classical RAS, the elevation of angiotensin II (Ang II) production and overexpression of AT1R, develop renal fibrosis via TGF-β/Smad pathway. While the non-classical RAS arm, Ang 1-7/AT2R, MasR reveals an anti-fibrotic effect via antagonizing Ang II. This review focused on studies illustrating the interaction of RAS with sexual female hormone estradiol and miRNAs in the progression of renal fibrosis with more emphasis on the TGF-β signaling pathway. MiRNAs, especially miRNA-21 and miRNA-29 showed regulatory effects in renal fibrosis. Also, 17β-estradiol (E2) is a renoprotective hormone that improved renal fibrosis. Beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs are reported in the prevention of renal fibrosis in patients. Future studies are also merited to delineate the new therapy strategies such as miRNAs targeting, combination therapy of E2 or HRT, ACEis, and ARBs with miRNAs mimics and antagomirs in CKD to provide a new therapeutic approach for kidney patients.