1
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Axtman AD, Brennan PE, Frappier‐Brinton T, Betarbet R, Carter GW, Fu H, Gileadi O, Greenwood AK, Leal K, Longo FM, Mangravite LM, Edwards AM, Levey AI. Open drug discovery in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2023; 9:e12394. [PMID: 37215505 PMCID: PMC10192886 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug discovery has focused on a set of highly studied therapeutic hypotheses, with limited success. The heterogeneous nature of AD processes suggests that a more diverse, systems-integrated strategy may identify new therapeutic hypotheses. Although many target hypotheses have arisen from systems-level modeling of human disease, in practice and for many reasons, it has proven challenging to translate them into drug discovery pipelines. First, many hypotheses implicate protein targets and/or biological mechanisms that are under-studied, meaning there is a paucity of evidence to inform experimental strategies as well as high-quality reagents to perform them. Second, systems-level targets are predicted to act in concert, requiring adaptations in how we characterize new drug targets. Here we posit that the development and open distribution of high-quality experimental reagents and informatic outputs-termed target enabling packages (TEPs)-will catalyze rapid evaluation of emerging systems-integrated targets in AD by enabling parallel, independent, and unencumbered research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison D. Axtman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Haian Fu
- Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Frank M. Longo
- Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Aled M. Edwards
- Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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2
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Veríssimo GC, Serafim MSM, Kronenberger T, Ferreira RS, Honorio KM, Maltarollo VG. Designing drugs when there is low data availability: one-shot learning and other approaches to face the issues of a long-term concern. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:929-947. [PMID: 35983695 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modern drug discovery generally is accessed by useful information from previous large databases or uncovering novel data. The lack of biological and/or chemical data tends to slow the development of scientific research and innovation. Here, approaches that may help provide solutions to generate or obtain enough relevant data or improve/accelerate existing methods within the last five years were reviewed. AREAS COVERED One-shot learning (OSL) approaches, structural modeling, molecular docking, scoring function space (SFS), molecular dynamics (MD), and quantum mechanics (QM) may be used to amplify the amount of available data to drug design and discovery campaigns, presenting methods, their perspectives, and discussions to be employed in the near future. EXPERT OPINION Recent works have successfully used these techniques to solve a range of issues in the face of data scarcity, including complex problems such as the challenging scenario of drug design aimed at intrinsically disordered proteins and the evaluation of potential adverse effects in a clinical scenario. These examples show that it is possible to improve and kickstart research from scarce available data to design and discover new potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Veríssimo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sá M Serafim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kathia M Honorio
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Dubova KM, Vlaskina AV, Korzhenevskiy DA, Agapova YK, Rakitina TV, Samygina VR. Preliminary X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Envelope (E) Protein of Far-Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Subtype (Sofjin Strain). CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106377452204006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Mackinnon SR, Bezerra GA, Krojer T, Szommer T, von Delft F, Brennan PE, Yue WW. Novel Starting Points for Human Glycolate Oxidase Inhibitors, Revealed by Crystallography-Based Fragment Screening. Front Chem 2022; 10:844598. [PMID: 35601556 PMCID: PMC9114433 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.844598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperoxaluria type I (PH1) is caused by AGXT gene mutations that decrease the functional activity of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. A build-up of the enzyme’s substrate, glyoxylate, results in excessive deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tract, leading to debilitating renal failure. Oxidation of glycolate by glycolate oxidase (or hydroxy acid oxidase 1, HAO1) is a major cellular source of glyoxylate, and siRNA studies have shown phenotypic rescue of PH1 by the knockdown of HAO1, representing a promising inhibitor target. Here, we report the discovery and optimization of six low-molecular-weight fragments, identified by crystallography-based fragment screening, that bind to two different sites on the HAO1 structure: at the active site and an allosteric pocket above the active site. The active site fragments expand known scaffolds for substrate-mimetic inhibitors to include more chemically attractive molecules. The allosteric fragments represent the first report of non-orthosteric inhibition of any hydroxy acid oxidase and hold significant promise for improving inhibitor selectivity. The fragment hits were verified to bind and inhibit HAO1 in solution by fluorescence-based activity assay and surface plasmon resonance. Further optimization cycle by crystallography and biophysical assays have generated two hit compounds of micromolar (44 and 158 µM) potency that do not compete with the substrate and provide attractive starting points for the development of potent and selective HAO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R. Mackinnon
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo A. Bezerra
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szommer
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul E. Brennan, ; Wyatt W. Yue,
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul E. Brennan, ; Wyatt W. Yue,
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5
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Smilova MD, Curran PR, Radoux CJ, von Delft F, Cole JC, Bradley AR, Marsden BD. Fragment Hotspot Mapping to Identify Selectivity-Determining Regions between Related Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:284-294. [PMID: 35020376 PMCID: PMC8790751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Selectivity is a
crucial property in small molecule development.
Binding site comparisons within a protein family are a key piece of
information when aiming to modulate the selectivity profile of a compound.
Binding site differences can be exploited to confer selectivity for
a specific target, while shared areas can provide insights into polypharmacology.
As the quantity of structural data grows, automated methods are needed
to process, summarize, and present these data to users. We present
a computational method that provides quantitative and data-driven
summaries of the available binding site information from an ensemble
of structures of the same protein. The resulting ensemble maps identify
the key interactions important for ligand binding in the ensemble.
The comparison of ensemble maps of related proteins enables the identification
of selectivity-determining regions within a protein family. We applied
the method to three examples from the well-researched human bromodomain
and kinase families, demonstrating that the method is able to identify
selectivity-determining regions that have been used to introduce selectivity
in past drug discovery campaigns. We then illustrate how the resulting
maps can be used to automate comparisons across a target protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela D Smilova
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Peter R Curran
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Chris J Radoux
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, U.K
| | - Frank von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.,Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.,Research Complex at Harwell. Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Jason C Cole
- The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K
| | - Anthony R Bradley
- Exscientia Ltd., The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, U.K
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
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6
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Mackinnon S, Krojer T, Foster WR, Diaz-Saez L, Tang M, Huber KVM, von Delft F, Lai K, Brennan PE, Arruda Bezerra G, Yue WW. Fragment Screening Reveals Starting Points for Rational Design of Galactokinase 1 Inhibitors to Treat Classic Galactosemia. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:586-595. [PMID: 33724769 PMCID: PMC8056384 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Classic galactosemia is caused by loss-of-function mutations in galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) that lead to toxic accumulation of its substrate, galactose-1-phosphate. One proposed therapy is to inhibit the biosynthesis of galactose-1-phosphate, catalyzed by galactokinase 1 (GALK1). Existing inhibitors of human GALK1 (hGALK1) are primarily ATP-competitive with limited clinical utility to date. Here, we determined crystal structures of hGALK1 bound with reported ATP-competitive inhibitors of the spiro-benzoxazole series, to reveal their binding mode in the active site. Spurred by the need for additional chemotypes of hGALK1 inhibitors, desirably targeting a nonorthosteric site, we also performed crystallography-based screening by soaking hundreds of hGALK1 crystals, already containing active site ligands, with fragments from a custom library. Two fragments were found to bind close to the ATP binding site, and a further eight were found in a hotspot distal from the active site, highlighting the strength of this method in identifying previously uncharacterized allosteric sites. To generate inhibitors of improved potency and selectivity targeting the newly identified binding hotspot, new compounds were designed by merging overlapping fragments. This yielded two micromolar inhibitors of hGALK1 that were not competitive with respect to either substrate (ATP or galactose) and demonstrated good selectivity over hGALK1 homologues, galactokinase 2 and mevalonate kinase. Our findings are therefore the first to demonstrate inhibition of hGALK1 from an allosteric site, with potential for further development of potent and selective inhibitors to provide novel therapeutics for classic galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina
R. Mackinnon
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
| | - William R. Foster
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
| | - Laura Diaz-Saez
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
- Target
Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7FZ
| | - Manshu Tang
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-6500, United States
| | - Kilian V. M. Huber
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
- Target
Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7FZ
| | - Frank von Delft
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, OX11 0DE
| | - Kent Lai
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-6500, United States
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
- Target
Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7FZ
| | - Gustavo Arruda Bezerra
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7DQ
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7
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Leissing TM, Luh LM, Cromm PM. Structure driven compound optimization in targeted protein degradation. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:73-82. [PMID: 34895657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule induced protein degradation has created tremendous excitement in drug discovery within recent years. Not being confined to target inhibition and being able to remove disease-causing protein targets via engagement and subsequent ubiquitination has provided scientists with a powerful tool to expand the druggable space. At the center of this approach sits the ternary complex formed between an E3 ubiquitin ligase, the small molecule degrader, and the target protein. A productive ternary complex is pivotal for a ubiquitin to be transferred to a surface lysine of the target protein resulting in poly-ubiquitination which enables recognition and finally degradation by the proteasome. As understanding the ternary complex means understanding the degradation process, many efforts are put into obtaining structural information of the ternary complex and getting a snapshot of the underlying conformations and molecular contacts. Locking this transient trimeric intermediate in a crystalline state has proven to be very demanding but the obtained results have tremendously improved our understanding of small molecule degraders. This review discusses target protein degradation from a structural perspective and highlights the evolution of certain degraders based on the obtained structural insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M Luh
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp M Cromm
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Carvalho-Silva D, Pierleoni A, Pignatelli M, Ong C, Fumis L, Karamanis N, Carmona M, Faulconbridge A, Hercules A, McAuley E, Miranda A, Peat G, Spitzer M, Barrett J, Hulcoop DG, Papa E, Koscielny G, Dunham I. Open Targets Platform: new developments and updates two years on. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D1056-D1065. [PMID: 30462303 PMCID: PMC6324073 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Open Targets Platform integrates evidence from genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, drugs, animal models and scientific literature to score and rank target-disease associations for drug target identification. The associations are displayed in an intuitive user interface (https://www.targetvalidation.org), and are available through a REST-API (https://api.opentargets.io/v3/platform/docs/swagger-ui) and a bulk download (https://www.targetvalidation.org/downloads/data). In addition to target-disease associations, we also aggregate and display data at the target and disease levels to aid target prioritisation. Since our first publication two years ago, we have made eight releases, added new data sources for target-disease associations, started including causal genetic variants from non genome-wide targeted arrays, added new target and disease annotations, launched new visualisations and improved existing ones and released a new web tool for batch search of up to 200 targets. We have a new URL for the Open Targets Platform REST-API, new REST endpoints and also removed the need for authorisation for API fair use. Here, we present the latest developments of the Open Targets Platform, expanding the evidence and target-disease associations with new and improved data sources, refining data quality, enhancing website usability, and increasing our user base with our training workshops, user support, social media and bioinformatics forum engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Carvalho-Silva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrea Pierleoni
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Pignatelli
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - ChuangKee Ong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Luca Fumis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Nikiforos Karamanis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Carmona
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Adam Faulconbridge
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrew Hercules
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Elaine McAuley
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alfredo Miranda
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Gareth Peat
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Michaela Spitzer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jeffrey Barrett
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David G Hulcoop
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,GSK, Medicines Research Center, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eliseo Papa
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gautier Koscielny
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,GSK, Medicines Research Center, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ian Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
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9
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Substrate reduction therapy for inborn errors of metabolism. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:63-73. [PMID: 33523197 PMCID: PMC7289018 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) represent a growing group of monogenic disorders each associated with inherited defects in a metabolic enzyme or regulatory protein, leading to biochemical abnormalities arising from a metabolic block. Despite the well-established genetic linkage, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations for many IEMs, there remains a lack of transformative therapy. The available treatment and management options for a few IEMs are often ineffective or expensive, incurring a significant burden to individual, family, and society. The lack of IEM therapies, in large part, relates to the conceptual challenge that IEMs are loss-of-function defects arising from the defective enzyme, rendering pharmacologic rescue difficult. An emerging approach that holds promise and is the subject of a flurry of pre-/clinical applications, is substrate reduction therapy (SRT). SRT addresses a common IEM phenotype associated with toxic accumulation of substrate from the defective enzyme, by inhibiting the formation of the substrate instead of directly repairing the defective enzyme. This minireview will summarize recent highlights towards the development of emerging SRT, with focussed attention towards repurposing of currently approved drugs, approaches to validate novel targets and screen for hit molecules, as well as emerging advances in gene silencing as a therapeutic modality.
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10
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Bryant JM, Blind RD. Signaling through non-membrane nuclear phosphoinositide binding proteins in human health and disease. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:299-311. [PMID: 30201631 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r088518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide membrane signaling is critical for normal physiology, playing well-known roles in diverse human pathologies. The basic mechanisms governing phosphoinositide signaling within the nucleus, however, have remained deeply enigmatic owing to their presence outside the nuclear membranes. Over 40% of nuclear phosphoinositides can exist in this non-membrane state, held soluble in the nucleoplasm by nuclear proteins that remain largely unidentified. Recently, two nuclear proteins responsible for solubilizing phosphoinositides were identified, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1; NR5A1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2), along with two enzymes that directly remodel these phosphoinositide/protein complexes, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN; MMAC) and inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK; ipk2). These new footholds now permit the assignment of physiological functions for nuclear phosphoinositides in human diseases, such as endometriosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis, glioblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The unique nature of nuclear phosphoinositide signaling affords extraordinary clinical opportunities for new biomarkers, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Thus, phosphoinositide biology within the nucleus may represent the next generation of low-hanging fruit for new drugs, not unlike what has occurred for membrane phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase drug development. This review connects recent basic science discoveries in nuclear phosphoinositide signaling to clinical pathologies, with the hope of inspiring development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal M Bryant
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Raymond D Blind
- Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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11
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van Montfort RLM, Workman P. Structure-based drug design: aiming for a perfect fit. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:431-437. [PMID: 29118091 PMCID: PMC5869280 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of therapeutically relevant targets has informed drug discovery since the first protein structures were determined using X-ray crystallography in the 1950s and 1960s. In this editorial we provide a brief overview of the powerful impact of structure-based drug design (SBDD), which has its roots in computational and structural biology, with major contributions from both academia and industry. We describe advances in the application of SBDD for integral membrane protein targets that have traditionally proved very challenging. We emphasize the major progress made in fragment-based approaches for which success has been exemplified by over 30 clinical drug candidates and importantly three FDA-approved drugs in oncology. We summarize the articles in this issue that provide an excellent snapshot of the current state of the field of SBDD and fragment-based drug design and which offer key insights into exciting new developments, such as the X-ray free-electron laser technology, cryo-electron microscopy, open science approaches and targeted protein degradation. We stress the value of SBDD in the design of high-quality chemical tools that are used to interrogate biology and disease pathology, and to inform target validation. We emphasize the need to maintain the scientific rigour that has been traditionally associated with structural biology and extend this to other methods used in drug discovery. This is particularly important because the quality and robustness of any form of contributory data determines its usefulness in accelerating drug design, and therefore ultimately in providing patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob L M van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, U.K
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
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