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Silver Nanoparticles Protect Skin from Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197082. [PMID: 32992921 PMCID: PMC7582269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight has various adverse effects; thus, UV blockage is recommended for preventing sunburn. Common sunscreen ingredients, such as nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, offer effective protection and enhance cosmetic appearance; however, health concerns have been raised regarding their photocatalytic activity, which generates reactive oxygen species under UV illumination. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known as safe materials for use in a wide spectrum of biomedical applications. In vitro studies have revealed that AgNPs may have a protective effect against UV irradiation, but the effects in animal studies remain unclear. The present study demonstrated that AgNPs effectively protect against UVB-induced skin damage both in cell cultures and mouse models. These results suggested that AgNPs are feasible and safe as sunscreen ingredients for protection against UVB-induced skin damage.
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Kawai K, VoPham T, Drucker A, Curhan SG, Curhan GC. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and the Risk of Herpes Zoster in Three Prospective Cohort Studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:283-292. [PMID: 31883695 PMCID: PMC7007833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and the risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in 3 prospective cohorts. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 205,756 participants from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 1986-2008), Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1996-2012), and Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II; 1991-2013). Ambient UVR exposure was based on updated geocoded address histories linked with a high-resolution spatiotemporal ultraviolet model. Incident HZ cases were identified by self-reported clinician diagnosis. Sunburn history and medical, lifestyle, and dietary factors were assessed using biennial questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS A total of 24,201 cases of HZ occurred during 3,626,131 person-years. Ambient UVR exposure was associated with a higher risk of HZ in men (HPFS: multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [MVHR] comparing highest vs lowest quintiles, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.29; P=.03 for trend) but not in women (NHS: MVHR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.93-1.05; NHS II: MVHR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.90-1.03). A higher lifetime number of severe sunburns was associated with a higher risk of HZ in all cohorts (HPFS: MVHR for ≥10 sunburns vs none, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.20; P=.02 for trend; NHS: MVHR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.22; P=.01 for trend; NHS II: MVHR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-1.28; P<.001 for trend). CONCLUSION Ambient UVR exposure was associated with a higher risk of HZ in men but not in women. A history of severe sunburn was associated with a modest increased risk of HZ in men and women, possibly because of immunosuppression from overexposure to the sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawai
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron Drucker
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon G Curhan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Harpaz R. Do varicella vaccination programs change the epidemiology of herpes zoster? A comprehensive review, with focus on the United States. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:793-811. [PMID: 31318605 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1646129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Policy-makers in many countries have been wary of introducing varicella vaccination programs because of concerns that reduced exposures to varicella-zoster virus could increase herpes zoster (HZ) incidence. The U.S. introduced varicella vaccination in 1996 and has empiric evidence regarding this concern. Areas covered: This comprehensive review provides background emphasizing the epidemiology of varicella and of HZ in the U.S. before and after the introduction of their respective vaccines. The epidemiology is complex, and interpretation is complicated by methodologic challenges, by unexplained increases in age-specific HZ incidence that preceded varicella vaccination, and by introduction of vaccines for prevention of HZ. Nonetheless, observations from studies using different platforms and designs have yielded consistent findings, suggesting they are robust. Expert opinion: There has been no evidence that the U.S. varicella vaccination program increased HZ incidence in the general adult population over baseline trends. Furthermore, HZ incidence in children is declining. The U.S. experience can inform the development of new generations of models to predict HZ trends. More importantly, it provides reassurance for countries considering varicella vaccination that an effective program can reduce varicella morbidity and mortality while reducing the likelihood of HZ among children, and potentially, over time, across the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Harpaz
- a Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Berlinberg EJ, Deiner MS, Porco TC, Acharya NR. Monitoring Interest in Herpes Zoster Vaccination: Analysis of Google Search Data. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e10180. [PMID: 29720364 PMCID: PMC5956160 DOI: 10.2196/10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new recombinant subunit vaccine for herpes zoster (HZ or shingles) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on October 20, 2017 and is expected to replace the previous live attenuated vaccine. There have been low coverage rates with the live attenuated vaccine (Zostavax), ranging from 12-32% of eligible patients receiving the HZ vaccine. Objective This study aimed to provide insight into trends and potential reasons for interest in HZ vaccination. Methods Internet search data were queried from the Google Health application programming interface from 2004-2017. Seasonality of normalized search volume was analyzed using wavelets and Fisher’s g test. Results The search terms “shingles vaccine,” “zoster vaccine,” and “zostavax” all exhibited significant periodicity in the fall months (P<.001), with sharp increases after recommendations for vaccination by public health-related organizations. Although the terms “shingles blisters,” “shingles itch,” “shingles rash,” “skin rash,” and “shingles medicine” exhibited statistically significant periodicities with a seasonal peak in the summer (P<.001), the terms “shingles contagious,” “shingles pain,” “shingles treatment,” and “shingles symptoms” did not reveal an annual trend. Conclusions There may be increased interest in HZ vaccination during the fall and after public health organization recommendations are broadcast. This finding points to the possibility that increased awareness of the vaccine through public health announcements could be evaluated as a potential intervention for increasing vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Berlinberg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael S Deiner
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Leffler CT, Davenport B, Chan D. Frequency and seasonal variation of ophthalmology-related internet searches. Can J Ophthalmol 2010; 45:274-9. [PMID: 20436544 DOI: 10.3129/i10-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use internet search activity to reveal the intensity of public interest and seasonal variation in ophthalmology-related diseases, symptoms, and treatments. DESIGN Time-series analysis of internet search data. METHODS Google trend data for ophthalmology terms for the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia from 2004 through 2008 were studied. Mean population-weighted temperature and fraction of schools in session were estimated from databases, and relative potential sunlight intensity was calculated. Multivariable linear regression was used to predict search term frequency based on environmental variables. RESULTS Relative to diabetes searches (100%), common US eye-related searches were: "glasses" (44%), "Lasik" (16%), "contact lenses" (12.4%), "pink eye" (9.5%), "glaucoma" (5.9%), "cataract" (4.1%), "dry eyes" (2.1%), "eye twitching" (1.9%), and "eye pain" (1.9%). Seasonal nature was high for "conjunctivitis" (r(2) = 0.37), "pink eye" (r(2) = 0.32), "eye floaters" (r2 = 0.26), and "stye" (r(2) = 0.19), moderate for "glaucoma" (r(2) = 0.09) and "eye twitching" (r(2) = 0.06), and low for "uveitis" (r(2) = 0.02) and "macular degeneration" (r(2) < 0.01). Heat was associated with "stye" and cold was associated with "pink eye," "conjunctivitis," and "glaucoma" (all p < 0.002). Sunlight intensity was associated with "dry eyes" and "eye floaters" (p < 0.01). School sessions were associated positively with "eye twitching" (p >= 0.001) and negatively with "eyeglasses." "Eye allergy," "itchy eyes," and "watery eyes" were highly seasonal (r(2) = 0.75-0.38) and associated with "pollen" searches. CONCLUSIONS Internet ophthalmology searches relate (in decreasing order) to refractive correction, eye diseases, and eye symptoms. Search study reveals the seasonality and environmental associations of interest in health terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Leffler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, MCV Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Abstract
Around 1980, experiments with hairless mice showed us that UV-induced actinic keratoses (AK) and ensuing skin carcinomas did not arise independently: the rate of occurrence in one skin area was increased considerably if AKs had already been induced separately in another distant skin area, i.e. a systemic effect. The ground laying work of Margaret Kripke in the 1970s provided a fitting explanation: UV-induced immunosuppression and tolerance toward the UV-induced tumors. From Kripke's work a new discipline arose: "Photoimmunology." Enormous strides were made in exploring and expanding the effects from UV carcinogenesis to infectious diseases, and in elucidating the mechanisms involved. Stemming from concerns about a depletion of the ozone layer and the general impact of ambient UV radiation, the groups I worked in and closely collaborated with explored the anticipated adverse effects of UV-induced immunosuppression on healthy individuals. An important turning point was brought about in 1992 when the group of Kevin Cooper reported that immunosuppression could be induced by UV exposure in virtually all human subjects tested, suggesting that this is a normal and sound physiological reaction to UV exposure. This reaction could actually protect us from illicit immune responses against our UV-exposed skin, such as observed in idiopathic polymorphic light eruption. This premise has fruitfully rekindled the research on this common "sun allergy," affecting to widely varying degrees about one in five Europeans with indoor professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R de Gruijl
- Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Mahmood K, Afzal S. Ulcerating lesions on forearm, fingertips and tongue in a liver-transplant recipient. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33:91-3. [PMID: 18177341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mahmood
- Department of Dermatology, PAF Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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