1
|
Sallie SN, Sonkusare S, Mandali A, Casero V, Cui H, Guzman NV, Allison M, Voon V. Cortical paired associative stimulation shows impaired plasticity of inhibition networks as a function of chronic alcohol use. Psychol Med 2024; 54:698-709. [PMID: 37712403 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response inhibition - or the ability to withhold a suboptimal response - relies on the efficacy of fronto-striatal networks, and is impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders including addiction. Cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) is a form of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) which can strengthen neuronal connections via spike-timing-dependent plasticity mechanisms. Here, we used cPAS targeting the fronto-striatal inhibitory network to modulate performance on a response inhibition measure in chronic alcohol use. METHODS Fifty-five participants (20 patients with a formal alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis (26-74 years, 6[30%] females) and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs) (27-73 years, 6[30%] females) within a larger sample of 35 HCs (23-84 years, 11[31.4%] females) underwent two randomized sessions of cPAS 1-week apart: right inferior frontal cortex stimulation preceding right presupplementary motor area stimulation by either 4 ms (excitation condition) or 100 ms (control condition), and were subsequently administered the Stop Signal Task (SST) in both sessions. RESULTS HCs showed decreased stop signal reaction time in the excitation condition (t(19) = -3.01, p = 0.007, [CIs]:-35.6 to -6.42); this facilitatory effect was not observed for AUD (F(1,31) = 9.57, p = 0.004, CIs: -68.64 to -14.11). Individually, rates of SST improvement were substantially higher for healthy (72%) relative to AUD (13.6%) groups (OR: 2.33, p = 0.006, CIs:-3.34 to -0.55). CONCLUSION In line with previous findings, cPAS improved response inhibition in healthy adults by strengthening the fronto-striatal network through putative long-term potentiation-like plasticity mechanisms. Furthermore, we identified a possible marker of impaired cortical excitability, and, thus, diminished capacity for cPAS-induced neuroplasticity in AUD with direct implications to a disorder-relevant cognitive process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Sallie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Saurabh Sonkusare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alekhya Mandali
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13TH, UK
| | - Violeta Casero
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hailun Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Natalie V Guzman
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael Allison
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jones SK, Alberg AJ, Wallace K, Froeliger B, Carpenter MJ, Wolf B. Genetic Associations with Smoking Relapse and Proportion of Follow-up in Smoking Relapse throughout Adulthood in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:269-279. [PMID: 37070666 PMCID: PMC10159950 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PREVENTION RELEVANCE This study is the first to quantify genetic associations with smoking relapse among female smokers throughout adulthood. These findings could inform precision medicine approaches to improve long-term smoking relapse prevention to reduce smoking attributable cancer morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Kristin Wallace
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| | - Bethany Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones SK, Wolf BJ, Froeliger B, Wallace K, Carpenter MJ, Alberg AJ. A systematic review of genetic variation within nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and cigarette smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 239:109596. [PMID: 35981468 PMCID: PMC10876157 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine produces its effects by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Variants of genes encoding properties of nAChRs are candidates for affecting likelihood of smoking cessation. METHODS A systematic review was conducted summarizing evidence of associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nAChR genes and smoking cessation. From 24 articles meeting inclusion criteria, summary odds ratios (ORs) for associations between nine SNPs and smoking cessation were calculated from 26 studies (N = 233-29,072) stratified by gene, ancestry, study design, and pharmacotherapy; SNPs in linkage disequilibrium were pooled. Results for a tenth SNP from two GWAS were summarized. RESULTS People of European ancestry with minor alleles of CHRNA5 rs16969968 and CHRNA3 rs1051730 had longer time to cessation [HR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.88 - 0.92 (n = 2 studies)] and lower odds of cessation [OR = 0.88, 95 % CI 0.80 - 0.97 (n = 5 cohort studies), OR = 0.64, 95 % CI 0.45 - 0.90 (n = 4 placebo arms)]. Risk of persistent smoking associated with these alleles was attenuated in smokers receiving nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Recipients of bupropion alone or with NRT with these alleles had higher, though not statistically significant, odds of cessation. Results for CHRNA5 rs588765 and rs680244 were similar to rs16969968/rs1051730 findings. Evidence was limited for other SNPs. CONCLUSION Evidence consistently indicates the minor alleles of four SNPs within CHRNA3 or CHRNA5 are risk alleles for cessation failure. Analysis by pharmacotherapy revealed bupropion may be the most efficacious intervention for people with these alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Jones
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Bethany J Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kristin Wallace
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Anthony J Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aliko V, Korriku RS, Pagano M, Faggio C. Double-edged sword: Fluoxetine and ibuprofen as development jeopardizers and apoptosis' inducers in common toad, Bufo bufo, tadpoles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145945. [PMID: 33639467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a real problem. Ending up in aquatic environments they negatively affect non-target organisms. Considering the limited studies on the negative effects of pharmaceuticals in amphibians, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the sub-lethal effects of drug mixtures in wildlife is an urgent call. Representing particularly vulnerable organisms currently at risk of extinction, amphibians are perfect non-target organisms to explore the consequences of pharmaceuticals during sensitive life-stages. To address this existing research gap, the effects of two drugs, the antidepressant fluoxetine and the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen, as well as their combination has been studied. Tadpoles of Bufo bufo were exposed for seven days to two environmentally realistic concentrations of fluoxetine, ibuprofen and their mixture. The development, behavior and erythron profile were then evaluated as endpoints of exposure response. Both drugs negatively affected tadpoles' growth and development by significantly delayed their time to metamorphosis and reduced body weight. Behaviors were also impaired with a significant increase of unresponsiveness to different stimuli. Mutagenic analysis of blood revealed a significant increase in the frequency of cellular and nuclear abnormalities. Given the complexity of systems and functions affected, our work confirms the toxicological potential of fluoxetine and ibuprofen in B. bufo tadpoles by emphasizing their role as tadpole development delayers and erythrocyte apoptosis-inducers. To our knowledge, this is the first study trying to elucidate the potentially toxic effects of a mixture of an antidepressant with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug using bullfrog tadpole as model organism. Both drugs interacted in impairing development and fitness in tadpoles, which might affect long-term species perpetuation and population dynamic. More in-depth research is needed to elucidate the nature of interaction and molecular mechanisms of mixed pharmaceutical compounds on non-targeted organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valbona Aliko
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Tirana, Albania
| | - Regi Subashi Korriku
- University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Tirana, Albania
| | - Maria Pagano
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Horowitz MA, Jauhar S, Natesan S, Murray RM, Taylor D. A Method for Tapering Antipsychotic Treatment That May Minimize the Risk of Relapse. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1116-1129. [PMID: 33754644 PMCID: PMC8266572 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The process of stopping antipsychotics may be causally related to relapse, potentially linked to neuroadaptations that persist after cessation, including dopaminergic hypersensitivity. Therefore, the risk of relapse on cessation of antipsychotics may be minimized by more gradual tapering. There is converging evidence that suggests that adaptations to antipsychotic exposure can persist for months or years after stopping the medication-from animal studies, observation of tardive dyskinesia in patients, and the clustering of relapses in this time period after the cessation of antipsychotics. Furthermore, PET imaging demonstrates a hyperbolic relationship between doses of antipsychotic and D2 receptor blockade. We, therefore, suggest that when antipsychotics are reduced, it should be done gradually (over months or years) and in a hyperbolic manner (to reduce D2 blockade "evenly"): ie, reducing by one quarter (or one half) of the most recent dose of antipsychotic, equivalent approximately to a reduction of 5 (or 10) percentage points of its D2 blockade, sequentially (so that reductions become smaller and smaller in size as total dose decreases), at intervals of 3-6 months, titrated to individual tolerance. Some patients may prefer to taper at 10% or less of their most recent dose each month. This process might allow underlying adaptations time to resolve, possibly reducing the risk of relapse on discontinuation. Final doses before complete cessation may need to be as small as 1/40th a therapeutic dose to prevent a large decrease in D2 blockade when stopped. This proposal should be tested in randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Abie Horowitz
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, Fitzrovia, London W1T 7BN, UK,North East London Foundation Trust. Goodmayes Hospital, 157 Barley Lane, Goodmayes, Ilford IG3 8XJ, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: (+44) 0300 555 1253, e-mail:;
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK,Pharmacy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Pu X, Feng B, Fan Q, Dai Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Liu L, Cao S, Wang G. Alterations of Glucose Uptake and Protein Expression Related to the Insulin Signaling Pathway in the Brain of Phenobarbital-Addictive Rats by 18F-FDG PET/CT and Proteomic Analysis. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:950-959. [PMID: 33105993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease. Alterations of glucose uptake and metabolism are found in the brain of drug addicts. Insulin mediates brain glucose metabolism and its abnormality could induce brain injury and cognitive impairment. Here, we established a rat model of phenobarbital addiction by 90 days of dose escalation and evaluated addiction-related symptoms. We also performed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to detect glucose uptake in the brain and proteomic analysis of the function of the differentially expressed (DE) proteins via bioinformatics in brain tissues by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on days 60 and 90 of phenobarbital or 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) (vehicle) administration. The results showed that phenobarbital-addictive rats developed severe withdrawal symptoms after abstinence and glucose uptake was significantly increased in the brain. Proteomics analysis showed that numerous DE proteins were enriched after phenobarbital administration, among which CALM1, ARAF, and Cbl proteins (related to the insulin signaling pathway) were significantly downregulated on day 60 but not day 90. However, SLC27A3 and NF-κB1 proteins (related to insulin resistance) were significantly upregulated on day 90 (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021101). Our data indicate that the insulin signaling pathway and insulin resistance may play a role in the development of phenobarbital addiction and brain injury, so the findings may have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bimin Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingze Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grandjean J, Duque J. A TMS study of preparatory suppression in binge drinkers. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102383. [PMID: 32828028 PMCID: PMC7451449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking consists in a pattern of consumption characterised by the repeated alternation between massive alcohol intakes and abstinence periods. A continuum hypothesis suggests that this drinking endeavour represents an early stage of alcohol dependence rather than a separate phenomenon. Among the variety of alterations in alcohol-dependent individuals (ADIs), one has to do with the motor system, which does not show a normal pattern of activity during action preparation. In healthy controls (HCs), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex (M1) show both facilitation and suppression effects, depending on the time and setting of TMS during action preparation. A recent study focusing on the suppression component revealed that this aspect of preparatory activity is abnormally weak in ADIs and that this defect scales with the risk of relapse. In the present study, we tested whether binge drinkers (BDs) present a similar deficit. To do so, we recorded MEPs in a set of hand muscles applying TMS in 20 BDs and in 20 matched HCs while they were preparing index finger responses in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Consistent with past research, the MEP data in HCs revealed a strong MEP suppression in this task. This effect was evident in all hand muscles, regardless of whether they were relevant or irrelevant in the task. BDs also showed some preparatory suppression, yet this effect was less consistent, especially in the prime mover of the responding hand. These findings suggest abnormal preparatory activity in BDs, similar to alcohol-dependent patients, though some of the current results also raise new questions regarding the significance of these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grandjean
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nardone R, Trinka E, Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Saltuari L. Commentary: Deficient inhibition in alcohol-dependence: let's consider the role of the motor system! Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1237. [PMID: 31798409 PMCID: PMC6874153 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institut für Neurorehabilitation und Raumfahrtneurologie, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,University for Medical Informatics and Health Technology, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jindal S, Kaur G, Kaur G. De-addiction: A new risk for anesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33:123-124. [PMID: 28413287 PMCID: PMC5374814 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.202202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
10
|
A Two-Day Continuous Nicotine Infusion Is Sufficient to Demonstrate Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats as Measured Using Intracranial Self-Stimulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144553. [PMID: 26658557 PMCID: PMC4684239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of the negative affective (emotional) symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anhedonia, anxiety) contributes to tobacco addiction. Establishing the minimal nicotine exposure conditions required to demonstrate negative affective withdrawal signs in animals, as well as understanding moderators of these conditions, could inform tobacco addiction-related research, treatment, and policy. The goal of this study was to determine the minimal duration of continuous nicotine infusion required to demonstrate nicotine withdrawal in rats as measured by elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior). Administration of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) on alternate test days throughout the course of a 2-week continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day via osmotic minipump) elicited elevations in ICSS thresholds beginning on the second day of infusion. Magnitude of antagonist-precipitated withdrawal did not change with further nicotine exposure and mecamylamine injections, and was similar to that observed in a positive control group receiving mecamylamine following a 14-day nicotine infusion. Expression of a significant withdrawal effect was delayed in nicotine-infused rats receiving mecamylamine on all test days rather than on alternate test days. In a separate study, rats exhibited a transient increase in ICSS thresholds following cessation of a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion (3.2 mg/kg/day). Magnitude of this spontaneous withdrawal effect was similar to that observed in rats receiving a 9-day nicotine infusion. Our findings demonstrate that rats exhibit antagonist-precipitated and spontaneous nicotine withdrawal following a 2-day continuous nicotine infusion, at least under the experimental conditions studied here. Magnitude of these effects were similar to those observed in traditional models involving more prolonged nicotine exposure. Further development of these models, including evaluation of more clinically relevant nicotine dosing regimens and other measures of nicotine withdrawal (e.g., anxiety-like behavior, somatic signs), may be useful for understanding the development of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome.
Collapse
|
11
|
Harris AC, Manbeck KE, Schmidt CE, Shelley D. Mecamylamine elicits withdrawal-like signs in rats following a single dose of nicotine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:291-302. [PMID: 22868410 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ability of nicotine to induce dependence (result in a withdrawal syndrome) is typically thought to require long-term, daily smoking. Emerging evidence suggests that symptoms of nicotine withdrawal may occur following only a few cigarettes. Whether acute exposure to nicotine can induce dependence in animals has not been well established. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to examine whether the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine elicits withdrawal-like signs in rats following acute nicotine exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS Mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) administered ≈2 h after a single dose of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) elicited increases in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds and somatic signs, two well-established effects of withdrawal from long-term (chronic) nicotine exposure. The magnitude of these effects remained constant across five daily test sessions. A lower dose of mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) had little or no effect on ICSS thresholds or somatic signs following acute nicotine exposure, but precipitated robust increases in these measures during a chronic nicotine infusion. Finally, rats exhibited a small increase in ICSS thresholds over time following a single nicotine injection (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), possibly reflecting a modest spontaneous withdrawal-like effect. CONCLUSIONS Mecamylamine elicited withdrawal-like signs in rats following a single dose of nicotine. The different effects of mecamylamine 1.5 mg/kg following acute versus chronic nicotine exposure supports the notion that these models simulate the early and more advanced stages of nicotine dependence, respectively. While further optimization and validation of these models is necessary, they may provide a novel approach for studying the earliest stages of nicotine dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Harris
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, 914 South 8th St. S-3 Labs, 860, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Non-invasive brain stimulation in the functional evaluation of alcohol effects and in the treatment of alcohol craving: A review. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
13
|
Neuroadaptation in nicotine addiction: update on the sensitization-homeostasis model. Brain Sci 2012; 2:523-52. [PMID: 24961259 PMCID: PMC4061804 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of neuronal plasticity in supporting the addictive state has generated much research and some conceptual theories. One such theory, the sensitization-homeostasis (SH) model, postulates that nicotine suppresses craving circuits, and this triggers the development of homeostatic adaptations that autonomously support craving. Based on clinical studies, the SH model predicts the existence of three distinct forms of neuroplasticity that are responsible for withdrawal, tolerance and the resolution of withdrawal. Over the past decade, many controversial aspects of the SH model have become well established by the literature, while some details have been disproven. Here we update the model based on new studies showing that nicotine dependence develops through a set sequence of symptoms in all smokers, and that the latency to withdrawal, the time it takes for withdrawal symptoms to appear during abstinence, is initially very long but shortens by several orders of magnitude over time. We conclude by outlining directions for future research based on the updated model, and commenting on how new experimental studies can gain from the framework put forth in the SH model.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tiffany ST, Friedman L, Greenfield SF, Hasin DS, Jackson R. Beyond drug use: a systematic consideration of other outcomes in evaluations of treatments for substance use disorders. Addiction 2012; 107:709-18. [PMID: 21981638 PMCID: PMC3257402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Across the addictions field, the primary outcome in treatment research has been reduction in drug consumption. A comprehensive view of the impact of substance use disorders on human functioning suggests that effective treatments should address the many consequences and features of addiction beyond drug use, a recommendation forwarded by multiple expert panels and review papers. Despite recurring proposals, and a compelling general rationale for moving beyond drug use as the sole standard for evaluating addiction treatment, the field has yet to adopt any core set of 'other' measures that are routinely incorporated into treatment research. Among the many reasons for the limited impact of previous proposals has been the absence of a clear set of guidelines for selecting candidate outcomes. This paper is the result of the deliberations of a panel of substance abuse treatment and research experts convened by the National Institute on Drug Abuse to discuss appropriate outcome measures for clinical trials of substance abuse treatments. This paper provides an overview of previous recommendations and outlines specific guidelines for consideration of candidate outcomes. A list of outcomes meeting those guidelines is described and illustrated in detail with two outcomes: craving and quality of life. The paper concludes with specific recommendations for moving beyond the outcome listing offered in this paper to promote the programmatic incorporation of these outcomes into treatment research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Tiffany
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 14260, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kolokotroni KZ, Rodgers RJ, Harrison AA. Effects of chronic nicotine, nicotine withdrawal and subsequent nicotine challenges on behavioural inhibition in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:453-68. [PMID: 22124670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterised by compulsive drug use and loss of control over drug intake. Although several theories propose impulsivity as a key component of addiction, the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the short- and longer-term effects of chronic nicotine administration on behavioural inhibition. METHODS Rats were trained on a symmetrically reinforced go/no-go task, following which they were subcutaneously prepared with osmotic minipumps delivering either nicotine (3.16 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (freebase)) or saline for 7 days. Performance was assessed daily during chronic treatment, in early and late abstinence, and in response to acute nicotine challenges following prolonged abstinence. RESULTS Chronic nicotine resulted in a transient reduction in inhibitory control. Spontaneous withdrawal was associated with a nicotine abstinence syndrome, the early stages of which were characterised by a significant increase in inhibitory control. This was, however, short-lived with a decrease in inhibition observed in the second week of abstinence. Whilst performance returned to baseline by the end of the third week, acute challenges (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) revealed that nicotine exposure had sensitised animals to the disinhibitory effects of the compound. CONCLUSIONS Drug-induced loss of inhibitory control may be critically involved both in the initial and later stages of addiction. Neuroadaptations occurring during chronic exposure to and/or withdrawal from nicotine render animals more sensitive to the disinhibitory effects of the drug. Longer-term changes in behaviour may play an important role in the increased susceptibility to relapse in those with a history of nicotine abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Z Kolokotroni
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Implementation of Substitution Treatment in Finland: Beyond Rationalisation and Medicalisation. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10199-011-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Finnish treatment of drug abuse has during the last two decades shifted from a predominantly psychosocial approach to a more medical mode. This is especially evident in the rapid implementation of substitution treatments (STs). My aim is to show that labelling this development as ‘medicalisation’ or ‘rationalisation’ as a form of medical progress will not increase our understanding of the change. MATERIAL AND DESIGN I analysed texts from several periodicals with psychosocial, social policy and medical perspectives between 1997 and 2005. Four basic conceptual and argumentative underpinnings emerged which gave credence to the medical and rationalapproach, and the validity of these four elements was then investigated. I also collected all the texts on drug addiction and its treatment from two medical journals in 1965–1976 to examine the way in which drug addiction was conceptualised during this earlier phase. Results The material shows that there are at least four reasons why medicalisation and rationalisation cannot explain the implementation of substitution treatments in Finland. First, progress in medical research on addiction did not make STs necessary. Second, the effectiveness of substitution treatments hinges on a particular kind of scientific rationality that cannot be equated with rationality per se. Third, it was not the 1990s and 2000s that drug addiction was coded as a medical problem for the first time. Fourth, it is difficult to include into the medicalisation theory how people actively want to be ‘medicalised’. Medical knowledge and technology open up new domains of knowledge with possible relations to practices of power and offer people new ways of self-understanding. How these different practices work is a question of empirical research. Both ‘rationalisation’ and ‘medicalisation’ are concepts often used in an inflationary way, and this may make them insensitive as analytical instruments.
Collapse
|
17
|
Seger D. Cocaine, metamfetamine, and MDMA abuse: the role and clinical importance of neuroadaptation. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:695-708. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.516263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
18
|
Nagy J, Kolok S, Boros A, Dezso P. Role of altered structure and function of NMDA receptors in development of alcohol dependence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 3:281-97. [PMID: 18369402 DOI: 10.2174/157015905774322499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term alcohol exposure gives rise to development of physical dependence on alcohol in consequence of changes in certain neurotransmitter functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system, especially the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors is a particularly important site of ethanol's action, since ethanol is a potent inhibitor of the NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and prolonged ethanol exposition leads to a compensatory "upregulation" of NMDAR mediated functions supposedly contributing to the occurrence of ethanol tolerance, dependence as well as the acute and delayed signs of ethanol withdrawal.Recently, expression of different types of NMDAR subunits was found altered after long-term ethanol exposure. Especially, the expression of the NR2B and certain splice variant forms of the NR1 subunits were increased in primary neuronal cultures treated intermittently with ethanol. Since NMDA ion channels with such an altered subunit composition have increased permeability for calcium ions, increased agonist sensitivity, and relatively slow closing kinetics, the abovementioned alterations may underlie the enhanced NMDAR activation observed after long-term ethanol exposure. In accordance with these changes, the inhibitory potential of NR2B subunit-selective NMDAR antagonists is also increased, demonstrating excellent potency against alcohol withdrawal-induced in vitro cytotoxicity. Although in vivo data are few with these compounds, according to the effectiveness of the classic NMDAR antagonists in attenuation, not only the physical symptoms, but also some affective and motivational components of alcohol withdrawal, novel NR2B subunit selective NMDAR antagonists may offer a preferable alternative in the pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- József Nagy
- Gedeon Richter Ltd., Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Budapest 10. P.O.Box 27, H-1475, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nardone R, Bergmann J, Kronbichler M, Caleri F, Lochner P, Tezzon F, Ladurner G, Golaszewski S. Altered Motor Cortex Excitability to Magnetic Stimulation in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:628-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Vrecko S. Birth of a brain disease: science, the state and addiction neuropolitics. HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES 2010; 23:52-67. [PMID: 21243829 DOI: 10.1177/0952695110371598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article critically interrogates contemporary forms of addiction medicine that are portrayed by policy-makers as providing a "rational" or politically neutral approach to dealing with drug use and related social problems. In particular, it examines the historical origins of the biological facts that are today understood to provide a foundation for contemporary understandings of addiction as a "disease of the brain." Drawing upon classic and contemporary work on "styles of thought," it documents how, in the period between the mid-1960s and the mid 1970s, such facts emerged in relation to new neurobiological styles of explaining and managing social problems associated with drug abuse, and an alliance between a relatively marginal group of researchers and American policy-makers who were launching the "War on Drugs." Beyond illustrating the political and material conditions necessary for the rise of addiction neuroscience, the article highlights the productivity of neurobiological thought styles, by focusing on the new biological objects, treatments and hopes that have emerged within the field of addiction studies over the last several decades.
Collapse
|
21
|
Finkenauer R, Pomerleau CS, Snedecor SM, Pomerleau OF. Race differences in factors relating to smoking initiation. Addict Behav 2009; 34:1056-9. [PMID: 19595515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate race differences in retrospectively-reported early smoking experiences, we studied African-American (n=48) and Caucasian (n=155) current smokers who participated in a study designed to identify phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with smoking. Compared with Caucasian smokers, African-American smokers were less educated (mean+/-s.e.m.: 13.3+/-0.25 vs. 14.3 +/- 0.16; p<.01), had higher BMI (28.9+/-1.06 vs. 26.7+/-0.52; p<.05), and smoked significantly fewer cigarettes/day (14.1+/-1.00 vs. 18.4+/-0.74; p<.01). Ninety percent of African-American smokers consumed menthol cigarettes, as opposed to 25% of Caucasian smokers. African-American smokers were significantly older than Caucasian smokers upon initial smoking experimentation (17.4+/-1.1 vs. 14.7+/-0.3; p<.05) and onset of regular smoking (19.7+/-0.9 vs. 17.4+/-0.4; p<.05). African-American smokers were significantly more likely than Caucasian smokers to endorse global pleasurable sensations (48% vs. 30%; p<.05), "pleasurable rush or buzz" (62% vs. 43%; p<.05), and "relaxing" (45% vs. 27%; p<.05) as early experiences with smoking, whereas Caucasian smokers were marginally more likely to report dizziness and difficulty inhaling (61% vs. 45%; p<.10 and 48% vs. 31%; p<.10, respectively). Caucasian smokers were significantly more likely to endorse friends (6.9+/-0.2 vs. 4.8+/-0.4; p<.0001) and "perk me up" (4.2+/-0.3 vs. 3.1+/-0.4; p<.05) and marginally more likely to endorse buzz (4.2+/-0.2 vs. 3.4+/-0.5; p<.10) as reasons for starting to smoke. Further research is needed to determine the relative contributions of genetic, developmental, and socio-cultural factors to these findings.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kang L, Wang D, Li B, Hu M, Zhang P, Li J. Mirtazapine, a Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressant, Attenuates Morphine Dependence and Withdrawal in Sprague-Dawley Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 34:541-52. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990802183921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Ríos-Bedoya CF, Pomerleau CS, Neuman RJ, Pomerleau OF. Using MIMIC models to examine the relationship between current smoking and early smoking experiences. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:1035-41. [PMID: 19578152 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study expands previous research on early experiences with tobacco by using a Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model, which permits combining indicators tapping into pleasant experiences into one latent construct and those indicators of unpleasant experiences into another latent construct. METHODS A sample of 458 participants was recruited via newspaper advertisements. Response to early experimentation with cigarettes was assessed using the Early Smoking Experiences questionnaire, in which participants were asked the following question: "The first time you tried cigarettes, did you experience any of the following? (pleasurable and displeasurable sensations [overall], pleasurable rush or buzz, dizziness, relaxation, nausea, cough, difficulty inhaling)." These experiences were rated on a scale ranging from 1 = none to 4 = intense. RESULTS The MIMIC model revealed that current smoking status and age of initial experimentation with cigarettes were significantly associated with both early pleasant and unpleasant experiences (p < .05). African Americans were less likely than Whites to have early unpleasant experiences (p < .05). No association was found between race and early pleasant experiences. DISCUSSION Our findings are consistent with the inferences that pleasant experiences in response to early experimentation with smoking lead to regular smoking and that positive experiences play a stronger role than negative experiences in the transition to regular smoking. Our study also demonstrates that the MIMIC model is pertinent and practicable in nicotine and smoking research. We recommend it as a useful tool for identifying endophenotypes related to nicotine dependence and tobacco use latent constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Ríos-Bedoya
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
N-methyl-d-aspartate 2b receptor subtype (NR2B) promoter methylation in patients during alcohol withdrawal. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:615-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
DiFranza JR, Ursprung WWSA. The latency to the onset of nicotine withdrawal: a test of the sensitization-homeostasis theory. Addict Behav 2008; 33:1148-53. [PMID: 18547736 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The latency to withdrawal (LTW) is the expired time between the last cigarette and when the smoker feels the need to smoke again. The sensitization-homeostasis theory predicts that the LTW is inversely related to the frequency and duration of smoking such that more frequent cigarette consumption and a longer history of tobacco use will be associated with a shorter LTW. An anonymous cross-sectional survey of 1055 10th and 11th grade students of mixed ethnicity was conducted in two schools using self-completed questionnaires. Participants were asked "After you have smoked a cigarette, how long can you go before you feel you need to smoke again?" Of 162 current smokers, 73.5% reported a regular need to smoke and a LTW. Reported values for the LTW ranged from .05 h to "3 weeks or more." Monthly cigarette consumption ranged from 1 to 895. The LTW correlated inversely with monthly cigarette consumption (Kendall's tau b=-.53, P<.001) and the duration of smoking (Kendall's tau b=-.25, P<.001) as predicted by the sensitization-homeostasis theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R DiFranza
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lack of relation between drug-seeking behavior in an addiction model and the expression of behavioral sensitization in response to ethanol challenge in mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:43-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
Feige B, Scaal S, Hornyak M, Gann H, Riemann D. Sleep electroencephalographic spectral power after withdrawal from alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:19-27. [PMID: 17207097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional hyperarousal is suspected to be a neurophysiological determinant of relapse in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients. In the present study, we used spectral power analysis of the sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) to quantify brain activity during sleep in patients during subacute withdrawal as well as in control subjects. Our hypothesis was that the subgroup of patients who relapsed within the 3 months to follow-up would exhibit-increased dysfunctional arousal manifested by higher-frequency (beta) EEG power during sleep. METHODS Twenty-six alcohol-dependent in-patients were examined with polysomnography over 2 nights 2 to 3 weeks after withdrawal. At the 3-month clinical follow-up assessment, 12 of them had relapsed and 14 abstained. The control group consisted of 23 healthy subjects similar to the patients with alcohol dependence in age and gender distribution. Spectral sleep EEG analysis was performed on both nights (adaptation and baseline) of all subjects. Logarithmic artifact-controlled spectral band power of sleep stage 2 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was analyzed for Group, Gender, and Age effects using multiple analyses of covariance. Three groups were compared with the Group factor: relapsers, abstainers, and controls. RESULTS Generally, both Group and Age effects were significant for the second, baseline night for the visually scored sleep parameters, while spectral EEG parameters showed significant differences in the adaptation night. In the adaptation night, a significant enhancement in the beta2 band (24-32 Hz) was seen in REM sleep in relapsers relative to both abstainers and controls. CONCLUSIONS The beta2 increase could be interpreted as a sign of dysfunctional arousal during REM sleep "unmasked" by the additional stressor of sleep environment adaptation. Its determinants are likely to be both premorbid and drinking history related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fernando WWSA, Wellman RJ, Difranza JR. The relationship between level of cigarette consumption and latency to the onset of retrospectively reported withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188:335-42. [PMID: 16953390 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Subthreshold smokers (who smoke < or =5 cigarettes/day) experience withdrawal symptoms, yet they smoke less than is required to maintain serum nicotine levels. OBJECTIVES For study 1, our aim was to determine (1) if adult subthreshold smokers report withdrawal symptoms; (2) how they rate symptom severity; (3) the length of their latency to withdrawal symptoms; (4) and the relationship between level of cigarette consumption and latency to withdrawal. The aim of study 2 was to attempt to replicate the results of study 1 in a nationally representative sample and to compare subthreshold and threshold (> or =6 cigarettes/day) smokers. METHODS Study 1 was conducted through telephone interviews. Study 2 was conducted through secondary analysis of data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (self-administered in schools). RESULTS In study 1, all subjects experienced withdrawal symptoms. The mean number of symptoms was 4.3; mean intensity of each symptom was >6 (1-10 scale). A quarter of the subjects could go for > or =2 days before experiencing withdrawal. More frequent smokers had a shorter latency to withdrawal (r=-0.43, p<0.001, n=36). In study 2, 63% of subthreshold smokers reported feeling at least one withdrawal symptom. Median latency to withdrawal was 168 h for subthreshold and 2 h for threshold smokers. A negative correlation between level of cigarette consumption and latency to withdrawal was observed for both groups. CONCLUSIONS Although subthreshold smokers experience significant withdrawal symptoms, they can smoke infrequently because symptoms may not appear for one to several days. Consistent with the sensitization-homeostasis theory, low doses of nicotine can suppress withdrawal symptoms over long periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W W S A Fernando
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
AIM To examine the pros and cons of using the same diagnostic criteria for dependence across all drugs versus using dependence criteria specific to the drug of interest. METHODS A qualitative review of the similarities and differences in nicotine versus alcohol and opiate dependence is used as an example of the utility of using generic versus drug-specific criteria. RESULTS Many scientists implicitly recognize that nicotine dependence is different when they do not include nicotine dependence when studying 'drug dependence'. Nicotine and alcohol/opiate dependence have many similarities (e.g. both can cause withdrawal). Among the several differences, the most important is that nicotine dependence does not cause acute behavioral impairment. Some of the generic dependence criteria do not apply to nicotine dependence (e.g. giving up activities to use the drug) and some well-validated measures of nicotine dependence (e.g. time to first cigarette) are not included in the generic criteria. CONCLUSIONS Empirical tests of the relative utility of generic versus drug-specific criteria are needed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Coe JW, Brooks PR, Wirtz MC, Bashore CG, Bianco KE, Vetelino MG, Arnold EP, Lebel LA, Fox CB, Tingley FD, Schulz DW, Davis TI, Sands SB, Mansbach RS, Rollema H, O'Neill BT. 3,5-Bicyclic aryl piperidines: A novel class of α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4889-97. [PMID: 16171993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3,5-Bicyclic aryl piperidines are a new class of high-affinity alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agents. We have sought nicotinic receptor partial agonists of the alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for smoking cessation, and a number of compounds fulfill potency, selectivity, and efficacy requirements in vitro. In vivo, selected agents demonstrate potent partial agonist efficacy on the mesolimbic dopamine system, a key measure of therapeutic potential for smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jotham W Coe
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cepeda-Benito A, Davis KW, Reynoso JT, Harraid JH. Associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine in rats: tail-flick and paw-lick assays. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 180:224-33. [PMID: 15696325 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Theories of drug tolerance differentiate between associative and behavioral (instrumental) drug tolerance. However, there is little research comparing these two forms of drug tolerance beyond alcohol and morphine. OBJECTIVE We examined the time course development of associative and behavioral tolerance to the analgesic effects of nicotine. METHODS AND RESULTS Associative tolerance was investigated by giving independent groups of rats one, five, 15, ten or 20 administrations of nicotine either explicitly paired or unpaired with a distinctive context. Associative tolerance, assessed in the tail flick, developed more rapidly and reached greater magnitude when nicotine and distinctive context were explicitly paired than when they were unpaired. This effect was evidenced after the fifth conditioning session and was maintained through the tenth, 15th, and 20th sessions. Contextual tolerance, assessed in the hot plate, was first evident after ten sessions. However, this effect disappeared safter 15 and 20 sessions. A second study examined the acquisition of behavioral tolerance to the disruptive effects of nicotine on the hot-plate response. Animals that practiced the test response while drugged developed greater tolerance than animals receiving as much nicotine and hot-plate practice but with these two conditions explicitly unpaired. This effect was evident in two different environments but did not generalize to the tail-flick test. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that contextual tolerance to drug effects is test specific, with tail-flick responses depending on cue-associative tolerance processes and hot-plate responses requiring procedures that allow the animal to practice the test response while drugged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cepeda-Benito
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77943-4235, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coe JW, Vetelino MG, Bashore CG, Wirtz MC, Brooks PR, Arnold EP, Lebel LA, Fox CB, Sands SB, Davis TI, Schulz DW, Rollema H, Tingley FD, O'Neill BT. In pursuit of α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation: Carbon analogs of (−)-cytisine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2974-9. [PMID: 15908213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and biological activity of analogs of (-)-cytisine, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, are discussed. All-carbon-containing phenyl ring replacements of the pyridone ring system, generated via Heck cyclization protocols, exhibited weaker affinity and lower efficacy partial agonist profiles relative to (-)-cytisine. In vivo, selected compounds exhibit lower efficacy partial agonist profiles than that of (-)-cytisine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jotham W Coe
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sacco KA, Bannon KL, George TP. Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2005. [PMID: 15582913 DOI: 10.1177/0269881104047273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking rates in the American population are approximately 23%, whereas rates of smoking in clinical and population studies of individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders are typically two- to four-fold higher. Studies conducted in a variety of neuropsychiatric populations [e.g. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia] have collectively suggested that nicotine may be efficacious in remediating selected cognitive deficits associated with these disorders, thus providing a framework for understanding the specific vulnerability of these patients to smoking initiation and maintenance. However, the specific gain in cognitive performance produced by nicotine administration in healthy subjects with normal cognitive function is less clear. This article reviews our current understanding of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) systems in normal and neuropsychiatric disease states and, specifically, their role with respect to cognitive dysfunction and clinical symptoms in several specific neuropsychiatric populations, including ADHD, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's Disorder, schizophrenia and affective disorders. The potential benefits of nicotinic agents for therapeutic use in neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed, as well as directions for further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A Sacco
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness, Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
DiFranza JR, Wellman RJ. A sensitization–homeostasis model of nicotine craving, withdrawal, and tolerance: Integrating the clinical and basic science literature. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:9-26. [PMID: 15804674 DOI: 10.1080/14622200412331328538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that nicotine withdrawal symptoms are common among adolescents after a few weeks of intermittent tobacco use. No current model of nicotine dependence had predicted the rapid development of symptoms of dependence and withdrawal before the development of tolerance. We present a model that integrates neuroscience with clinical observations regarding how nicotine dependence develops, progresses, and resolves in humans. The central tenet of this sensitization-homeostasis model is that nicotine's dependence liability derives from its ability to stimulate neural pathways responsible for the suppression of craving. As a result of sensitization, the craving suppression produced by nicotine is magnified to superphysiological levels. The overinhibition of neurons responsible for craving initiates compensatory homeostatic measures that stimulate the craving pathways and result in craving when nicotine is absent. Separate homeostatic mechanisms are responsible for craving, withdrawal, and tolerance. The sensitization-homeostasis model is unique in its attribution of dependence to craving suppression, its attention to the temporal relationships among clinical features of nicotine dependence, and its extensive integration of clinical observations and basic science. It provides a framework for theory-based research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R DiFranza
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sacco KA, Bannon KL, George TP. Nicotinic receptor mechanisms and cognition in normal states and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18:457-74. [PMID: 15582913 PMCID: PMC1201375 DOI: 10.1177/026988110401800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking rates in the American population are approximately 23%, whereas rates of smoking in clinical and population studies of individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders are typically two- to four-fold higher. Studies conducted in a variety of neuropsychiatric populations [e.g. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia] have collectively suggested that nicotine may be efficacious in remediating selected cognitive deficits associated with these disorders, thus providing a framework for understanding the specific vulnerability of these patients to smoking initiation and maintenance. However, the specific gain in cognitive performance produced by nicotine administration in healthy subjects with normal cognitive function is less clear. This article reviews our current understanding of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) systems in normal and neuropsychiatric disease states and, specifically, their role with respect to cognitive dysfunction and clinical symptoms in several specific neuropsychiatric populations, including ADHD, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's Disorder, schizophrenia and affective disorders. The potential benefits of nicotinic agents for therapeutic use in neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed, as well as directions for further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A Sacco
- Program for Research in Smokers with Mental Illness, Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Mu opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement following direct (morphine) or indirect (alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine) activation, and our understanding of mu receptor function is central to the development of addiction therapies. Recent data obtained in native neurons confirm that mu receptor signaling and regulation are strongly agonist-dependent. Current functional mapping reveals morphine-activated neurons in the extended amygdala and early genomic approaches have identified novel mu receptor-associated proteins. A classification of about 30 genes either promoting or counteracting the addictive properties of morphine is proposed from the analysis of knockout mice data. The targeting of effectors or regulatory proteins, beyond the mu receptor itself, might provide valuable strategies to treat addictive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Contet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR7104, Parc d'Innovation, 1 rue Laurent Fries BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Seivewright N, Iqbal MZ. Prescribing to drug misusers in practice--often effective, but rarely straightforward. Addict Biol 2002; 7:269-77. [PMID: 12126485 DOI: 10.1080/13556210220139479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many reviews describe the effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing illicit drug use and associated behaviours among opiate misusers. The strongest evidence includes social outcomes such as reduced debt and crime, and relates overwhelmingly to maintenance rather than detoxification treatment. Drug clinics are often dominated by individuals unable to withdraw fully from methadone, while the "harm reduction" model accepts some ongoing drug use, with attendant risks. Security measures are necessary to avoid abuse of treatments, but these may be undermined by the agenda of "partnerships with patients" in decision-making. Buprenorphine appears both safer and less addictive than methadone, and lofexidine is effective as a non-substitute detoxification method. Naltrexone can clearly reduce relapse rates, provided consumption is assured, while for individuals unable to detoxify or avoid euphoriant opiates, morphine and diamorphine are sometimes used. In non-opiate misuse, clinical studies of a wide range of medications have produced relatively few positive findings.
Collapse
|
38
|
Perkins KA, Broge M, Gerlach D, Sanders M, Grobe JE, Cherry C, Wilson AS. Acute nicotine reinforcement, but not chronic tolerance, predicts withdrawal and relapse after quitting smoking. Health Psychol 2002; 21:332-9. [PMID: 12090675 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.21.4.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little research has examined the association of tobacco dependence with nicotine tolerance or reinforcement in a clinical sample. Smokers preparing to quit smoking participated in laboratory sessions to assess nicotine tolerance on subjective, cardiovascular, and performance measures and to assess nicotine reinforcement using a choice procedure. Participants were then provided with individual counseling (but no medication), made a quit attempt, and were followed for 1 year to determine clinical outcome, as determined by postquit withdrawal and days to relapse. Nicotine tolerance was unrelated to either withdrawal or relapse. However, acute nicotine reinforcement was significantly related to both greater withdrawal and faster relapse. Results challenge the common assumption that nicotine tolerance is closely related to dependence but suggest that nicotine reinforcement may have theoretical and clinical significance for dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|