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Sulimai N, Brown J, Lominadze D. Vascular Effects on Cerebrovascular Permeability and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040648. [PMID: 37189395 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells in the brain are protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB). The local regulation of blood flow is determined by neurons and signal conducting cells called astrocytes. Although alterations in neurons and glial cells affect the function of neurons, the majority of effects are coming from other cells and organs of the body. Although it seems obvious that effects beginning in brain vasculature would play an important role in the development of various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies, significant interest has only been directed to the possible mechanisms involved in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) for the last decade. Presently, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke applies considerable attention toward research related to VCID and vascular impairments during Alzheimer's disease. Thus, any changes in cerebral vessels, such as in blood flow, thrombogenesis, permeability, or others, which affect the proper vasculo-neuronal connection and interaction and result in neuronal degeneration that leads to memory decline should be considered as a subject of investigation under the VCID category. Out of several vascular effects that can trigger neurodegeneration, changes in cerebrovascular permeability seem to result in the most devastating effects. The present review emphasizes the importance of changes in the BBB and possible mechanisms primarily involving fibrinogen in the development and/or progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases resulting in memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Sulimai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jason Brown
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Mead S, Khalili-Shirazi A, Potter C, Mok T, Nihat A, Hyare H, Canning S, Schmidt C, Campbell T, Darwent L, Muirhead N, Ebsworth N, Hextall P, Wakeling M, Linehan J, Libri V, Williams B, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Rudge P, Collinge J. Prion protein monoclonal antibody (PRN100) therapy for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: evaluation of a first-in-human treatment programme. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:342-354. [PMID: 35305340 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), are rapidly progressive, invariably fatal neurodegenerative conditions with no effective therapies. Their pathogenesis involves the obligate recruitment of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into self-propagating multimeric assemblies or prions. Preclinical studies have firmly validated the targeting of PrPC as a therapeutic strategy. We aimed to evaluate a first-in-human treatment programme using an anti-PrPC monoclonal antibody under a Specials Licence. METHODS We generated a fully humanised anti-PrPC monoclonal antibody (an IgG4κ isotype; PRN100) for human use. We offered treatment with PRN100 to six patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable CJD who were not in the terminal disease stages at the point of first assessment and who were able to readily travel to the University College London Hospital (UCLH) Clinical Research Facility, London, UK, for treatment. After titration (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg at 48-h intervals), patients were treated with 80-120 mg/kg of intravenous PRN100 every 2 weeks until death or withdrawal from the programme, or until the supply of PRN100 was exhausted, and closely monitored for evidence of adverse effects. Disease progression was assessed by use of the Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Disease Rating Scale, Motor Scale, and Cognitive Scale, and compared with that of untreated natural history controls (matched for disease severity, subtype, and PRNP codon 129 genotype) recruited between Oct 1, 2008, and July 31, 2018, from the National Prion Monitoring Cohort study. Autopsies were done in two patients and findings were compared with those from untreated natural history controls. FINDINGS We treated six patients (two men; four women) with CJD for 7-260 days at UCLH between Oct 9, 2018, and July 31, 2019. Repeated intravenous dosing of PRN100 was well tolerated and reached the target CSF drug concentration (50 nM) in four patients after 22-70 days; no clinically significant adverse reactions were seen. All patients showed progressive neurological decline on serial assessments with the MRC Scales. Neuropathological examination was done in two patients (patients 2 and 3) and showed no evidence of cytotoxicity. Patient 2, who was treated for 140 days, had the longest clinical duration we have yet documented for iatrogenic CJD and showed patterns of disease-associated PrP that differed from untreated patients with CJD, consistent with drug effects. Patient 3, who had sporadic CJD and only received one therapeutic dose of 80 mg/kg, had weak PrP synaptic labelling in the periventricular regions, which was not a feature of untreated patients with sporadic CJD. Brain tissue-bound drug concentrations across multiple regions in patient 2 ranged from 9·9 μg per g of tissue (SD 0·3) in the thalamus to 27·4 μg per g of tissue (1·5) in the basal ganglia (equivalent to 66-182 nM). INTERPRETATION Our academic-led programme delivered what is, to our knowledge, the first rationally designed experimental treatment for human prion disease to a small number of patients with CJD. The treatment appeared to be safe and reached encouraging CSF and brain tissue concentrations. These findings justify the need for formal efficacy trials in patients with CJD at the earliest possible clinical stages and as prophylaxis in those at risk of prion disease due to PRNP mutations or prion exposure. FUNDING The Cure CJD Campaign, the National Institute for Health Research UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, the Jon Moulton Charitable Trust, and the UK MRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Azadeh Khalili-Shirazi
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Caroline Potter
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tzehow Mok
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Harpreet Hyare
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Canning
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Schmidt
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tracy Campbell
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lee Darwent
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Muirhead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolette Ebsworth
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Hextall
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Madeleine Wakeling
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Linehan
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Libri
- NIHR, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Clinical Research Facility, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Bryan Williams
- NIHR, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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Intrinsic disorder and phase transitions: Pieces in the puzzling role of the prion protein in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 183:1-43. [PMID: 34656326 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After four decades of prion protein research, the pressing questions in the literature remain similar to the common existential dilemmas. Who am I? Some structural characteristics of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and scrapie PrP (PrPSc) remain unknown: there are no high-resolution atomic structures for either full-length endogenous human PrPC or isolated infectious PrPSc particles. Why am I here? It is not known why PrPC and PrPSc are found in specific cellular compartments such as the nucleus; while the physiological functions of PrPC are still being uncovered, the misfolding site remains obscure. Where am I going? The subcellular distribution of PrPC and PrPSc is wide (reported in 10 different locations in the cell). This complexity is further exacerbated by the eight different PrP fragments yielded from conserved proteolytic cleavages and by reversible post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Moreover, about 55 pathological mutations and 16 polymorphisms on the PrP gene (PRNP) have been described. Prion diseases also share unique, challenging features: strain phenomenon (associated with the heterogeneity of PrPSc conformations) and the possible transmissibility between species, factors which contribute to PrP undruggability. However, two recent concepts in biochemistry-intrinsically disordered proteins and phase transitions-may shed light on the molecular basis of PrP's role in physiology and disease.
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Muradashvili N, Charkviani M, Sulimai N, Tyagi N, Crosby J, Lominadze D. Effects of fibrinogen synthesis inhibition on vascular cognitive impairment during traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147208. [PMID: 33248061 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with increased blood content of fibrinogen (Fg), called hyperfibrinogenemia (HFg), which results in enhanced cerebrovascular permeability and leads to short-term memory (STM) reduction. Previously, we showed that extravasated Fg was deposited in the vasculo-astrocyte interface and was co-localized with cellular prion protein (PrPC) during mild-to-moderate TBI in mice. These effects were accompanied by neurodegeneration and STM reduction. However, there was no evidence presented that the described effects were the direct result of the HFg during TBI. We now present data indicating that inhibition of Fg synthesis can ameliorate TBI-induced cerebrovascular permeability and STM reduction. Cortical contusion injury (CCI) was induced in C57BL/6J mice. Then mice were treated with either Fg antisense oligonucleotide (Fg-ASO) or with control-ASO for two weeks. Cerebrovascular permeability to fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin was assessed in cortical venules following evaluation of STM with memory assessement tests. Separately, brain samples were collected in order to define the expression of PrPC via Western blotting while deposition and co-localization of Fg and PrPC, as well as gene expression of inflammatory marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), were characterized with real-time PCR. Results showed that inhibition of Fg synthesis with Fg-ASO reduced overexpression of AFT3, ameliorated enhanced cerebrovascular permeability, decreased expression of PrPC and Fg deposition, decreased formation of Fg-PrPC complexes in brain, and improved STM. These data provide direct evidence that a CCI-induced inflammation-mediated HFg could be a triggering mechanism involved in vascular cognitive impairment seen previously in our studies during mild-to-moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Basic Medicine, Caucasus International University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariam Charkviani
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nurul Sulimai
- Department of Surgery, USF Health-Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeff Crosby
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Surgery, USF Health-Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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5
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Admane N, Srivastava A, Jamal S, Kundu B, Grover A. Protective Effects of a Neurohypophyseal Hormone Analogue on Prion Aggregation, Cellular Internalization, and Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2422-2430. [PMID: 31407881 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report novel neuroprotective activity of the neurohypophyseal hormone analogue desmopressin (DDAVP) against toxic conformations of human prion protein. Systematic analysis using biophysical techniques in conjunction with surface plasmon resonance, high-end microscopy, conformational antibodies, and cell-based assays demonstrated DDAVP's specific binding and potent antiaggregating effects on prion protein (rPrPres). In addition to subjugating conformational conversion of rPrPres into oligomeric forms, DDAVP also exhibits potent fibril modulatory effects. It eventually ameliorated neuronal toxicity of rPrPres oligomers by significantly reducing their cellular internalization. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that DDAVP prevents β-sheet transitions in the N-terminal amyloidogenic region of prion and induces antagonistic mobilities in its α2-α3 and β2-α2 loop regions. Collectively, our data proposes DDAVP as a new structural motif for rational drug discovery against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Admane
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India − 110067
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India − 110016
| | - Salma Jamal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India − 110067
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India − 110016
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India − 110067
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Charkviani M, Muradashvili N, Sulimai N, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen-cellular prion protein complex formation on astrocytes. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:536-543. [PMID: 32697670 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00224.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common neurological disorders causing memory reduction, particularly short-term memory (STM). We showed that, during TBI-induced inflammation, increased blood content of fibrinogen (Fg) enhanced vascular protein transcytosis and deposition of extravasated Fg in vasculo-astrocyte interfaces. In addition, we found that deposition of cellular prion protein (PrPC) was also increased in the vasculo-astrocyte endfeet interface. However, association of Fg and PrPC was not confirmed. Presently, we aimed to define whether Fg can associate with PrPC on astrocytes and cause their activation. Cultured mouse brain astrocytes were treated with medium alone (control), Fg (2 mg/mL or 4 mg/mL), 4 mg/mL of Fg in the presence of a function-blocking anti-PrPC peptide or anti-mouse IgG, function-blocking anti-PrPC peptide, or anti-mouse IgG alone. After treatment, either cell lysates were collected and analyzed via Western blot or coimmunoprecipitation was performed, or astrocytes were fixed and their activation was assessed with immunohistochemistry. Results showed that Fg dose-dependently activated astrocytes, increased expressions of PrPC and tyrosine (tropomyosin) receptor kinase B (TrkB), and PrP gene. Blocking the function of PrPC reduced these effects. Coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated Fg and PrPC association. Since it is known that prion protein has a greater effect on memory reduction than amyloid beta, and that activation of TrkB is involved in neurodegeneration, our findings confirming the possible formation of Fg-PrPC and Fg-induced overexpression of TrkB on astrocytes suggest a possible triggering mechanism for STM reduction that was seen previously during mild-to-moderate TBI.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time we showed that fibrinogen (Fg) can associate with cellular prion protein (PrPC) on the surface of cultured mouse brain astrocytes. At high levels, Fg causes upregulation of astrocyte PrPC and astrocyte activation accompanied with overexpression of tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), which results in nitric oxide (NO) production and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fg/PrPC interaction can be a triggering mechanism for TrkB-NO-ROS axis activation and the resultant astrocyte-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Charkviani
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Basic Medicine, Caucasus International University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nurul Sulimai
- Department of Surgery, USF Health-Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Surgery, USF Health-Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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7
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Charkviani M, Muradashvili N, Lominadze D. Vascular and non-vascular contributors to memory reduction during traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2860-2876. [PMID: 30793398 PMCID: PMC6703968 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasing health problem. It is a complex, progressive disease that consists of many factors affecting memory. Studies have shown that increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability initiates pathological changes in neuro-vascular network but the role of cerebrovascular dysfunction and its mediated mechanisms associated with memory reduction during TBI are still not well understood. Changes in BBB, inflammation, extravasation of blood plasma components, activation of neuroglia lead to neurodegeneration. Extravasated proteins such as amyloid-beta, fibrinogen, and cellular prion protein may form degradation resistant complexes that can lead to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. They also have the ability to activate astrocytes, and thus, can be involved in memory impairment. Understanding the triggering mechanisms and the places they originate in vasculature or in extravascular tissue may help to identify potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate memory reduction during TBI. The goal of this review is to discuss conceptual mechanisms that lead to short-term memory reduction during non-severe TBI considering distinction between vascular and non-vascular effects on neurons. Some aspects of these mechanisms need to be confirmed further. Therefore, we hope that the discussion presented bellow may lead to experiments that may clarify the triggering mechanisms of memory reduction after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Charkviani
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Basic Medicine, Caucasus International University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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8
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Llorens F, Villar-Piqué A, Schmitz M, Diaz-Lucena D, Wohlhage M, Hermann P, Goebel S, Schmidt I, Glatzel M, Hauw JJ, Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Riggert J, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Plasma total prion protein as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative dementia: diagnostic accuracy in the spectrum of prion diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 46:240-254. [PMID: 31216593 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the search for blood-based biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we characterized the concentration of total prion protein (t-PrP) in the plasma of neurodegenerative dementias. We aimed to assess its accuracy in this differential diagnostic context. METHODS Plasma t-PrP was measured in 520 individuals including healthy controls (HC) and patients diagnosed with neurological disease control (ND), Alzheimer's disease (AD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Additionally, t-PrP was quantified in genetic prion diseases and iatrogenic CJD. The accuracy of t-PrP discriminating the diagnostic groups was evaluated and correlated with demographic, genetic and clinical data in prion diseases. Markers of blood-brain barrier impairment were investigated in sCJD brains. RESULTS Compared to HC and ND, elevated plasma t-PrP concentrations were detected in sCJD, followed by FTD, AD, VaD and LBD. In sCJD, t-PrP was associated neither with age nor sex, but with codon 129 PRNP genotype. Plasma t-PrP concentrations correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neuro-axonal damage, but not with CSF t-PrP. In genetic prion diseases, plasma t-PrP was elevated in all type of mutations investigated. In sCJD brain tissue, extravasation of immunoglobulin G and the presence of swollen astrocytic end-feet around the vessels suggested leakage of blood-brain barrier as a potential source of increased plasma t-PrP. CONCLUSIONS Plasma t-PrP is elevated in prion diseases regardless of aetiology. This pilot study opens the possibility to consider plasma t-PrP as a promising blood-based biomarker in the diagnostic of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Villar-Piqué
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Wohlhage
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Goebel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - I Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J-J Hauw
- Centre national de référence des ATNC, Paris, France
| | - B Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - P P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - I Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Physiological role of Prion Protein in Copper homeostasis and angiogenic mechanisms of endothelial cells. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Prion Protein (PrP) is mostly known for its role in prion diseases, where its misfolding and aggregation can cause fatal neurodegenerative conditions such as the bovine spongiform encephalopathy and human Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Physiologically, PrP is involved in several processes including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms behind its role remain unclear. PrP, due to its well-described structure, is known to be able to regulate copper homeostasis; however, copper dyshomeostasis can lead to developmental defects. We investigated PrP-dependent regulation of copper homeostasis in human endothelial cells (HUVEC) using an RNA-interference protocol. PrP knockdown did not influence cell viability in silenced HUVEC (PrPKD) compared to control cells, but significantly increased PrPKD HUVEC cells sensitivity to cytotoxic copper concentrations. A reduction of PrPKD cells reductase activity and copper ions transport capacity was observed. Furthermore, PrPKD-derived spheroids exhibited altered morphogenesis and their derived cells showed a decreased vitality 24 and 48 hours after seeding. PrPKD spheroid-derived cells also showed disrupted tubulogenesis in terms of decreased coverage area, tubule length and total nodes number on matrigel, preserving unaltered VEGF receptors expression levels. Our results highlight PrP physiological role in cellular copper homeostasis and in the angiogenesis of endothelial cells.
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10
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Role of hypoxia‑mediated cellular prion protein functional change in stem cells and potential application in angiogenesis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5747-5751. [PMID: 28901450 PMCID: PMC5865755 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) can replace other pivotal molecules due to its interaction with several partners in performing a variety of important biological functions that may differ between embryonic and mature stem cells. Recent studies have revealed major advances in elucidating the putative role of PrPC in the regulation of stem cells and its application in stem cell therapy. What is special about PrPC is that its expression may be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, which is the transcriptional factor of cellular response to hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions have been known to drive cellular responses that can enhance cell survival, differentiation and angiogenesis through adaptive processes. Our group recently reported hypoxia-enhanced vascular repair of endothelial colony-forming cells on ischemic injury. Hypoxia-induced AKT/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation eventually increases neovasculogenesis. In stem cell biology, hypoxia promotes the expression of growth factors. According to other studies, aspects of tissue regeneration and cell function are influenced by hypoxia, which serves an essential role in stem cell HIF-1α signaling. All these data suggest the possibility that hypoxia-mediated PrPC serves an important role in angiogenesis. Therefore, the present review summarizes the characteristics of PrPC, which is produced by HIF-1α in hypoxia, as it relates to angiogenesis.
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11
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Urso E, Maffia M. Behind the Link between Copper and Angiogenesis: Established Mechanisms and an Overview on the Role of Vascular Copper Transport Systems. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:172-96. [PMID: 26484858 DOI: 10.1159/000438485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis critically sustains the progression of both physiological and pathological processes. Copper behaves as an obligatory co-factor throughout the angiogenic signalling cascades, so much so that a deficiency causes neovascularization to abate. Moreover, the progress of several angiogenic pathologies (e.g. diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and ischaemia) can be tracked by measuring serum copper levels, which are being increasingly investigated as a useful prognostic marker. Accordingly, the therapeutic modulation of body copper has been proven effective in rescuing the pathological angiogenic dysfunctions underlying several disease states. Vascular copper transport systems profoundly influence the activation and execution of angiogenesis, acting as multi-functional regulators of apparently discrete pro-angiogenic pathways. This review concerns the complex relationship among copper-dependent angiogenic factors, copper transporters and common pathological conditions, with an unusual accent on the multi-faceted involvement of the proteins handling vascular copper. Functions regulated by the major copper transport proteins (CTR1 importer, ATP7A efflux pump and metallo-chaperones) include the modulation of endothelial migration and vascular superoxide, known to activate angiogenesis within a narrow concentration range. The potential contribution of prion protein, a controversial regulator of copper homeostasis, is discussed, even though its angiogenic involvement seems to be mainly associated with the modulation of endothelial motility and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Schmitz M, Hermann P, Oikonomou P, Stoeck K, Ebert E, Poliakova T, Schmidt C, Llorens F, Zafar S, Zerr I. Cytokine profiles and the role of cellular prion protein in patients with vascular dementia and vascular encephalopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2597-606. [PMID: 26170132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding inflammatory mechanisms in vascular dementia (VD) is pivotal for achieving better insights into changes in brain metabolism. We performed cytokine profiling and measured levels of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with VD and with vascular encephalopathy (VE). Significant changes were observed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta in serum and for IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in CSF of VD and VE patients, suggesting that most of immune markers depend on vascular lesions, while only IL-6 was related to dementia. In VD patients, the severity of dementia as defined by the Mini-Mental Status Test or Cambridge Cognitive Examination battery test was significantly correlated with the levels of IL-8 (CSF) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (serum and CSF). Additionally, in CSF of VD patients, our data revealed a correlation between immune and neurodegenerative marker proteins. Both indicate an association of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Levels of PrP(C) were regulated differentially in VD and VE patients compared with Alzheimer's disease patients and controls. Moreover, we observed a significant negative correlation between cytokine levels and PrP(C) in VD patients in CSF and serum, as well as a correlation between PrP(C) expression with levels of neurodegenerative marker proteins in CSF (in VD and VE patients). Our data suggest that immunological modifiers play a role in VD and VE patients and provide evidence for an association of PrP(C) with immune and neurodegenerative markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pantelis Oikonomou
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Stoeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ebert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Pham N, Akonasu H, Shishkin R, Taghibiglou C. Plasma soluble prion protein, a potential biomarker for sport-related concussions: a pilot study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117286. [PMID: 25643046 PMCID: PMC4314282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is a significant health concern to athletes with potential long-term consequences. The diagnosis of sport concussion and return to sport decision making is one of the greatest challenges facing health care clinicians working in sports. Blood biomarkers have recently demonstrated their potential in assisting the detection of brain injury particularly, in those cases with no obvious physical injury. We have recently discovered plasma soluble cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) as a potential reliable biomarker for blast induced TBI (bTBI) in a rodent animal model. In order to explore the application of this novel TBI biomarker to sport-related concussion, we conducted a pilot study at the University of Saskatchewan (U of S) by recruiting athlete and non-athlete 18 to 30 year-old students. Using a modified quantitative ELISA method, we first established normal values for the plasma soluble PrP(C) in male and female students. The measured plasma soluble PrP(C) in confirmed concussion cases demonstrated a significant elevation of this analyte in post-concussion samples. Data collected from our pilot study indicates that the plasma soluble PrP(C) is a potential biomarker for sport-related concussion, which may be further developed into a clinical diagnostic tool to assist clinicians in the assessment of sport concussion and return-to-play decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hungbo Akonasu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Rhonda Shishkin
- College of Kinesiology and Huskies Athletics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Pham N, Sawyer TW, Wang Y, Jazii FR, Vair C, Taghibiglou C. Primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats leads to increased prion protein in plasma: a potential biomarker for blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:58-65. [PMID: 25058115 PMCID: PMC4273182 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is deemed the "signature injury" of recent military conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, largely because of increased blast exposure. Injuries to the brain can often be misdiagnosed, leading to further complications in the future. Therefore, the use of protein biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of TBI is urgently needed. In the present study, we have investigated the plasma levels of soluble cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of primary blast-induced TBI (bTBI). We hypothesize that the primary blast wave can disrupt the brain and dislodge extracellular localized PrPC, leading to a rise in concentration within the systemic circulation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to single pulse shockwave overpressures of varying intensities (15-30 psi or 103.4-206.8 kPa] using an advanced blast simulator. Blood plasma was collected 24 h after insult, and PrPC concentration was determined with a modified commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for PrPC. We provide the first report that mean PrPC concentration in primary blast exposed rats (3.97 ng/mL ± 0.13 SE) is significantly increased compared with controls (2.46 ng/mL ± 0.14 SE; two tailed test p < 0.0001). Furthermore, we report a mild positive rank correlation between PrPC concentration and increasing blast intensity (psi) reflecting a plateaued response at higher pressure magnitudes, which may have implications for all military service members exposed to blast events. In conclusion, it appears that plasma levels of PrPC may be a novel biomarker for the detection of primary bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yushan Wang
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ferdous Rastgar Jazii
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cory Vair
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield Research Center, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
| | - Changiz Taghibiglou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Hattori Y, Okamoto Y, Maki T, Yamamoto Y, Oishi N, Yamahara K, Nagatsuka K, Takahashi R, Kalaria RN, Fukuyama H, Kinoshita M, Ihara M. Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 counters cerebral hypoperfusion injury by deacetylating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Stroke 2014; 45:3403-11. [PMID: 25213338 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) is a protein deacetylase that has been reported to suppress neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases in model organisms. We hypothesized that neurovascular protection is one of the diverse actions of SIRT1. This study was designed to determine whether SIRT1 protects against the consequences of cerebral hypoperfusion in vivo. METHODS Sirt1-overexpressing (Sirt1-Tg) mice driven by a prion promoter and their wild-type littermates were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis using external microcoils. Using Sirt1-Tg mice, we assessed the effect of SIRT1 on cerebral blood flow, cerebral angioarchitecture, histological and ultrastructural changes, and spatial working memory at several time points. We also evaluated the effects of preadministration of SIRT1 inhibitors or endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on cerebral blood flow after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis in Sirt1-Tg mice. Levels of acetylated and nonacetylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase were measured semiquantitatively with immunoblotting. RESULTS Cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis caused memory impairment and histological changes in wild-type littermates. However, these phenotypes were rescued in Sirt1-Tg mice, where cerebral blood flow was maintained even poststenosis. Electron microscopic analyses showed irregularities in the vascular endothelia, such as tight junction openings in wild-type mice, which were absent in Sirt1-Tg littermates. Brain endothelial nitric oxide synthase was acetylated after cerebral hypoperfusion in wild-type littermates but remained unacetylated in Sirt1-Tg mice. Moreover, treatment with SIRT1 inhibitors and endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitors abolished the vasculoprotective effects of SIRT1. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that neurovascular endothelial SIRT1 potentiation upregulates the nitric oxide system and counters cerebral hypoperfusion injury. This novel cerebral blood flow-preserving mechanism offers potential molecular targets for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorito Hattori
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Yoko Okamoto
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Takakuni Maki
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Naoya Oishi
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Kenichi Yamahara
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Kazuyuki Nagatsuka
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- From the Department of Neurology (Y.H., R.T.) and Human Brain Research Center (N.O., H.F.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Departments of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (Y.H., Y.Y., K.Y., M.I.), Pathology (Y.O.), and Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases (K.N., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.M.); CREST, Japan Science Technology Corporation, Saitama, Japan (R.T., M.K.); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom (R.N.K.); and Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan (M.K.).
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Al-Malki A, Newton S, Francis SE, El-Ghariani K. Circulating endothelial cells in whole blood donations and the effect of leucodepletion. Transfus Apher Sci 2009; 42:97-9. [PMID: 19932983 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Segarra C, Lehmann S, Coste J. Prion protein expression and processing in human mononuclear cells: the impact of the codon 129 prion gene polymorphism. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5796. [PMID: 19495414 PMCID: PMC2686158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background So far, all clinical cases of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), thought to result from the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) prion agent, have shown Methionine–Methionine (M/M) homozygosity at the M129V polymorphism of the PRNP gene. Although established, this relationship is still not understood. In both vCJD and experimental BSE models prion agents do reach the bloodstream, raising concerns regarding disease transmission through blood transfusion. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the impact of the M129V polymorphism on the expression and processing of the prion protein in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three blood donor populations with Methionine-Methionine (M/M), Valine-Valine (V/V) and M/V genotypes. Using real-time PCR, ELISA and immunoblot assays we were unable to find differences in prion protein expression and processing relating to the M129V polymorphism. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that in PBMCs, the M129V PrP polymorphism has no significant impact on PrP expression, processing and the apparent glycoform distribution. Prion propagation should be investigated further in other cell types or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Segarra
- Etablissement Français du Sang de Pyrénées Méditerranée, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR1142 CNRS, /CHU Montpellier/UM1 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joliette Coste
- Etablissement Français du Sang de Pyrénées Méditerranée, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Krupinski J, Turu MM, Luque A, Badimon L, Slevin M. Increased PrPC expression correlates with endoglin (CD105) positive microvessels in advanced carotid lesions. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:537-45. [PMID: 18810471 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has multiple functions but its role in the development of atherosclerosis has not been studied. Our pilot microarray data showed increased expression of PrP(C) in tissue samples of complicated carotid lesions. Therefore in this study, we aimed to investigate its localisation within atherosclerotic arteries and its concentration in patient plasma. PrP(C) expression was examined using an enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) in plasma from patients undergoing endarterectomy. Carotid specimens and control vascular transplants were studied for PrP(C) and CD105 (endoglin, a marker of active vessels) expression by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Patients with carotid disease had higher levels of plasma PrP(C) than the control group [4.35 ng/ml (n = 22; 3.1-5.3) vs. 1.95 ng/ml (n = 21; 1.1-2.5), P < 0.001]. Furthermore, CD105-positive plaques had higher PrP(C) expression which colocalized with CD105 in neovessels. There was a significant correlation between mRNA expression of PrP(C) and CD105 in tested plaques (P < 0.001; r = 0.7) supporting our immunohistochemical findings. We conclude that PrP(C) is expressed in carotid specimens and may be associated with neovessel growth or survival in these plaques. Our results suggest a role for PrP(C) in modulating neovessel formation in complicated plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Krupinski
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge (HUB), Fundacio IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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Gayrard V, Picard-Hagen N, Viguié C, Jeunesse E, Tabouret G, Rezaei H, Toutain PL. Blood clearance of the prion protein introduced by intravenous route in sheep is influenced by host genetic and physiopathologic factors. Transfusion 2008; 48:609-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li C, Wong P, Pan T, Xiao F, Yin S, Chang B, Kang SC, Ironside J, Sy MS. Normal cellular prion protein is a ligand of selectins: binding requires Le(X) but is inhibited by sLe(X). Biochem J 2007; 406:333-41. [PMID: 17497959 PMCID: PMC1948967 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The normal PrP(C) (cellular prion protein) contains sLe(X) [sialyl-Le(X) (Lewis X)] and Le(X). sLe(X) is a ligand of selectins. To examine whether PrP(C) is a ligand of selectins, we generated three human PrP(C)-Ig fusion proteins: one with Le(X), one with sLe(X), and the other with neither Le(X) nor sLe(X). Only Le(X)-PrP(C)-Ig binds E-, L- and P-selectins. Binding is Ca(2+)-dependent and occurs with nanomolar affinity. Removal of sialic acid on sLe(X)-PrP(C)-Ig enables the fusion protein to bind all selectins. These findings were confirmed with brain-derived PrP(C). The selectins precipitated PrP(C) in human brain in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Treatment of brain homogenates with neuraminidase increased the amounts of PrP(C) precipitated. Therefore the presence of sialic acid prevents the binding of PrP(C) in human brain to selectins. Hence, human brain PrP(C) interacts with selectins in a manner that is distinct from interactions in peripheral tissues. Alternations in these interactions may have pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Poki Wong
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Tao Pan
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Fan Xiao
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shaoman Yin
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Binggong Chang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - Shin-Chung Kang
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
| | - James Ironside
- †Division of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- *Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44107-1712, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Room 5131, Wolstein Research Bldg, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, U.S.A. (email )
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Viegas P, Chaverot N, Enslen H, Perrière N, Couraud PO, Cazaubon S. Junctional expression of the prion protein PrPC by brain endothelial cells: a role in trans-endothelial migration of human monocytes. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4634-43. [PMID: 17062642 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of prion protein (PrPC) to its protease-resistant isoform is involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Although PrPC is highly expressed in neurons and other cell types, its physiological function still remains elusive. Here, we describe how we evaluated its expression, subcellular localization and putative function in brain endothelial cells, which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We detected its expression in microvascular endothelium in mouse brain sections and at intercellular junctions of freshly isolated brain microvessels and cultured brain endothelial cells of mouse, rat and human origin. PrPC co-localized with the adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1); moreover, both PrPC and PECAM-1 were present in raft membrane microdomains. Using mixed cultures of wild-type and PrPC-deficient mouse brain endothelial cells, we observed that PrPC accumulation at cell-cell contacts was probably dependent on homophilic interactions between adjacent cells. Moreover, we report that anti-PrPC antibodies unexpectedly inhibited transmigration of U937 human monocytic cells as well as freshly isolated monocytes through human brain endothelial cells. Significant inhibition was observed with various anti-PrPC antibodies or blocking anti-PECAM-1 antibodies as control. Our results strongly support the conclusion that PrPC is expressed by brain endothelium as a junctional protein that is involved in the trans-endothelial migration of monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Viegas
- Institut Cochin, Département Biologie Cellulaire, Paris, France
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Starke R, Mackie I, Drummond O, MacGregor I, Harrison P, Machin S. Prion protein in patients with renal failure. Transfus Med 2006; 16:165-8. [PMID: 16764594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously found elevated levels of prion protein (PrP(C)) in the blood plasma of 16 patients with renal failure. We studied a further 20 patients with renal failure, and all had a significantly higher PrP(C) concentration than healthy normal subjects (P < 0.0001). Renal dialysis did not remove plasma PrP(C) in these patients. Because dialysis patients receive heparin during dialysis, which could potentially bind to PrP(C), the concentration of PrP(C) was measured in patients receiving heparin for cardiopulmonary bypass and was found to be similar to normal controls. We also studied several other groups with chronic illnesses and found that patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and sickle cell anaemia had normal plasma PrP(C) levels, but that those with beta-thalassaemia had slightly elevated levels of plasma PrP(C). This suggests that the observations in renal failure were not just part of a generalized response to chronic illness or acute phase reaction. The mechanism of elevated plasma PrP(C) levels in renal disease is unknown, but this shows that plasma PrP(C) is not a specific marker of neurological disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Starke
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK.
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Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Chiang MF, Ding DC, Li KW, Chen SF, Yang HI, Li H. Overexpression of PrPC by adenovirus-mediated gene targeting reduces ischemic injury in a stroke rat model. J Neurosci 2006; 25:8967-77. [PMID: 16192387 PMCID: PMC6725592 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1115-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are induced by pathologically misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), which recruit normal sialoglycoprotein PrPC by a template-directed process. In this study, we investigated the expression of PrPC in a rat model of cerebral ischemia to more fully understand its physiological role. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that PrPC-immunoreactive cells increased significantly in the penumbra of ischemic rat brain compared with the untreated brain. Western blot analysis showed that PrPC protein expression increased in ischemic brain tissue in a time-dependent manner. In addition, PrPC protein expression was seen to colocalize with neuron, glial, and vascular endothelial cells in the penumbric region of the ischemic brain. Overexpression of PrPC by injection of rAd (replication-defective recombinant adenoviral)-PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase)-PrPC-Flag into ischemic rat brain improved neurological behavior and reduced the volume of cerebral infarction, which is supportive of a role for PrPC in the neuroprotective adaptive cellular response to ischemic lesions. Concomitant upregulation of PrPC and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) under hypoxia-reoxygenation in primary cortical cultures was shown to be dependent on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. During hypoxia-reoxygenation, mouse neuroblastoma cell line N18 cells transfected with luciferase rat PrPC promoter reporter constructs, containing the heat shock element (HSE), expressed higher luciferase activities (3- to 10-fold) than those cells transfected with constructs not containing HSE. We propose that HSTF-1 (hypoxia-activated transcription factor), phosphorylated by ERK1/2, may in turn interact with HSE in the promoter of PrPC resulting in gene expression of the prion gene. In summary, we conclude that upregulation of PrPC expression after cerebral ischemia and hypoxia exerts a neuroprotective effect on injured neural tissue. This study suggests that PrPC has physiological relevance to cerebral ischemic injury and could be useful as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Tzu-Chi Buddhist General Hospital, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
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Abstract
Copper stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and is required for the secretion of several angiogenic factors by tumour cells. Copper chelation decreases the secretion of many of these factors. Serum copper levels are upregulated in many human tumours and correlate with tumour burden and prognosis. Copper chelators reduce tumour growth and microvascular density in animal models. New orally active copper chelators have enabled clinical trials to be undertaken, and there are several studies ongoing. A unifying mechanism of action by which copper chelation inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and tumour secretion of angiogenic factors remains to be elucidated, but possible targets include copper-dependent enzymes, chaperones, and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Lowndes
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Unit, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Rezaie P, Pontikis CC, Hudson L, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL. Expression of cellular prion protein in the frontal and occipital lobe in Alzheimer's disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, and in normal brain: an immunohistochemical study. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:929-40. [PMID: 16055747 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6551.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a glycoprotein expressed at low to moderate levels within the nervous system. Recent studies suggest that PrP(c) may possess neuroprotective functions and that its expression is upregulated in certain neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated whether PrP(c) expression is altered in the frontal and occipital cortex in two well-characterized neurodegenerative disorders--Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD)--compared with that in normal human brain using immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. The distribution of PrP(c) was further tested for correlation with glial reactivity. We found that PrP(c) was localized mainly in the gray matter (predominantly in neurons) and expressed at higher levels within the occipital cortex in the normal human brain. Image analysis revealed no significant variability in PrP(c) expression between DLBD and control cases. However, blood vessels within the white matter of DLBD cases showed immunoreactivity to PrP(c). By contrast, this protein was differentially expressed in the frontal and occipital cortex of AD cases; it was markedly overexpressed in the former and significantly reduced in the latter. Epitope specificity of antibodies appeared important when detecting PrP(c). The distribution of PrP(c) did not correlate with glial immunoreactivity. In conclusion, this study supports the proposal that regional changes in expression of PrP(c) may occur in certain neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, but not in other disorders such as DLBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Rezaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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Starke R, Harrison P, Mackie I, Wang G, Erusalimsky JD, Gale R, Massé JM, Cramer E, Pizzey A, Biggerstaff J, Machin S. The expression of prion protein (PrP(C)) in the megakaryocyte lineage. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:1266-73. [PMID: 15946217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a naturally occurring protein in normal individuals which adopts an abnormal conformation, termed scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)) that is associated with disease. There is great concern that clinically asymptomatic variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) may transmit PrP(Sc) in blood transfusion products. PrP(C) is widely expressed and has been found in human blood. The majority of cellular borne PrP(C) is associated with platelets (84%). Although PrP(C) mRNA has been demonstrated in platelets, the quantity is unknown and may not reflect the total PrP(C) present. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of PrP(C) in the megakaryocyte lineage. METHODS The expression of PrP(C) was studied in CD34+ cells, cultured megakaryocytes and platelets using electron microscopy, flow cytometry, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The expression of PrP(C) appeared to increase with differentiation and polyploidization in the megakaryocyte lineage. PrP(C) was located within platelet alpha-granules and its source is likely to be from megakaryocyte precursors. If PrP(Sc) has a similar distribution, these results have implications for the selection of blood donors and preparation of cell-depleted blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Starke
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R MacGregor
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK.
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Starke R, Harrison P, Gale R, Mackie I, Drummond O, MacGregor I, Machin S. Endothelial cells express normal cellular prion protein. Br J Haematol 2003; 123:372-3. [PMID: 14531928 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sivakumaran M. The expression of prion protein (PrPc) by endothelial cells: an in vitro culture-induced artefactual phenomenon? Br J Haematol 2003; 121:673-4. [PMID: 12752113 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Starke R, Harrison P, Drummond O, Macgregor I, Mackie I, Machin S. The majority of cellular prion protein released from endothelial cells is soluble. Transfusion 2003; 43:677-8; author reply 678. [PMID: 12702193 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simak J, Holada K, Vostal JG. Reply. Transfusion 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simak J, Holada K, Vostal JG. Expression of cellular prion protein on vascular endothelial cells: more evidence than controversies. Transfusion 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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