Comparison of endoscopic sphincterotomy and laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct

Laparoscopic Transcystic SpyGlass Discover-Assisted Common Bile Duct Exploration and Clearance: An Efficient and Cost-Effective Alternative for Common Bile Duct Stone Management

Aim This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic transcystic SpyGlass Discover (Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA) common bile duct (CBD) exploration combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as a single-stage procedure for patients requiring cholecystectomy and confirmed, suspected, or complex CBD stones. The study also evaluated the cost-effectiveness of this single-stage procedure compared to the two-stage endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by LC. The study adhered to the local clinical governance unit protocol and the Strengthening the Reporting of Cohort Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) guidelines. Materials and methods This is a retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2023 to July 2024. The safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of SpyGlass Discover CBD exploration performed by a single consultant were evaluated. Of the sample population, 38 patients who underwent CBD stone management were included. Twenty-one patients (Group 1) had SpyGlass Discover CBD exploration planned, while 17 patients (Group 2) underwent the conventional preoperative ERCP followed by LC. All adult patients undergoing planned management were included. Data for comparison included age, gender, length of hospital stay, operative time, and success rates. Results Twenty-one patients underwent a single-stage operation using SpyGlass Discover. In nine cases, CBD exploration was performed, but no intervention was needed. In five cases, intervention was required, consisting of two laser lithotripsies and two mechanical lithotripsies with a basket. Seven cases had OTC, which showed a clear duct. The total operative time for Group 1 was 146 minutes on average. For those who did not require intervention, the mean operative time was 117 minutes, while the mean operative time for cases requiring intervention was 175 minutes. In Group 2, the mean operative time for ERCP + LC was 131 minutes. The length of hospital stay for Group 1 averaged 1.25 days, while Group 2 had an average of 1.52 days. Conclusions It was concluded that one-stage LC combined with SpyGlass Discover-assisted transcystic CBD clearance is an effective, safe, and cost-effective procedure when performed by skilled hands.

Laparoendoscopic Rendezvous: An Effective and Safe Approach in the Management of Cholecysto-Choledocholithiasis in Selected Patients

Background: Different techniques have been proposed to manage Cholecysto-choledocholithiasis (CCL) advantageously in one stage. Among these, Laparoendoscopic Rendezvous (LERV) addresses the CCL issue with a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with insertion of a guide wire into the common bile duct through an incision of the cystic duct, followed by the clearance of the bile duct carried out by the endoscopists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of the one-stage vs. a two-stage approach (pre-operative ERCP followed by cholecystectomy), and to compare our results with data from the current literature. Methods: All patients that underwent LERV in our facilities between January 2018 and December 2023 were evaluated. As a control group, we included patients that underwent a two-stage technique called the "sequential approach". The primary outcome was to evaluate the efficacy in obtaining complete clearance of the common bile duct (CBD). The secondary outcomes included morbidity, mortality, operative time, conversion rate, hospital stay and CDB stone recurrence. Results: 120 patients in the LERV group were included; meanwhile, 70 patients underwent pre-operative ERCP plus cholecystectomy. A 97% bile duct clearance success rate in the LERV group and 93% in the ERCP group was observed, respectively. The median intraoperative time for the one-stage technique was 122 min (p < 0.001) and the median hospital stay was 4 days (p < 0.001). In the LERV group, an overall morbidity of 15% was reported (18/120): 15 Clavien-Dindo type 1, one type 3a and two type 3b (p < 0.001). At a median follow-up of 14 months, five patients experienced stone recurrence. In the ERCP group, we had a 93% success rate; meanwhile, we had longer hospitalization (p < 0.001), 27% post-ERCP pancreatitis (p < 0.001) and a cumulative morbidity of 30%. Conclusions: LERV offers the advantages of a being single-stage procedure and shorter hospitalization, with a lower risk of clinically relevant post-ERCP pancreatitis and failed CBD cannulation.

Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging During Laparoscopic Reoperations of the Biliary Tract Enhances Surgical Precision and Efficiency

BACKGROUND

A history of abdominal surgery is considered a contraindication for laparoscopic procedures. However, the advancements in laparoscopic instruments and techniques have facilitated the performance of increasingly intricate operations, even in patients with prior abdominal surgeries. ICG fluorescence imaging technology offers advantages in terms of convenient operation and clearer intraoperative bile duct imaging, as confirmed by numerous international clinical studies on its feasibility and safety. The application of ICG fluorescence imaging technology in repeat laparoscopic biliary surgery, however, lacks sufficient reports.

METHODS

The clinical data of patients who underwent elective reoperation of the biliary tract in our department between January 2020 and June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. ICG was injected peripherally before the operation, and near-infrared light was used for 3-dimensional imaging of the bile duct during the operation.

RESULTS

Altogether, 143 patients were included in this study and divided into the fluorescence and nonfluorescence groups according to the inclusion criteria. Among the 26 patients in the fluorescence group, cholangiography was successfully performed in 24 cases, and the success rate of intraoperative biliary ICG fluorescence imaging was 92.31%. The intraoperative biliary tract identification time was significantly different between the fluorescence and nonfluorescence groups, but no statistical difference was observed in the final operation method, operative time, and intraoperative blood loss between the 2 groups. Although there was no significant difference in the postoperative ventilation rate, incidence of bile leakage, and stone recurrence rate at 6 months postoperatively between the 2 groups ( P >0.05), a significant difference in postoperative hospitalization days was observed ( P =0.032).

CONCLUSION

The application of ICG fluorescence imaging technology in laparoscopic reoperation of the biliary tract is useful for the early identification of the biliary tract during operation, thereby shortening the operative time and reducing the risk of damage to nonoperative areas. This approach also enhances the visualization of the biliary system and avoids secondary injury intraoperatively due to poor identification of the biliary system. This technique is safe for repeat biliary tract surgery and has a good application prospect.

Feasibility and safety of intraoperative bile duct clearance by antegrade transcystic balloon sphincteroplasty: A prospective observational pilot study

BACKGROUND

Concomitant cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis are common. Standard treatments are endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) followed by cholecystectomy or laparoendoscopic rendezvous. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography has drawbacks, such as post-ERC pancreatitis or bleeding, and potentially more than one intervention is required to address common bile duct (CBD) stones. Safety and feasibility of an intraoperative antegrade transcystic single-stage approach during cholecystectomy with balloon sphincteroplasty and pushing of stones to the duodenum has not been evaluated prospectively. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate this procedure regarding safety, feasibility, and stone clearance rate.

METHODS

Prospective single-center intervention study (SUPER Reporting-Guideline). Main inclusion criterion was confirmed choledocholithiasis (stones ≤6 mm) at intraoperative cholangiography. Success of the procedure was defined as CBD stone clearance at intraoperative control cholangiography, absence of symptoms and no elevated cholestasis parameters at 6 weeks follow-up. Simon's two-stage design was used to determine sample size.

RESULTS

From January 2021 to April 2022, a total of 57 patients fulfilled the final inclusion criteria and were included. Mild pancreatitis or cholangitis were present upon admission in 15 (26%) and 15 (26%) patients, respectively. Median number of CBD-stones was 1 (1-6). Median stone diameter was 4 mm (0.1-6 mm). Common bile duct stone clearance was achieved in 54 patients (94%). The main reason for failed CBD clearance was the inability to push the guidewire along the biliary stone into the duodenum. Median intervention time was 28 minutes (14-129 minutes). While there was no postoperative pancreatitis, two patients (3.5%) had asymptomatic hyperlipasemia 4 hours postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

Intraoperative CBD stone clearance by antegrade balloon sphincteroplasty appears to be safe and highly feasible. Its overall superiority to the current standards warrants evaluation by a randomized controlled trial.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic/Care Management, Level V.

Laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration versus transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiography during cholecystectomy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

BACKGROUND

Treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) poses a particular challenge given the altered anatomy and inability to perform a standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC). The optimal treatment strategy for intraoperatively encountered CBD stones in post-RYGB patients has not been established.

OBJECTIVES

To compare outcomes following laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration (LTCBDE) and laparoscopy-assisted transgastric ERC for CBDs during cholecystectomy in RYGB-operated patients.

SETTING

Swedish nationwide multi-registry study.

METHODS

The Swedish Registry for Gallstone Surgery and ERCs, GallRiks (n = 215,670), and the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) (n = 60,479) were cross-matched for cholecystectomies with intraoperatively encountered CBD stones in patients with previous RYGB surgery between 2011 and 2020.

RESULTS

Registry cross-matching found 550 patients. Both LTCBDE (n = 132) and transgastric ERC (n = 145) were comparable in terms of low rates of intraoperative adverse events (1% versus 2%) and postoperative adverse events within 30 days (16% versus 18%). LTCBDE required significantly shorter operating time (P = .005) by on average 31 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) [10.3-52.6], and was more often used for smaller stones <4 mm in size (30% versus 17%, P = .010). However, transgastric ERC was more often used in acute surgery (78% versus 63%, P = .006) and for larger stones >8 mm in size (25% versus 8%, P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

LTCBDE and transgastric ERC have similarly low complication rates for clearance of intraoperatively encountered CBD stones in RYGB-operated patients, but LTCBDE is faster while transgastric ERC is more often used in conjunction with larger bile duct stones.

Comprehensive review on small common bile duct stones

Common bile duct stones are among the most common conditions encountered by endoscopists. Therefore, it is well researched; however, some items, such as indications for endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD), safety of EPBD and endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy or direct oral anticoagulant, selection strategy for retrieval balloons and baskets, lack adequate evidence. Therefore, the guidelines have been updated with new research, while others remain unchanged due to weak evidence. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the standard methods in guidelines and new findings from recent studies on papillary dilation, stone retrieval devices, difficult-to-treat cases, troubleshooting during the procedure, and complicated cases of cholangitis, cholecystolithiasis, or distal biliary stricture.

Destiny for Rendezvous: Is Cholecysto/Choledocholithiasis Better Treated with Dual- or Single-Step Procedures?

Biliary lithiasis is common worldwide, affecting almost 20% of the general population, though few experience symptoms. The frequency of choledocholithiasis in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis is estimated to be 10-33%, depending on patients' age. Unlike gallbladder lithiasis, the medical and surgical treatment of common bile duct stones is uncertain, having changed over the last few years. The prior gold standard treatment for cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis was open cholecystectomy with bile duct clearance, choledochotomy, and/or surgical sphincterotomy. In the last 10-15 years, new treatment approaches to the complex pathology of choledocholithiasis have emerged with the advent of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), laparoscopic surgery, and advanced diagnostic procedures. Although ERCP followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred mode of management, a single-step strategy (laparo-endoscopic rendezvous) has gained acceptance due to lesser morbidity and a lower risk of iatrogenic damage. Given the above, a tailored approach relying on careful evaluation of the disease is necessary in order to minimize complication risks and overall costs. Yet, the debate remains open, with no consensus on the superiority of laparo-endoscopic rendezvous to more conventional approaches.

Inpatient Choledocholithiasis Management: a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Management Algorithms

BACKGROUND

Choledocholithiasis is commonly encountered. It is frequently managed with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (either preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative relative to laparoscopic cholecystectomy). The purpose of this study is to determine the most cost-effective method to manage inpatient choledocholithiasis.

METHODS

A decision tree model was created to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio with a ceiling willingness to pay threshold assumed of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year. Model parameters were determined through review of published literature and institutional data. Costs were from the perspective of the healthcare system with a time horizon of 1 year. Sensitivity analyses were performed on model parameters.

RESULTS

In the base case analysis, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration was cost-effective, resulting in 0.9909 quality-adjusted life years at an expected cost of $18,357. Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography yielded more quality-adjusted life years (0.9912) at a higher cost ($19,717) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $4,789,025, exceeding the willingness to pay threshold. Both preoperative and postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies were eliminated for being both more costly and less effective. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration remained cost-effective if the probability of successful biliary clearance was above 0.79, holding all other variables constant. If its base cost remained below $18,400 and intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography base cost rose above $18,200, then laparoscopic common bile duct exploration remained cost-effective.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is the most cost-effective method to manage choledocholithiasis. Efforts to ensure availability of local expertise and resources for this procedure are warranted.

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration with Gallbladder Preservation: An Innovative Technique for Primary Common Bile Duct Stones

Background: Primary common bile duct (CBD) stones can be treated with laparoscopic CBD exploration (LCBDE), during which cholecystectomy is routinely performed. For patients without gallstones, we have developed a new procedure, LCBDE with gallbladder preservation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of LCBDE with gallbladder preservation at our institution. Methods: Retrospective analysis the clinical data of 105 patients with primary CBD stones. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, preoperative risk factors, and postoperative complications were evaluated. Results: All patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of gallstones: the primary CBD stone coexistence gallstones group (Group A, n = 15) and the primary CBD stones absence gallstones group (Group B, n = 90). Complete stones clearance was achieved in all patients. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications rates and mortality between the two groups. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.2 days for Group A and 4.1 days for Group B (P = .03). Conclusion: This study found that LCBDE with gallbladder preservation can effectively and safely treat primary CBD stones without gallbladder stones.

Contemporary management of concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones: a survey of Spanish surgeons

BACKGROUND

Concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones (CBDS) is a relatively frequent presentation. The optimal treatment remains controversial and the debate persists between two strategies. The one-stage approach: laparoscopic cholecystectomy with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been shown to be equally safe and more cost-effective than the more traditional two-stage approach: endoscopic retrograde cholangiography followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ERCP + LC). However, many surgeons worldwide still prefer the two-stage procedure. This survey evaluated contemporary management of CBDS in Spain and assessed the impact of surgeon and hospital factors on provision of LCBDE.

METHODS

A 25-item, web-based anonymous survey was sent to general surgeons members of the Spanish Surgeons Association. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize results.

RESULTS

Responses from 305 surgeons across 173 Spanish hospitals were analyzed. ERCP is the initial approach for preoperatively suspected CBDS for 86% of surgeons. LCBDE is the preferred method for only 11% of surgeons and only 11% treat more than 10 cases per year. For CBDS discovered intraoperatively, 59% of respondents attempt extraction while 32% defer to a postoperative ERCP. The main reasons cited for not performing LCBDE were lack of equipment, training and timely availability of an ERCP proceduralist. Despite these barriers, most surgeons (84%) responded that LCBDE should be implemented in their departments.

CONCLUSIONS

ERCP was the preferred approach for CBDS for the majority of respondents. There remains limited use of LCBDE despite many surgeons indicating it should be implemented. Focused planning and resourcing of both training and operational demands are required to facilitate adoption of LCBDE as option for patients.

Choledocholithiasis-a new clinical pathway

The incidence of cholecystectomy in children has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Management of gallbladder disease in children must include an awareness of choledocholithiasis treatment strategies. Both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and common bile duct exploration (open or laparoscopic) are accepted management techniques for choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with preoperative or postoperative ERCP is at least a two-procedure process while cholecystectomy with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) can provide definitive treatment in a single procedure under one anesthetic. Despite this, the trend over the last decade continues towards less LCBDE utilization in favor of ERCP. This trend has resulted in decreased familiarity with LCBDE by adult and pediatric surgeons and their trainees. Access to the necessary tools and education on the technical aspects can allow for successful single-stage treatment of choledocholithiasis by surgeons during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This may include a pre-defined stepwise algorithm and understanding of all the equipment and resources necessary to perform a LCBDE. Ultimately, increased understanding of the equipment and procedural steps necessary for LCBDE will result in widened adoption of the technique and thus confer advantages to the patient such as decreased length of stay and fewer required anesthetics.

Management of cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis: Endoscopic and surgical approaches

Gallstone disease and complications from gallstones are a common clinical problem. The clinical presentation ranges between being asymptomatic and recurrent attacks of biliary pain requiring elective or emergency treatment. Bile duct stones are a frequent condition associated with cholelithiasis. Amidst the total cholecystectomies performed every year for cholelithiasis, the presence of bile duct stones is 5%-15%; another small percentage of these will develop common bile duct stones after intervention. To avoid serious complications that can occur in choledocholithiasis, these stones should be removed. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on the ideal management strategy to perform such. For a long time, a direct open surgical approach to the bile duct was the only unique approach. With the advent of advanced endoscopic, radiologic, and minimally invasive surgical techniques, however, therapeutic choices have increased in number, and the management of this pathological situation has become multidisciplinary. To date, there is agreement on preoperative management and the need to treat cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis, but a debate still exists on how to cure the two diseases at the same time. In the era of laparoscopy and mini-invasiveness, we can say that therapeutic approaches can be performed in two sessions or in one session. Comparison of these two approaches showed equivalent success rates, postoperative morbidity, stone clearance, mortality, conversion to other procedures, total surgery time, and failure rate, but the one-session treatment is characterized by a shorter hospital stay, and more cost benefits. The aim of this review article is to provide the reader with a general summary of gallbladder stone disease in association with the presence of common bile duct stones by discussing their epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic aspects, and possible treatments and their advantages and limitations.

Comparison of intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treating gallstones and common bile duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (LC-IntraERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LC-LCBDE) to determine which one-stage therapeutic strategy provides better outcomes for patients with gallstones and common bile duct stones.

METHODS

Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify eligible articles from the database inception to September 2020. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials (RoB-2) and non-randomized interventions (ROBINS-I) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. The primary outcomes consisted of surgical success, retained stones, and overall postoperative complications, while secondary outcomes included postoperative bleeding, postoperative pancreatitis, postoperative bile leakage, conversion to laparotomy, and operative time.

RESULTS

Eight studies (four RCTs and four Non-RCTs with high quality) with 2948 patients were included. No significant difference was seen between the two groups regarding surgical success, overall postoperative complications, conversion to laparotomy, and operative time. The meta-analysis demonstrated that in the LC-IntraERCP group, the rate of retained stones (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28-0.91) and postoperative bile leakage were lower (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.69), while in the LC-LCBDE group, postoperative bleeding (OR 5.24, 95% CI 1.65-16.65) and postoperative pancreatitis (OR 4.80, 95% CI 2.35-9.78) decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

LC-IntraERCP and LC-LCBDE exhibited similar efficacies when surgical success rate, overall postoperative complications, conversion to laparotomy, and operative time were compared. However, LC-IntraERCP is probably to be more effective in terms of lowering the rate of retained stones.

Biliary Microbiota in Choledocholithiasis and Correlation With Duodenal Microbiota

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of choledocholithiasis is closely related to the role of bacteria. However, little is known about the predictive role of bile bacteria in clinical conditions of patients and the compositional and functional characteristics of biliary microbiota in choledocholithiasis.

METHODS

To investigate the predictive value of biliary bacteria, clinical data of 488 patients with choledocholithiasis were collected. The predictive value of common bile bacteria to patients' clinical conditions was analyzed by logistic regression. Samples of bile and corresponding duodenal juice from 10 selected patients with choledocholithiasis were obtained, and the composition and function of microbial communities were analyzed based on 16S rRNA sequencing and Tax4Fun.

RESULTS

The clinical conditions of patients with choledocholithiasis, such as recurrence, the severity of acute cholangitis, and duration of hospital stay were closely related to different species of bile bacteria as well as antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Employing 16S rRNA sequencing, the dominant phyla of biliary and duodenal microbiota were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The top three core microbiota at the genus level were Escherichia-Shigella, Fusobacterium, and Enterococcus. Escherichia coli accounted for the most abundant annotated species in both. Differences in composition between biliary and duodenal microbiota were not significant according to the alpha and beta diversities. Differential abundant features were not found in biliary microbiota indicated by A linear discriminant analysis effective size algorithm. The major pathways identified in biliary and duodenal microbiota were related to membrane transport, translation, replication and repair, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. However, no significant difference in those major pathways, as well as antimicrobial-resistance patterns, was observed between biliary and duodenal microbiota.

CONCLUSION

Our study first demonstrates the predictive contribution of biliary bacteria to the clinical conditions of patients with choledocholithiasis, and then it offers new insights into the compositional and functional features of biliary and duodenal microbiota. Similarities between biliary and duodenal microbiota support the theory of bacterial duodenal-biliary reflux in patients with choledocholithiasis. Meanwhile, when it is impracticable to obtain a bile sample, duodenal juice may be used as an alternative for bacterial culture and susceptibility tests.

One-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy in patients with choledocholithiasis

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be inappropriate for most patients with choledocholithiasis. This study aimed to evaluate one-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCSL) in the treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis who could not undergo ERCP (e.g., failed ERCP, altered anatomy, and/or contra-indications).

METHOD

This was a retrospective single-centre series of 67 patients who underwent choledocholithiasis between November 2015 and March 2018: 35 with one-step PTCSL (Group A) and 32 with laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration (Group B).

RESULTS

Compared with Group B, Group A showed shorter duration of operation, length of stay in the hospital, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative drainage time, and time to oral intake (all P<0.05). Intraoperative blood loss, costs, conversion to open surgery (one in group A vs. seven in group B; P=0.023), and bile leakage (none in group A vs. four in group B; P=0.047) were lower in Group A than in Group B. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the intraoperative clearance rate, ultimate clearance rate, and several postoperative complications.

CONCLUSION

One-step PTCSL could be an alternative for patients with choledocholithiasis, especially when ERCP is not feasible.

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration with Primary Closure for Management of Choledocholithiasis: A Retrospective Analysis and Comparison with Conventional T-tube Drainage

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) had become one of the main options for management of choledocholithiasis. This retrospective comparative study aimed to evaluate on the feasibility and advantages of primary closure versus conventional T-tube drainage of the common bile duct (CBD) after laparoscopic choledochotomy. In this retrospective analysis, 100 patients (47 men and 53 women) with choledocholithiasis who underwent primary closure of the CBD (without T-tube drainage) after LCBDE (Group A) were compared with 92 patients who underwent LCBDE with T-tube drainage (Group B). Both groups were evaluated with regard to biliary complications, hospital stay, and recurrence of stones. The mean operation time was 104.12 minutes for Group A and 108.92 minutes for Group B ( P = 0.069). The hospital stay was significantly shorter in Group A than that in Group B (6.95 days and 12.05 days, respectively; P < 0.001). In Group A, bile leakage occurred in two patients on postoperative Day 2 and Day 3, respectively. In Group B, bile leakage noted in one patient after removal of the T-tube on Day 14 after operation ( P = 1.000). With a median follow-up time of 40 months for both groups, stone recurrence was noted in two patients in Group A and three patients in Group B ( P = 0.672). Primary closure of the CBD is safe and feasible in selected patients after laparoscopic choledochotomy. It results in shorter duration of hospital stay without the need for carrying/care of a T-tube in the postoperative period and similar stone recurrence as that of the conventional method.

The effect of a simple simulator on the application of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in a low volume center

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a simple laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) simulator and corresponding practicing program on the application of performing LCBDE in a low volume center.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed by analyzing data from the electronic medical record for 4118 patients with choledocholithiasis in Changxing County Hospital (Huzhou, Zhejiang, China) between January 2013 and December 2018. From January 2016, we have developed a simple LCBDE-specific simulator and corresponding practicing program in our hospital. The percentage of patients with choledocholithiasis managed by LCBDE before and after the introduction of a simple LCBDE-specific simulator and corresponding practicing program was compared.

RESULTS

There were 8.9% (367/4118) patients with a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis confirmed by MRCP. Single-stage management with LC+LCBDE was performed in 23.7% (87/367) patients. Among them, 23 cases were performed between January 2013 and December 2015, and 64 cases were performed between January 2016 and December 2018. The introduction of simulator-enhanced practicing program in January 2016 has resulted in an increase in the percentage of performed LCBDE, from 12.9% to 33.9%. In addition, there was an 29.5% reduction in the mean operating time (from 193 min to 136 min) needed for LCBDE with T-tube when compared these two periods.

CONCLUSIONS

LCBDE simulator can improve the application in a low volume center, and help to increase the utilization of this effective, one stage treatment for choledocholithiasis and reduce the need for costlier ERCP.

Meta-analysis of single-stage versus two-staged management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones

Objective:

The purpose of this article was to compare the effectiveness and safety of single-stage (laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC] plus laparoscopic common bile duct exploration [LCBDE]) with two-stage (LC plus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/endoscopic sphincterotomy [EST]) in management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct (CBD) stones.

Materials and Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing outcomes following single-stage with two-stage management for concomitant gallstones and CBD stones published from 1990 to 2017 in PubMed, Embase and the Science Citation Index. The primary outcomes were stone clearance from the CBD, post-operative morbidity and mortality. The secondary outcomes were retained stone, conversion to other procedures, length of hospital stay and total operating time. Pooled risk ratio (RR) or weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using either the fixed effects model or random effects model.

Results:

Eleven RCTs studies were included in this analysis. These studies included a total of 1338 patients: 666 underwent LC + LCBDE and 672 underwent LC + ERCP/EST. The meta-analysis showed that no significant difference was noted between the two groups regarding CBD stone clearance (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.99–1.14; P = 0.12), post-operative morbidity (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.79–1.34; P = 0.81), mortality (RR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.06–1.41; P = 0.13), retained stone (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.57–1.47; P = 0.71), conversion to other procedures (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.55–0.16; P = 0.23), length of hospital stay (WMD: 1.24, 95% CI: 3.57–1.09, P = 0.30), total operating time (WMD: 25.42, 95% CI: 22.38–73.22, P = 0.30).

Conclusion:

Single-stage is efficient and safe in the treatment of patients with concomitant gallstones and CBD stones while avoiding the second procedure. In selected patients, single-stage management for concomitant gallstones and CBD stones might be considered as the preferred approach. However, the findings have to be carefully interpreted due to the existence of heterogeneity, in addition, patient's condition, operator's experience also should be taken into account in making treatment decisions.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with primary closure is safe for management of choledocholithiasis in elderly patients

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is one of the minimally invasive options for choledocholithiasis. Primary closure of the common bile duct (CBD) upon completion of laparoscopic choledochotomy is safe in selected patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of primary closure of CBD after LCBDE in patients aged 70 years or older.

METHODS

A total of 116 patients (51 males and 65 females) who suffered from choledocholithiasis and underwent primary closure of the CBD (without T-tube drainage) after LCBDE from January 2003 to December 2017 were recruited. They were classified into two groups according to age: group A (≥70 years, n = 56), and group B (<70 years, n = 60). The preoperative characteristics, intraoperative details, and postoperative outcomes of the two groups were evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean operative time was 172.02 min for group A and 169.92 min for group B (P = 0.853). The mean hospital stay was 7.40 days for group A and 5.38 days for group B (P < 0.001). Bile leakage occurred in two patients in group A and one in group B (3.57% vs 1.67%, P = 0.952). There were no significant differences in the rates of postoperative complications and mortality between the two groups. At median follow-up time of 60 months, stone recurrence was detected in one patient in group A and two in group B (1.79% vs 3.33%, P = 1.000). Stenosis of CBD was not observed in group A and slight stenosis in one patient in group B (0 vs 1.67%, P = 1.000).

CONCLUSION

Primary closure of the CBD upon completion of laparoscopic choledochotomy is safe and feasible in elderly patients ≥70 years old.

Laparoscopic Transcystic Common Bile Duct Exploration in the Emergency Is as Effective and Safe as in Elective Setting

BACKGROUND

Emergent laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration (LTCBDE) has been reported to be on the increase in some institutions, reflecting the growing confidence with the technique. However, no study has focused on the outcomes of LTCBDE in the non-elective setting. The aim of this study is to investigate whether LTCBDE can be performed effectively and safely in the emergency.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of 500 consecutive patients with choledocholithiasis subjected for LTCBDE at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires from January 2009 to January 2018. Procedures were classified according to the setting as emergent or elective. Demographic data and perioperative parameters were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Throughout the period comprised, 500 patients were admitted for choledocholithiasis and gallstones. A single-step treatment combining LTCBDE and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted: 211 (42.2%) were performed electively and the 289 (57.8%) as an emergency. There was no significant difference in the success rate of LTCBDE (93.9% versus 93.8%, p = 0.975) for the two groups. The operative time was slightly longer in the emergency group (122 ± 63 versus 106 ± 53 min, p = 0.002). Postoperative recovery was slower in the emergency group, as reflected by a higher rate of prolonged postoperative stay (21.1% vs 5.7%, p < .001). The rates of postoperative complications were similar between groups (2.8% vs 5.9%, p = 0.109).

CONCLUSION

Emergent LTCBDE can be performed with equivalent efficacy and morbidity when compared to an elective procedure. Patients undergoing emergent procedures have longer procedures and hospital stays.

The clinical course of common bile duct stone clearance with endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography

Objectives: Two-stage treatment of common bile duct stones by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography and subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy is well established. In many cases multiple procedures are needed before clearance of the common bile duct is obtained. This study aimed to describe the clinical course from common bile duct stone diagnosis to successful clearance. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study from 2011 to 2014 of consecutive patients diagnosed with common bile duct stones undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography at a public university hospital. Results: In this study 297 patients with common bile duct stones were identified. More than one Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography was performed in 174 (59%) patients and more than two in 51(17%) before clearance. A sphincterotomy was performed in 269 (91%) patients and 189 (64%) had a stent inserted. Bleeding occurred in 17 (6%) requiring injection treatment and post procedure complications occurred in 38 (13%). Subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 180 (61%) patients. Overall, the patients were hospitalized for 11 (8.5) days and the length of treatment from diagnose to stone clearance was 49 (84.5) days. Overweight, pancreatitis at admission, universal anesthesia, and expert level endoscopist inversely determined common bile duct clearance failure. Conclusions: Common bile duct clearance by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography requires multiple procedures and complications are frequent leading to prolonged treatment and hospitalization suggesting a limited efficacy.

Primary duct closure combined with transcystic drainage versus T-tube drainage after laparoscopic choledochotomy

BACKGROUND

We compared the post-operative course and final outcome of primary duct closure combined with transcystic drainage with those of T-tube drainage.

METHODS

We retrospectively analysed 112 consecutive patients treated with laparoscopic choledochotomy for common bile duct stones between February 2014 and December 2017. Primary closure with transcystic drainage was performed in 59 patients (group A), and laparoscopic choledochotomy with T-tube drainage was performed in 53 (group B). The primary endpoints were morbidity, the bile drainage quantity, operative time, post-operative stay, time until return to work and post-operative complications.

RESULTS

The operation was successfully completed in all patients. The return to work period in group A was significantly shorter than that in group B (7.25 ± 1.27 versus 46.47 ± 3.86 days, P < 0.05). The average daily drainage was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the operation time (133.75 ± 14.51 versus 132.21 ± 12.71 min) and duration of hospital stay (5.15 ± 1.23 versus 5.94 ± 0.95 days) between the two groups (P > 0.05). Bile leakage was seen in one T-tube removal patient. No complications were reported in group A. The patients were followed for 2 to 29 months (average: 10). Normal liver function and no stricture of the bile duct were detected with ultrasonography.

CONCLUSION

Primary closure of choledochotomy and subsequent transcystic drainage is a simple and less invasive procedure than T-tube placement.

Choledocholithiasis recurrence following laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

INTRODUCTION

Choledocholithiasis may be treated following an endoscopic approach or by laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Stone recurrence following endoscopic management has been extensively investigated. We analyze the risk factors associated with stone recurrence following LCBDE.

METHODS

Patients who underwent LCBDE from February 2004 to July 2016 were examined in an univariate and multivariate analysis to assess the association of stone recurrence with the following variables: gender; age; hepatopathy; dyslipidemia, obesity or diabetes mellitus; previous abdominal surgery; presence of cholecystitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis; preoperative liver function tests, number of retrieved stones; method of common bile duct clearance and closure; presence of impacted or intrahepatic stones; conversion to open surgery and postoperative morbidity.

RESULTS

A total of 156 patients were included. Recurrence rate for choledocholithiasis was 14.1% with a mean time to recurrence of 38.18 month. Age was the only independent risk factor for stone recurrence at univariate and multivariate analysis. No patient aged under 55 years developed new common bile duct stones, and 86.4% of the recurrences occurred in patients aged above 65.

CONCLUSIONS

Age is the only independent risk factor associated to choledocholithiasis recurrence following LCBDE. Different mechanism in common bile duct stone development may be present for younger and older patients.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with Laparotomic Small-Intestinal Incision Approach for Extraction of a Common Bile Duct (CBD) Stone Following Total Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y (R-Y) Anastomosis: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for common bile duct stone in patients who underwent gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y anastomosis is challenging. We report a case in which we performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography through a small-intestinal incision approach for a common bile duct stone, which had developed after total gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y anastomosis. CASE REPORT An 86-year-old woman with a history of laparoscopic-assisted total gastrectomy and R-Y anastomosis and incision of the common bile duct and cholecystectomy for common bile duct stone by open surgery 3 years ago presented with abdominal pain. Examination revealed a 10-mm stone in the lower part of common bile duct. We planned a combined endoscopic and open surgical approach. An incision on the Y limb of the Roux-en-Y anastomosis 20 cm from the jejunojejunal anastomosis and insertion of an endoscope through this opening were performed to extract the common bile duct stone. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 22 without complications. CONCLUSIONS For a patient with a common bile duct stone, who underwent gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y anastomosis, with firm adhesions at the porta hepatis, combined endoscopy and open surgery using a small-intestinal incision approach can be effective when small-bowel endoscopes are unavailable or the cannulation to Vater's papilla by them is difficult.

Efficacy of fibrin-sealants in reducing biliary leakage following laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

INTRODUCTION

In spite of the acquired experience with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) for choledocholithiasis management, there is still a risk of biliary leakage of 5% to 15% following choledochotomy closure. We evaluate the usefulness of fibrin-collagen sealants to reduce the incidence of biliary fistula after laparoscopic choledochorrhaphy.

METHODS

We report a retrospective analysis of 96 patients undergoing LCBDE from March 2009 to March 2017, whose closure of the bile duct was completed by antegrade stenting and choledochorraphy or by performing a primary suture. The study population was divided into two groups according to whether they received a collagen-fibrin sealant covering the choledochorrhaphy or not, analyzing the incidence of postoperative biliary fistula in each group.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine patients (41%) received a fibrin-collagen sponge while the bile duct closure was not covered in the remaining 57 patients (59%). The incidence of biliary fistula was 7.7% (3 patients) in the first group and 14% (8 patients) in the second group (P=.338). In patients who underwent primary choledochorraphy, the fibrin-collagen sealant reduced the incidence of biliary leakage significantly (4.5% vs. 33%, P=.020), which was a protective factor with an odds ratio of 10.5.

CONCLUSION

Fibrin-collagen sealants may decrease the incidence of biliary fistula in patients who have undergone primary bile duct closure following LCBDE.

Intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy in sequential treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis: To be, or not to be, that is the question A cohort study

BACKGROUND

Choledocholithiasis occurs in 10-15% of patients with cholecystolithiasis. Despite the existence of many therapeutic options for the treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis, a sequential treatment in which pre-operative ERCP is combined with intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), is the most commonly accepted strategy. However, use of IOC in the "splitting treatment" of cholecystocholedocholithiasis is controversial. The aim of the present study is to investigate the utility of IOC in detecting residual stones in patients undergoing LC in the sequential treatment of common biliary duct or gallbladder stones.

METHODS

Patients were recruited retrospectively among those who underwent IOC during LC, performed as second stage in the sequential treatment for cholecystocholedocholithiasis between 2010 and 2016. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from CPT codes at Ospedale Monaldi A.O.R.N dei Colli Naples, Italy. Data obtained from all pre-operative ERCP analyses were recorded, including cholangiogram findings and performance of sphincterotomy. Statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistic 19.0 software package.

RESULTS

Between January 2010 and December 2016 575 patients (343 males, 242 females) underwent IOC during LC for symptomatic cholecystitis due to cholelithiasis. Among patients accrued for the study, 143 underwent preoperative ERCP for suspicion of common biliary duct stones. At the time of pre-operative ERCP, 123 were found to have common biliary duct stones while 20 (15%) presented negative ERCP. Complete removal of stones was accomplished in 119 patients. Among these patients, 13 had residual common biliary duct stones diagnosed by IOC (11%). Two patients underwent laparoscopic bile duct revision and, last, two patients were referred for ERCP at a later point. It is of note that all patients who presented residual stones by IOC had undergone pre-operative sphincterotomy.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that IOC is particularly effective in detecting residual stones in patients undergoing LC in sequential treatment of common biliary duct and/or gallbladder stones, and may be used on a routine basis in the sequential treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis.

Laparoendoscopic rendezvous in the treatment of cholecysto-choledocholitiasis: a single series of 200 patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Although the ideal management of cholecysto-choledocholitiasis is controversial, the two-stage approach, namely the common bile duct (CBD) clearance through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, remains the standard way of management. However, whenever feasible, the one-stage approach, using the so-called "laparoendoscopic rendezvous" (LERV) technique, offers some advantages, mainly reducing the hospital stay and the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of the one-stage approach, and to compare our results with data from available large studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We reviewed our series of consecutive patients with cholecysto-choledocholitiasis treated by LERV from January 2003, to October 2016. Both elective and emergency cases were included. The primary end-point was the efficacy to obtain the CBD stones clearance. Secondary end-points were morbidity and mortality, operative time, conversion rate, and in-hospital stay.

RESULTS

A total of 200 patients underwent a LERV procedure for the intra-operative diagnosis by intra-operative cholangiogram of cholecysto-choledocholitiasis. In 187 patients (93.5%), it was possible to cannulate the cystic duct with the jag-wire. Success rate was 95%. Conversion rate was 3%. The mean operative time was 135 min and the mean in-hospital stay was 4 days. 29 (14.5%) were the early complications, six mild pancreatitis. Four patients required re-operation during the hospital stay. 11 patients (5.5%) developed late complications during a median follow-up of 57.7 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirm that LERV technique is a safe procedure with high success rates for the treatment of cholecysto-choledocholitiasis. The major advantages include the single-stage treatment, the shorter hospital stay, and the lower incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Comparative Study of Three Bile Duct Closure Methods Following Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration for Choledocholithiasis

BACKGROUND

There are three choledochotomy closure methods available following laparoscopic common bile duct exploration: T-tube insertion, antegrade stenting, and primary choledochorrhaphy. We reviewed the experience of 12 years at our center searching for the optimal closure technique.

METHODS

We analyzed retrospectively 146 patients that underwent one of the three closure methods from February 2004 to March 2016. Hospital stay, need for readmission, incidence of early and long-term complications, and biliary leakage development and their clinical impact were determined for each technique.

RESULTS

Hospital stay was more prolonged, and need for readmission was higher in the T-tube group. Nine patients of the T-tube group (17.3%), 5 patients (8.6%) of the antegrade stenting group, and 1 patient of the primary suture group (2.8%) developed Dindo-Clavien ≥3 complications (P = .076). The incidence of biliary leakage was 3.8%, 8.6%, and 16.7% for the T-tube group, antegrade stenting group, and primary suture group, respectively. There was no grade C biliary fistula in the primary suture group, and all grade B leaks in these patients were only due to prolonged duration. The T-tube removal caused adverse events in 21.1% of the patients, and complications directly related with stents occurred in 9.6%.

CONCLUSION

Antegrade stents or T-tube insertion do not provide any added value for choledochotomy closure but are charged with specific morbidity. On the contrary, despite biliary leaks being more frequent after primary suture, they are of little clinical consequence and may be managed on an outpatient basis.

Cost-analysis and effectiveness of one-stage laparoscopic versus two-stage endolaparoscopic management of cholecystocholedocholithiasis: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

One-stage laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) stone clearance and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCBDE+LC) for cholecystocholedocholithiasis ( CCL) can be performed with similar short and long-term outcomes than two-stage endoscopic retrograde cholangiography followed by subsequent LC (ERCP+LC). This study examined retrospectively the outcome and hospital costs of one-stage versus two-stage treatment of CBD stones.

METHODS

From January 1999 and December 2014, 217 consecutive, elective patients underwent one-stage (LCBDE + LC ) or two-stage (ERCP + subsequent LC ) treatment for CBD stones. The data from the one-stage management was collected prospectively, and from the two-stage management retrospectively. The main measure of outcome was hospital costs, with the success of one-stage versus two-stage management, postoperative morbidity and postoperative stay as secondary outcome measures.

RESULTS

One-stage laparoscopic transcystic management was the least costly option compared to laparoscopic one-stage transductal approach (TC 5455€ versus TD 9364, p < 0.001) or two-stage management (6913 €, p = 0.02). Overall success rate of primary intervention (including conversions to open surgery) for CBD stone clearance was 96.9%, 97.0% and 98.3% after transcystic one-stage, transductal one-stage and two-stage approach, p = 0.79. Postoperative morbidity was 15.5% versus 7.5%, p = 0.64, and postoperative hospital stay median 2 days (IQR 2-5) versus 4.5 days ( IQR 3-7), p < 0.001 in the one-stage and two-stage management groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows that laparoscopic one-stage transcystic management of CCL results in high rate of CBD clearance, fewer procedures per patient, shorter hospital and lower costs than the two-stage management. Therefore the one-stage transcystic management seems to be an attractive strategy for the treatment of CCL depending on local resources and surgical expertise .

Updated guideline on the management of common bile duct stones (CBDS)

Common bile duct stones (CBDS) are estimated to be present in 10-20% of individuals with symptomatic gallstones. They can result in a number of health problems, including pain, jaundice, infection and acute pancreatitis. A variety of imaging modalities can be employed to identify the condition, while management of confirmed cases of CBDS may involve endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, surgery and radiological methods of stone extraction. Clinicians are therefore confronted with a number of potentially valid options to diagnose and treat individuals with suspected CBDS. The British Society of Gastroenterology first published a guideline on the management of CBDS in 2008. Since then a number of developments in management have occurred along with further systematic reviews of the available evidence. The following recommendations reflect these changes and provide updated guidance to healthcare professionals who are involved in the care of adult patients with suspected or proven CBDS. It is not a protocol and the recommendations contained within should not replace individual clinical judgement.

Appropriate Patient Selection Is Essential for the Success of Primary Closure After Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is being increasingly used for management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Primary CBD closure has been reported to have better short-term outcomes compared to T-tube placement. However, primary CBD closure cannot be performed in all patients.

AIM

This study aims to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of LCBDE with primary CBD closure in appropriately selected patients and compare them with T-tube drainage.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing LCBDE in our department from June 2011 to October 2014 was performed. Primary closure was performed in 52 patients (group A), and a T-tube was placed in 33 patients (group B). Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, postoperative stay, complications, and long-term follow-up data were recorded and compared.

RESULTS

The mean operating time was much longer in group A compared to group B (113.92 vs. 95.92 min, p = 0.032). The overall complication rate (9.6 vs. 6.3%, p = 0.701) and hospital stay (4 vs. 5.11 days, p = 0.088) were similar in both groups. No patient required conversion to the open procedure. Bile leakage was more frequent in group A (5.78 vs. 0%, p = 0.279), but this was not statistically significant. All three patients with bile leakage were treated successfully by conservative measures and gradual drain withdrawal. On long-term follow-up, recurrent stones were detected in two patients in group A. No patient was found to develop CBD stricture.

CONCLUSION

LCBDE and primary CBD closure has excellent short- and long-term outcomes when performed in appropriately selected patients.

Outcomes of Laparoscopic vs Open Common Bile Duct Exploration: Analysis of the NSQIP Database

BACKGROUND

Common bile duct exploration (CBDE) is an available option in the management of choledocholithiasis. We aimed to analyze outcomes comparing laparoscopic and open approaches to CBDE using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) NSQIP database.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing CBDE between 2008 and 2013, using the ACS NSQIP database. The cohort was split into 2 groups and compared based on operative approach: laparoscopic vs open CBDE.

RESULTS

There were 2,635 patients who underwent CBDE during the study period, and 52% underwent an open approach. After adjusting for all confounding variables, open CBDE was associated with a statistically significant increase in mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.95; 95% CI 1.18 to 7.41; p = 0.02), composite morbidity (AOR 2.19; 95% CI 1.56 to 3.07; p < 0.0001), bleeding (AOR 1.86; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.12; p = 0.02), return to the operation room (AOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.12; p = 0.01), and readmission related to the first operation (AOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.39; p = 0.05). On the other hand, retained common bile duct stones were 2.8 times more likely to occur in the laparoscopic group. The mean operative time was longer by 73 minutes for patients who underwent open CBDE.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing open CBDE suffer from a statistically significantly higher rate of mortality and overall complications compared with patients undergoing the laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic CBDE should be considered as the preferred procedure whenever possible.

Choledocholithiasis: Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes

Choledocholithiasis occurs in up to approximately 20% of patients with cholelithiasis. A majority of stones form in the gallbladder and then pass into the common bile duct, where they generate symptoms, due to biliary obstruction. Confirmatory diagnosis of choledocholithiasis is made with advanced imaging, including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Treatment varies locally; however, ERCP with sphincterotomy is most commonly employed with a high degree of success. Difficult anatomy and difficult stone burden require advanced surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous techniques to extract or expel biliary stones. Knowledge of these treatment strategies will optimize outcomes.

Late Complications After Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

The introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) has changed the treatment of choledocholithiasis. An increasing number of young patients are requiring ES, and this raises concern regarding any potential long-term complications arising from irreversibly altering the anatomy of the sphincter of Oddi. In particular, concern has been raised regarding the risk of late cholangiocarcioma. A review was performed evaluating the relationship between ES for benign disease and the subsequent development of late complications, including biliary tract malignancy, the formation of primary duct stones, and recurring cholangitis. A systematic review of articles published between 1970 and 2013 was undertaken. Current evidence shows that ES is a safe and effective treatment for common bile duct stones. The long-term risk of subsequent cholangiocarcinoma has not been convincingly proven although in many of these studies the follow-up period was inadequate. There does appear to be an associated increased incidence of cholangiocarcinomas following sphincterotomy although this is not proven to be causative. If there is an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma following ES, it is likely to be small in western populations. However, until longer follow-up studies are published, it may be prudent to avoid ES in the very young.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a population-based cohort study in Finland and Sweden

Background and study aims: Elevated long-term risk of cholangiocarcinoma is reported after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), but in a previous study we found a trend towards a decreased risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association in a larger cohort with a longer follow-up. Patients and methods: Data concerning all patients having had an inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were collected from the hospital discharge registries of Finland and Sweden. Incident cases of malignancy were identified through linkage to the nationwide Cancer Registries. Patients with a diagnosis of malignancy, before or within 2 years of the ERCP, were excluded. The cohorts were followed until a diagnosis of malignancy, death or emigration, or end of follow-up (end of 2010). The relative risk of malignancy was calculated as standardized incidence ratio (SIR) compared with the general population, inherently adjusting for age, gender, and calendar year of follow-up. Results: A total of 69 925 patients undergoing ERCP from 1976 through 2008 were included in the pooled cohort. ES was performed in 40 193 subjects. The risk of malignancy was elevated in the total cohort (SIR = 2.3; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.1 - 2.5) irrespective of whether ES was performed or not. The SIRs diminished with duration of follow-up. Conclusions: We found an elevated risk of malignancy both in the bile ducts alone and in the bile ducts, liver or pancreas together, after ERCP. The risk was the same, regardless of whether ES had been performed or not, so ES was unlikely to be the cause, and a common carcinogenic exposure previous to the ERCP procedure, possibly ductal gallstone disease, was more likely.

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Versus Open Approach in Cirrhotic Patients with Choledocholithiasis: A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and benefits of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) compared with open approach (OCBDE) in cirrhotic patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between January 2009 and December 2012, a total of 113 cirrhotic patients with choledocholithiasis underwent common bile duct (CBD) explorations in our department. There were two groups of patients: A:LCBDE (n = 61) and B:OCBDE (n = 52). Patients' demographic characteristics, surgical data, postoperative outcomes, and long-term results were retrospectively collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the two groups in the demographic characteristics or preoperative status. The transcystic approach was successfully performed in 52 (46.0%) patients (group A:34, group B:20), whereas choledochotomy was successful in 59 (54.0%) patients (group A:27, group B:32). The differences between group A and group B in terms of surgical time (124.9 ± 34.2 minutes versus 132.6 ± 48.6 minutes, P = .323), stone clearance rate (93.4% versus 94.2%, P > .05), short-term complication rate (9.8% versus 13.4%, P = .547), and recurrent stone rate (6.6% versus 5.8%, P > .05) were not statistically significant. However, group A suffered less blood loss [95 (60-200) mL versus 200 (90-450) mL, P < .001] and shorter length of hospital stay (4.7 ± 2.5 days versus 11.3 ± 3.1 days, P < .001) than group B. In the LCBDE group, 4 (6.6%) patients were converted due to heavy inflammation and severe adhesions. No mortality, biliary injury, or stricture occurred during follow-up.

CONCLUSION

LCBDE can be safely performed in patients with Child-Pugh A or B cirrhosis and choledocholithiasis, with considerable efficiency, minimal short-term complications, and acceptable long-term outcomes. LCBDE has the advantages over open CBD exploration of less bleeding and reduced length of hospital stay.

Laparoscopic Bile Duct Clearance Without Choledochoscopy

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been proven to be a safe, efficient, and cost-effective option for the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. There are two guiding methods during LCBDE: fluoroscopic or choledochoscopic. Most surgeons prefer the use of flexible choledochoscopy at LCBDE, but it is a fragile, delicate, and expensive instrument. The aim of this work was to report our experience in fluoroscopically guided LCBDE.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of all patients who underwent LCBDE in the Mansoura Gastroenterology surgical center between March 2007 and September 2014 was performed. Patients with gallstones and concomitant CBD stones were included. After the initial assessment, all patients fulfilling the criteria of enrollment underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and only patients with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography evidence of CBD stones were included. Choledochoscopy was not used in any patient, and we depended on fluoroscopic guidance for CBD stone retrieval in all LCBDE.

RESULTS

A total of 290 patients were assessed for LCBDE: 76 patients were excluded; 11 patients were not completed laparoscopically due to negative intraoperative cholangiography (n=7) and conversion to laparotomy (n=4); the remaining 203 patients were analyzed. LCBDE failed in 16 of the 203 (7.9%) cases, with a success rate of 92.1%. The median operative time was 79 minutes, and the median hospital stay was 2.4 days. Complications were bile leakage (n=4), mild pancreatitis (n=2), wound infection (n=2), port hernia (n=1), and internal hemorrhage (n=1).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with published studies using choledochoscopy at LCBDE, we found comparable results in terms of the success/failure rate, the morbidity and mortality, the operative time, and the length of hospital stay. LCBDE under fluoroscopic guidance may be as safe and efficient as with choledochoscopic guidance.

One-stage laproendoscopic procedure versus two-stage procedure in the management for gallstone disease and biliary duct calculi: a systemic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are secure and effective techniques that recently been used to treat bile duct stones. The purpose of this research was to assess the intra-procedural efficacy and postprocedural upshots of the laparoscopic common bile duct exploration plus laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCBDE) and ERCP plus laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ERCP + LC).

METHODS

All studies contrasting one-stage (LCBDE) with two-stage (ERCP/EST + LC) managements in patients with concomitant gallstones and common bile duct (CBD) stones were included. The primary outcomes were CBD stone clearance, postoperative morbidity, and mortality, while secondary outcomes were conversion with other techniques, duration of stay in hospital, number of procedures used per patient, and operating time. Data were pooled by meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies with 1600 participants were identified. Each arm contains 800 participants. There is no significant difference between the two arms regarding successful CBD stone clearance (RR = 0.96, P = 0.15), mortality (RR = 1.74, P = 0.33), morbidity (RR = 0.89, P = 0.32), conversion to additional procedure (RR = 1.44, P = 0.09), operating time (MD = -1.43 min, P = 0.95), hospital stay (MD = 1.31 days, P = 0.17), and retained stone rate (RR = 1.73, P = 0.38).

CONCLUSIONS

One- and two-stage management had similar efficacy and safety in terms of CBD stone clearance rate, mortality, morbidity, operating time, hospital stay, and retained stone rate. One-stage management may reduce additional procedure.

The Role of Choledochoscopy in Hepatopancreatobiliary Diseases

OBJECTIVE

Advances in choledochoscopy technology lead to an improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatopancreatobiliary diseases. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of choledochoscopy in hepatopancreatobiliary pathologies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Choledochoscopy was used under general anesthesia in operation rooms. Flexible choledochoscope inserted via a vertical choledochotomy line, which was closed by primary closure, T-tube application, or choledochoduodenal anastomosis. Olympus CHF T 20 flexible choledochoscope and related endoscopic instruments were used for the procedures. The records were evaluated retrospectively.

RESULTS

This study presents the findings of 235 intraoperative choledochoscopy procedures. The most common indications were suspected common bile duct stone in 96 patients (40.9%), serum cholestatic enzyme increase without jaundice in 52 (22.1%), obstructive jaundice and/or serum bilirubin increase in 46 (19.6%), and presence of dilated choledoch in 42 (17.9%). Additional endoscopic diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures were performed 156 times in 125 patients (53.2%), and endoscopic biliary stone removal was the most used procedure (87 patients, 37.0%). The mean choledochoscopy duration was 8.5 minutes (range: 5-25 minutes). Choledochoscopy confirmed preliminary diagnosis in 117 patients (49.8%), while different data were elicited in 68 (28.9%), and normal findings were found in 50 (21.3%). In this series, no choledochoscopy-related mortality was seen, and some complications occurred in 4 patients (1.7%).

CONCLUSION

Intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy is a proper technique in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatopancreatobiliary disorders.

Results of Medium Seventeen Years' Follow-Up after Laparoscopic Choledochotomy for Ductal Stones

Introduction. In a previously published article the authors reported the long-term follow-up results in 138 consecutive patients with gallstones and common bile duct (CBD) stones who underwent laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy (TC) with T-tube biliary drainage and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Aim of this study is to evaluate the results at up to 23 years of follow-up in the same series. Methods. One hundred twenty-one patients are the object of the present study. Patients were evaluated by clinical visit, blood assay, and abdominal ultrasound. Symptomatic patients underwent cholangio-MRI, followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as required. Results. Out of 121 patients, 61 elderly patients died from unrelated causes. Fourteen patients were lost to follow-up. In the 46 remaining patients, ductal stone recurrence occurred in one case (2,1%) successfully managed by ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy. At a mean follow-up of 17.1 years no other patients showed signs of bile stasis and no patient showed any imaging evidence of CBD stricture at the site of choledochotomy. Conclusions. Laparoscopic transverse choledochotomy with routine T-tube biliary drainage during LC has proven to be safe and effective at up to 23 years of follow-up, with no evidence of CBD stricture when the procedure is performed with a correct technique.

Impact of early clamping of T tube during laparoscopic choledocholithotomy on liver function in patients with calculous obstructive jaundice

AIM: To evaluate the impact of early clamping of T tube during laparoscopic choledocholithotomy on liver function in patients with calculous obstructive jaundice.

METHODS: Ninety-six patients with calculous obstructive jaundice who underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration were randomly divided into two groups: A (n = 46, non-early clamping of T tube) and B (n = 50, early clamping of T tube). The changes of postoperative serum liver function indexes were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS: In both groups, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were higher on day 1 after operation than preoperative values (P > 0.05). GPT, GOT, TBIL, DBIL, ALP and γ-GT on day 1 were significantly higher in group B than in group A (P < 0.05). On day 3, the above parameters were lower than those on day 1 in both groups, and there were no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). On day 7, all the above parameters returned to or were close to normal values in both groups, and there were no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Early clamping of T tube during laparoscopic choledocholithotomy does not significantly affect liver function recovery in patients with calculous obstructive jaundice.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in elderly patients: is there still a difference?

PURPOSE

Although surgery is frequently not the first treatment option in elderly patients diagnosed with common bile duct stones (CBDS) because of the fear of high morbidity and mortality rates, there are few data about the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) in the elderly.

METHODS

From February 2004 to January 2012, 94 patients underwent LCBDE at our center. Data about sex, age, comorbidity, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, conversion to open surgery and bile duct clearance rate, postoperative complications, need for reoperation, and mortality were analyzed comparing patients of age 70 or older (group A, n=38) with patients aged under 70 (group B, n=56).

RESULTS

Elderly patients had significantly more preoperative risk factors. Stone extraction was equally successful in both groups (89.5% in group A vs. 96.4% in group B, P=0.176). Six patients developed medical complications (7.9% in group A vs. 5.4% in group B, P=0.621). Surgical morbidity was equivalent for both groups (13.2% in group A vs. 10.7% in group B, P=0.718). Four patients in each group experienced some grade of bile leakage. Three patients were reoperated (1 patient in group A because of a biliary peritonitis and 2 in group B after an intra-abdominal hemorrhage). There were no mortality cases directly related to surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals that LCBDE is safe in the elderly patients and results are not different from those described in the general population. Patients with choledocholithiasis should be offered to undergo an LCBDE irrespective of their age at diagnosis.

A meta-analysis of single-stage versus two-stage management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of single-stage [laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)+laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE)] vs. two-stage management [preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)+LC] for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones.

METHODS

RCTs that met the inclusion criteria for data extraction were identified from electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library) up to August 2014. The relevant congressional proceedings were also searched. The primary outcomes were stone clearance from the common bile duct, postoperative morbidity and mortality. The secondary outcomes were conversion to other procedures, length of hospital stay, total operative time, and hospitalization charges. The outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using RevMan 5.2.

RESULTS

Eight RCTs, which included 1130 patients, were identified for analysis in our study. The meta-analysis revealed that the common bile duct stone clearance rate in the single-stage group was higher (OR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.33, P=0.03). The lengths of hospital stay (MD=-1.02, 95% CI: -1.99 to -0.04, P=0.04) and total operative times (MD=-16.78, 95% CI: -27.55 to -6.01, P=0.002) were also shorter in the single-stage group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding postoperative morbidity (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.59, P=0.52), mortality (OR=0.29, 95% CI: 0.06 to 1.41, P=0.13) and conversion to other procedures (OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.37 to 1.82, P=0.62).

CONCLUSION

Single- and two-stage management for cholecysto-choledocholithiasis had similar mortality and complication rates; however, the single-stage strategy was better in terms of stone clearance, hospital stay and total operative time.

Transcystic or transductal stone extraction during single-stage treatment of choledochocystolithiasis: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Choledochocystolithiasis can be managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) or laparoscopically by transcystic (TC) or transductal (TD) stone extraction.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to systematically review safety and effectiveness of combined endoscopic/laparoscopic management versus total laparoscopic management for choledochocystolithiasis with specific emphasis on TC versus TD stone extraction.

METHODS

MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched systematically to identify trials on combined endoscopic/laparoscopic and total laparoscopic management for choledochocystolithiasis. Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration was divided into TD and TC approach. Primary outcomes were successful stone clearance from CBD, postoperative/procedural morbidity, and mortality.

RESULTS

Eight randomized trials with 965 patients were included. Successful bile duct clearance varied between 52.6 and 97 % in the ERCP groups, 80.4 and 100 % in the TC groups, and 58.3 and 100 % in the TD groups. There were more bile leaks after TD stone extraction (11 %) than after ERCP (1 %) and TC stone extraction (1.7 %). Total morbidity varied between 9.1 and 38.3 % in the ERCP groups, 7 and 10.5 % in the TC groups, and 18.4 and 26.7 % in the TD groups. Methodological and statistical heterogeneity among the trials precluded a meaningful meta-analysis.

CONCLUSION

Stone clearance rates are comparable between the three modalities, but TD stone extraction is associated with a higher risk of bile leaks and should only be performed by highly experienced surgeons. TC stone extraction seems a more accessible technique with lower complication rates. If unsuccessful, per- or postoperative endoscopic stone extraction is a viable option.