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Gao K, van der Heide W, Muijderman D, Nichols S, Karwal C, Kuperus P, Groot AT. Ecological immunology: do sexual attraction and immunity trade-off through a desaturase? INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38769890 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Given the limited availability of resources in nature, sexual attractiveness may trade off with immunocompetence, as the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) posits. In invertebrates, a direct link between trade-offs through hormonal/molecular effectors in sexual signals and immunity has not been found so far. Here, we assessed how variation in sexual signals affected parasite infection in two sex pheromone selected lines of the moth Chloridea virescens: an attractive line with a low ratio of 16:Ald/Z11-16:Ald and an unattractive line with a high ratio. When infecting these lines with an apicomplexan parasite, we found that the attractive Low line was significantly more susceptible to the parasite infection than the unattractive High line. Since the ratio difference between these two lines is determined by a delta-11-desturase, we hypothesized that this desaturase may have a dual role, i.e., in the quality of the sexual signal as well as an involvement in immune response, comparable to testosterone in vertebrates. However, when we used CRISPR/cas9 to knockout delta-11-desturase in the attractive Low line, we found that the pheromonal phenotype did change to that of the High line, but the infection susceptibility did not. Notably, when checking the genomic location of delta-11-desaturase in the C. virescens, we found that mucin is adjacent to delta-11-desaturase. When comparing the mucin sequences in both lines, we found four nonsynonymous SNPs in the coding sequence, as well as intronic variation between the two lines. These differences suggest that genetic hitchhiking may explain the variation in susceptibility to parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wout van der Heide
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daphne Muijderman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Nichols
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Kuperus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Goffinet AJ, Darragh K, Saleh N, Ostwald MM, Buchmann SL, Ramirez SR. Individual Variation in Male Pheromone Production in Xylocopa sonorina Correlates with size and Gland Color. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:1-10. [PMID: 38110848 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones are species-specific chemical signals that facilitate the location, identification, and selection of mating partners. These pheromones can vary between individuals, and act as signals of mate quality. Here, we investigate the variation of male pheromones in the mesosomal glands of the large carpenter bee Xylocopa sonorina, within a Northern California population. We tested the hypothesis that morphological traits are correlated with the observed variation in chemical blend composition of these bees. We also conducted behavioral assays to test whether these male pheromones act as long-range attractants to conspecifics. We found that larger males with darker mesosomal glands have a higher pheromone amount in their glands. Our analysis also suggests that this pheromone blend functions as a long-range attractant to both males and females. We show that both male body size and sexual maturation are important factors influencing pheromone abundance, and that this pheromone blend acts as a long-range attractant. We hypothesize that this recorded variation in male pheromone could be important for female choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Goffinet
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathy Darragh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicholas Saleh
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Fresno Pacific University, Fresno, CA, 93702, USA
| | - Madeleine M Ostwald
- Cheadle Center for Biodiversity & Ecological Restoration, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchmann
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Santiago R Ramirez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Barja I, Piñeiro A, Ruiz-González A, Caro A, López P, Martín J. Evaluating the functional, sexual and seasonal variation in the chemical constituents from feces of adult Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus). Sci Rep 2023; 13:6669. [PMID: 37095312 PMCID: PMC10126121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signals deposited in feces play an important role in intraspecific and interspecific communication of many mammals. We collected fresh feces of adult wolves from wild breeding groups. All samples visually identified as belonging to wolves were subsequently identified to species level by sequencing a small fragment of mtDNA and sexed typing DBX6 and DBY7 sex markers. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified 56 lipophilic compounds in the feces, mainly heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds, such as indole or phenol, but also steroids, such as cholesterol, carboxylic acids and their esters between n-C4 and n-C18, aldehydes, alcohols and significant quantities of squalene and α-tocopherol, which would increase the chemical stability of feces on humid substrates. There was variability in the number and proportions of compounds between sexes, which could be indicative of their function as chemical signals. We also found variability in different reproductive states, especially in odorous compounds, steroids and α-tocopherol. Feces with a presumed marking function had higher proportions of α-tocopherol and steroids than feces with non-marking function. These compounds could be involved in intragroup and intergroup communication of wolves and their levels in feces could be directly related with the wolf's sex and physiological and reproductive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barja
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Piñeiro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Aritz Ruiz-González
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), C/ Paseo de La Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Amaia Caro
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), C/ Paseo de La Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Ebrahim SA, Dweck HK, Weiss BL, Carlson JR. A volatile sex attractant of tsetse flies. Science 2023; 379:eade1877. [PMID: 36795837 PMCID: PMC10204727 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes-parasites that cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock-across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical communication through volatile pheromones is common among insects; however, it remains unknown if and how such chemical communication occurs in tsetse flies. We identified methyl palmitoleate (MPO), methyl oleate, and methyl palmitate as compounds that are produced by the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans and elicit strong behavioral responses. MPO evoked a behavioral response in male-but not virgin female-G. morsitans. G. morsitans males mounted females of another species, Glossina fuscipes, when they were treated with MPO. We further identified a subpopulation of olfactory neurons in G. morsitans that increase their firing rate in response to MPO and showed that infecting flies with African trypanosomes alters the flies' chemical profile and mating behavior. The identification of volatile attractants in tsetse flies may be useful for reducing disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A.M. Ebrahim
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hany K.M. Dweck
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian L. Weiss
- Dept. of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John R. Carlson
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Shah S, Zhang SS, Elgizawy KK, Yan WH, Tang N, Wu G, Yang FL. Diallyl trisulfide reduced the reproductive capacity of male Sitotroga cerealella via the regulation of juvenile and ecdysone hormones. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114304. [PMID: 36403303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution and resistance in animals are major concerns for the application of synthetic pesticides. Diallyl trisulfide (DAT), an active compound in garlic essential oil, is a novel tool for active and safe control of agricultural insect pests. In this study, we analysed the effects of DAT (0.01 μL/L) on the protein content in male reproductive tissues (accessory glands, ejaculatory ducts, and testis), and juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone titres in a highly detrimental pest of stored products, Sitotroga cerealella. Evaluation of the expression profile of JH and ecdysone pathway-related genes in various tissues indicated that the accessory gland protein and ecdysone titres were markedly decreased after DAT fumigation, whereas the testis protein content and JH titre were increased. However, the protein content of the ejaculatory ducts remained unchanged between the treated and control groups. Further investigation revealed that DAT disrupted the mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in JH and ecdysone pathways. While increased mRNA levels of juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (JHMAT) and Kruppel homologue 1 (Kr-h1) were observed after 4 and 7 h of DAT fumigation, the levels of juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) were substantially reduced 3 h post-fumigation. mRNA levels of the ecdysone-responsive gene, FTZF1, and cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP315A1, were notably decreased at 7 h and 4 h, respectively, post-fumigation, whereas CYP314A1 and CYP302A1 mRNA levels decreased after 3 h and 4 h, respectively. While DAT fumigation disrupted sperm number in the testis, ejaculatory ducts, and seminal vesicles, topical application of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) analogue also lowered sperm number in the ejaculatory ducts. Topical application of methoprene, a JH analogue, increased the protein content in the testes, but not in the accessory glands or ejaculatory ducts. However, the survival rate was not affected by the topical application of methoprene or 20E. These data suggest that DAT regulates JH and ecdysone via its molecular pathway genes and modulates endocrine secretion during the male reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhawat Shah
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Su Zhang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Karam Khamis Elgizawy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Wen-Han Yan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Tang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Lian Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Alma AM, Buteler M, Martinez A, Corley J. Wind disrupts trail pheromone communication in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex lobicornis. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pham HT, Elgar MA, van Lieshout E, McNamara KB. Experimental immune challenges reduce the quality of male antennae and female pheromone output. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3578. [PMID: 35246550 PMCID: PMC8897396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual signalling is a key feature of reproductive investment, yet the effects of immune system activation on investment into chemical signalling, and especially signal receiver traits such as antennae, are poorly understood. We explore how upregulation of juvenile immunity affects male antennal functional morphology and female pheromone attractiveness in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens. We injected final-instar larvae with a high or low dose of an immune elicitor or a control solution and measured male antennal morphological traits, gonad investment and female pheromone attractiveness. Immune activation affected male and female signalling investment: immune challenged males had a lower density of antennal sensilla, and the pheromone of immune-challenged females was less attractive to males than their unchallenged counterparts. Immune challenge affected female investment into ovary development but not in a linear, dose-dependent manner. While there was no effect of immune challenge on testes size, there was a trade-off between male pre- and post-copulatory investment: male antennal length was negatively correlated with testes size. Our study highlights the costs of elaborate antennae and pheromone production and demonstrates the capacity for honest signalling in species where the costs of pheromone production were presumed to be trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu T Pham
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mark A Elgar
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emile van Lieshout
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn B McNamara
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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8
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When is a male too hot? Fitness outcomes when mating with high temperature, sick males. J Therm Biol 2022; 105:103222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Schwambergová D, Sorokowska A, Slámová Ž, Třebická Fialová J, Sabiniewicz A, Nowak-Kornicka J, Borkowska B, Pawłowski B, Havlíček J. No evidence for association between human body odor quality and immune system functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105363. [PMID: 34343779 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that women perceive male faces with a more reactive immune system as more attractive, but whether body odor might likewise provide cues to immune function has not been investigated yet. These two studies tested a possible relationship between body odor quality and immunoreactivity (Study 1) and immune system function (Study 2). In Study 1, we collected body odor samples from 21 men just before and two weeks after vaccination against hepatitis A/B and meningococcus. We determined the levels of specific antibodies (selected as markers of immune system's reactivity), testosterone, and cortisol. Subsequently, 88 female raters assessed the odor samples for their attractiveness, intensity, and healthiness. In Study 2, we collected body odor and blood samples from 35 men and women. We assessed key parameters of their innate and adaptive immunity, such as complement activity or total lymphocyte T and B counts and asked 95 raters to assess the odor samples for their attractiveness, intensity, and healthiness. In Study 1, we found no significant association between antibody levels induced by vaccination and perceived body odor attractiveness, intensity, and healthiness. We also found no significant relationship between antibody levels and steroid hormones (testosterone and cortisol). In Study 2, we likewise found no association between basal key parameters (innate and adaptive) of the immune system and body odor quality. Our results indicate that body odor may not serve as a cue to the reactivity of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schwambergová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Agnieszka Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Plac Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Žaneta Slámová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Třebická Fialová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Plac Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland; Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Judyta Nowak-Kornicka
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Borkowska
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bogusław Pawłowski
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
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10
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How healthy is your mate? Sex-specific consequences of parasite infections in the moth Helicoverpa armigera. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gonzalez-Karlsson A, Golov Y, Steinitz H, Moncaz A, Halon E, Horowitz AR, Goldenberg I, Gurka R, Liberzon A, Soroker V, Jurenka R, Harari AR. Males perceive honest information from female released sex pheromone in a moth. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that male insects advertise their quality to conspecific females through pheromones. However, most studies of female released sex pheromone assume information transfer regarding merely the species of the female and her mating status. We show that more information is conveyed through the female sex pheromone, positioning it as an honest sexual trait. We demonstrate that females in bad physical conditions (small, starved, or old) lay significantly fewer eggs than females in good conditions (large, fed, or young). The ratio of components in the sex pheromone blend in gland extracts of the female pink bollworm moths provided honest information on most of the phenotypic conditions tested, whereas the pheromone amount in the glands provided an honest signal of quality for extreme phenotypes only. Moreover, males used the information conveyed by the female pheromone to choose their mates, approaching females that signaled higher reproductive potential. In addition, when simulating the female effect, using the synthetic pheromone blend that represents higher quality females (0.6:0.4 ZZ:ZE), more males were attracted to this blend than to the blend representing the population mean (0.5:0.5 ZZ:ZE). Both, female advertisement for males and the male choosiness, suggest that pheromones have evolved as sexual traits under directional, sexual selection. We suggest that the pheromone blend may serve as a multicomponent signal whereby each component adds information concerning the current condition of the female, and all are necessary to elicit a mate searching response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yftach Golov
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
- Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Hadass Steinitz
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Aviad Moncaz
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Eyal Halon
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
| | - A Rami Horowitz
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
- Katif Research Center, Sedot Negev, the Ministry of Science, Israel
| | - Inna Goldenberg
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Roi Gurka
- Department of Physics and Engineering Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29526, USA
| | | | - Victoria Soroker
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Russell Jurenka
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ally R Harari
- Department of Entomology, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, 7528809, Israel
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12
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Cargnelutti F, Reyes Ramírez A, Cristancho S, Sandoval‐García IA, Rocha‐Ortega M, Calbacho‐Rosa L, Palacino F, Córdoba‐Aguilar A. Condition-dependent male copulatory courtship and its benefits for females. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9848-9855. [PMID: 34306667 PMCID: PMC8293791 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection has shaped the ornaments used during copulatory courtship. However, we know relatively little about whether these courtship ornaments are costly to produce or whether they provide indirect benefits to females. We used the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, to explore this. We challenged males using an entomopathogenic fungus and compared their courtship (frequency of leg and antennal contacts to the female), copulation duration, number of eggs laid, and hatching rate against control males. Infected males copulated for longer yet they reduced their leg and antennal contacts compared to control males. However, there was no obvious relation between infection, copulation duration, and courtship with egg production and hatching success. In general, our results indicate that the ornaments used during postcopulatory courtship are condition-dependent. Moreover, such condition dependence cannot be linked to male fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasFísicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y EvoluciónConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Alicia Reyes Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacánMéxico
| | - Shara Cristancho
- Grupo de Investigación en Odonatos de Colombia (GINOCO)Grupo de Investigación en Biología (GRIB)Centro de Investigación en AcarologíaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad El BosqueBogotáColombia
| | - Iván A. Sandoval‐García
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacánMéxico
| | - Maya Rocha‐Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacánMéxico
| | - Lucía Calbacho‐Rosa
- Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias ExactasFísicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y EvoluciónConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Freddy Palacino
- Grupo de Investigación en Odonatos de Colombia (GINOCO)Grupo de Investigación en Biología (GRIB)Centro de Investigación en AcarologíaDepartamento de BiologíaUniversidad El BosqueBogotáColombia
| | - Alex Córdoba‐Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacánMéxico
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13
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Keppner EM, Steiger S. Males benefit personally from family life: evidence from a wild burying beetle population. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Family life in animals is often considered as beneficial for offspring but costly for parents. However, parents might also profit from remaining aggregated within a family unit, especially if a nutrient-rich resource is used for reproduction. We aimed to reveal the potential personal benefits of breeding within a family environment for male Nicrophorus vespilloides, a species of burying beetles that use small vertebrate cadavers to raise their larvae. We previously hypothesized that males obtain an advantage from remaining with their family, because they themselves can feed from the cadaver. This, in turn, enables them to produce more sex pheromone, thereby making them more attractive to females after leaving their brood. However, whether such personal benefits arise under natural conditions is currently unclear because we have no knowledge of the nutritional condition of wild beetles. If carrion is abundant anyways, feeding from a vertebrate cadaver during breeding might not have a noticeable positive effect on the males’ body condition. In the current study, we caught wild males with a natural feeding history and compared their body mass and attractiveness before and after participating in family life. We show that wild males gain weight during breeding and attract more and larger females afterwards. Our study suggests that access to a highly nutrient-rich meal can be a driver of the evolution of family life and eventually biparental care. Males benefit indirectly from defending the resource and offspring against competitors and benefit personally by a higher chance of mating again after breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Keppner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Steiger
- Department of Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße, Bayreuth,Germany
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14
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Bagchi B, Corbel Q, Khan I, Payne E, Banerji D, Liljestrand-Rönn J, Martinossi-Allibert I, Baur J, Sayadi A, Immonen E, Arnqvist G, Söderhäll I, Berger D. Sexual conflict drives micro- and macroevolution of sexual dimorphism in immunity. BMC Biol 2021; 19:114. [PMID: 34078377 PMCID: PMC8170964 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual selection can have major effects on mating rates and sex-specific costs of mating and may thereby influence sex differences in immunity as well as associated host-pathogen dynamics. Yet, experimental evidence linking the mating system to evolved sexual dimorphism in immunity are scarce and the direct effects of mating rate on immunity are not well established. Here, we use transcriptomic analyses, experimental evolution and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the association between the mating system and sexual dimorphism in immunity in seed beetles, where mating causes internal injuries in females. RESULTS We demonstrate that female phenoloxidase (PO) activity, involved in wound healing and defence against parasitic infections, is elevated relative to males. This difference is accompanied by concomitant sex differences in the expression of genes in the prophenoloxidase activating cascade. We document substantial phenotypic plasticity in female PO activity in response to mating and show that experimental evolution under enforced monogamy (resulting in low remating rates and reduced sexual conflict relative to natural polygamy) rapidly decreases female (but not male) PO activity. Moreover, monogamous females had evolved increased tolerance to bacterial infection unrelated to mating, implying that female responses to costly mating may trade off with other aspects of immune defence, an hypothesis which broadly accords with the documented sex differences in gene expression. Finally, female (but not male) PO activity shows correlated evolution with the perceived harmfulness of male genitalia across 12 species of seed beetles, suggesting that sexual conflict has a significant influence on sexual dimorphisms in immunity in this group of insects. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the links between sexual conflict and sexual dimorphism in immunity and suggests that selection pressures moulded by mating interactions can lead to a sex-specific mosaic of immune responses with important implications for host-pathogen dynamics in sexually reproducing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basabi Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
| | - Quentin Corbel
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Imroze Khan
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
| | - Ellen Payne
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johanna Liljestrand-Rönn
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivain Martinossi-Allibert
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julian Baur
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Sayadi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elina Immonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Program of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Program of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Blankers T, Lievers R, Plata C, van Wijk M, van Veldhuizen D, Groot AT. Sex pheromone signal and stability covary with fitness. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210180. [PMID: 34234954 PMCID: PMC8242834 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
If sexual signals are costly, covariance between signal expression and fitness is expected. Signal-fitness covariance is important, because it can contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in signals that are under natural or sexual selection. Chemical signals, such as female sex pheromones in moths, have traditionally been assumed to be species-recognition signals, but their relationship with fitness is unclear. Here, we test whether chemical, conspecific mate finding signals covary with fitness in the moth Heliothis subflexa. Additionally, as moth signals are synthesized de novo every night, the maintenance of the signal can be costly. Therefore, we also hypothesized that fitness covaries with signal stability (i.e. lack of temporal intra-individual variation). We measured among- and within-individual variation in pheromone characteristics as well as fecundity, fertility and lifespan in two independent groups that differed in the time in between two pheromone samples. In both groups, we found fitness to be correlated with pheromone amount, composition and stability, supporting both our hypotheses. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report a correlation between fitness and sex pheromone composition in moths, supporting evidence of condition-dependence and highlighting how signal-fitness covariance may contribute to heritable variation in chemical signals both among and within individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Lievers
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camila Plata
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Wijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van Veldhuizen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena, Germany
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16
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Sandoval-García IA, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19492. [PMID: 33173125 PMCID: PMC7656247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In mating interactions, it is common in nature for both sexes to choose simultaneously. However, this mutual mate choice and its consequences for progeny has received relatively little study; an approach where both male and female condition is manipulated is thus desirable. We compared both sexes' preferences in Tenebrio molitor beetles when individual condition varied (healthy vs infected with a fungus), and observed the direct benefits of those preferences. We predicted that: (a) females and males in good condition would prefer high quality mates; (b) preferences would be weaker when the choosing individual is in poor condition (and thus less selective given, for example, time and energetic constrains); and, (c) high quality mates would lay a larger number of total eggs and/or viable eggs than low quality mates. We found that both males and females in good condition were not more likely to choose mates that were also in good condition. However, poor-condition animals were more likely to prefer similar quality animals, while high-condition animals did not necessarily prefer mates of similar condition. Choosing sick males or females had a negative impact on egg number and viability. Our results suggest a non-adaptive mate choice in this species. Possibly, a deteriorated condition may drive individuals to invest more in attracting mates, because their chances of surviving the infection are very low. However, we do not discount the possibility that the fungus is manipulating individuals to increase its transmission during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Iván Antonio Sandoval-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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17
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Ruiz‐Guzmán G, Cordero‐Molina S, Krams I, Contreras‐Garduño J. Interactions between oxidative stress and attractiveness to mates and individual mate choice in the beetle
Tenebrio molitor. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ruiz‐Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Sagrario Cordero‐Molina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology University of Latvia Rīga Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Rīga Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras‐Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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18
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Rodríguez-Ruiz G, Ortega J, Cuervo JJ, López P, Salvador A, Martín J. Male rock lizards may compensate reproductive costs of an immune challenge affecting sexual signals. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual signals can be evolutionarily stable if they are condition dependent or costly to the signaler. One of these costs may be the trade-off between maintaining the immune system and the elaboration of ornaments. Experimental immune challenges in captivity show a reduction in the expression of sexual signals, but it is not clear whether these detrimental effects are important in nature and, more importantly, whether they have reproductive consequences. We designed a field experiment to challenge the immune system of wild male Carpetan rock lizards, Iberolacerta cyreni, with a bacterial antigen (lipopolysaccharide). The immune challenge decreased relative reflectance of ultraviolet structural and melanin-dependent sexual coloration in the throat and the lateral ocelli, whereas the carotenoid-dependent dorsal green coloration was not affected. Immune activation also decreased proportions of ergosterol and cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol in femoral secretions. These results support a trade-off between the immune system and both visual and chemical sexual ornaments. Moreover, the reproductive success of males, estimated with DNA microsatellites, depended on the expression of some color and chemical traits. However, the immune challenge did not cause overall differences in reproductive success, although it increased with body size/age in control but not in challenged males. This suggests the use of alternative reproductive strategies (e.g., forced matings) in challenged males, particularly in smaller ones. These males might consider that their survival probabilities are low and increase reproductive effort as a form of terminal investment in spite of their “low-quality” sexual signals and potential survival costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Cuervo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Salvador
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
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Abdellaoui K, Miladi M, Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Ben Hamouda A, Hajji-Hedfi L, Tlili H, Acheuk F. The aggregation pheromone phenylacetonitrile: Joint action with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and physiological and transcriptomic effects on Schistocerca gregaria nymphs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104594. [PMID: 32527433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and sublethal rate of chemical insecticides or other biological control agents have been proposed as an environmentally and sustainable strategy in the control of locust pests. In this paper, the quarter and the half of the recommended dose of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (¼ and ½ Ma) and the aggregation pheromone (Phenylacetonitrile: PAN) were applied simultaneously and sequentially to Schistocerca gregaria fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, the physiological effects of PAN on locusts were assessed at the behavior, immune response, and biochemical level by evaluating for glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE), and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA). Results showed that simultaneous application of PAN and the entomopathogenic fungus exhibited additive interaction. Synergistic interaction was also demonstrated when nymphs were exposed to PAN first, then treated with M. anisopliae var. acridum. Behavioral bioassay revealed that fifth-instar nymphs avoided the PAN odour and tended to remain away from the stimulus cup. In the choice assay, the pheromone significantly repelled the locusts at 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure which selected the PAN-free arena chamber. Moreover, treated nymphs become hyperactive and disoriented as evidenced by the cumulative distance travelled and the trajectory of locusts during the experiment. Immunological studies showed that PAN significantly decreased the differential haemocyte counts (prohemocytes and plasmatocytes) with a dose-response relationship. Data of biochemical analyzes showed that the PAN exposure reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase and induced significantly the glutathione S-transferases and MDA concentration in the desert locust fifth-instar nymphs. Moreover, transcriptomic responses to the PAN exposure were evaluated using gene expression levels of CYP540 and GST. The transcript levels showed an up-regulation in GST expression level particularly in nymphs exposed for 4 and 6 h. A significant increase in CYP450 transcript level was also observed after 2 h of exposure, which decreased significantly after 4 and 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemais Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Miladi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Hamouda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Tlili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources "Valcore" Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
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20
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The Production of Sex Pheromone in Lady Beetles Is Conditioned by Presence of Aphids and Not by Mating Status. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:590-596. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Kiss J, Rádai Z, Rosa ME, Kosztolányi A, Barta Z. Seasonal changes in immune response and reproductive investment in a biparental beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 121:104000. [PMID: 31863762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunity and reproduction are physiologically demanding processes, therefore trade-offs are expected between these life history traits. Furthermore, investments in these traits are also known to be affected by factors such as sex, body size, individual condition, seasonal changes and parasite infection. The relationship between immunity and reproduction and the effect of other factors on this relationship were investigated in many species, but there are a small number of studies on these patterns in biparental invertebrates. Lethrus apterus is an iteroparous biparental beetle with predominant female care in respect of collecting and processing food for larvae. Males guard the nest built underground and also their mate. Here we investigate how sex, body size, time within the reproductive season and parasite load may influence the relationship between immunocompetence and reproductive investment in this species. In beetles from a natural population we quantified immune response by measuring the encapsulation response, antimicrobial activity of hemolymph, the investment into reproductive tissues by measuring the size of testis follicles in males and total egg size in females, and parasite load by counting the number of mites on the beetles. We found that the encapsulation response is condition-dependent, as large individuals showed significantly higher encapsulation ability than small ones. Antimicrobial capacity was significantly higher in females than in males. In case of antimicrobial activity there was also a seasonal change in the relationship between immunity and reproductive investment, but only under heavy mite load. Reproductive investment was influenced by the interaction between body size and season (in females) and by body size and season (in males). Furthermore in females the interaction between antimicrobial activity and season indicated that reproductive investment increased with antimicrobial activity early in the reproductive season. By investigating the relationship between immunity and reproductive investment in a natural population of a biparental beetle species, we can conclude that investments into these important life history traits are governed by complex interactions between physiological and environmental factors. Our results are discussed in the context of life history evolution, highlighting the role of the assessed factors in shaping trade-offs themselves (in invertebrates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kiss
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Rádai
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta Erzsébet Rosa
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Kosztolányi
- Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Bordalo MD, Gravato C, Beleza S, Campos D, Lopes I, Pestana JLT. Lethal and sublethal toxicity assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Beauveria bassiana based bioinsecticides to the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134155. [PMID: 31505347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered environmentally safe, a deeper environmental risk assessment is needed for microbial insecticides; special attention should be devoted to their sublethal toxicity to non-target species. This study evaluated effects of VectoBac® 12AS - VB (based on the bacterium Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis) and Naturalis®-L - NL (based on the fungus Beauveria bassiana) on the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius life-history and biochemical responses. Acute tests estimated a 48 h-LC50 (median lethal concentration) of 1.85 μg/L (VB) and 34.7 mg/L (NL). Under sublethal exposure, VB decreased adults' emergence (LOEC - lowest observed effect concentration of 80 ng/L) while NL impaired larval growth (LOEC of 0.32 mg/L) and delayed emergence (LOEC of 2 mg/L for males and 0.8 mg/L for females). Despite not being monotonic, phenoloxidase activity increased (LOEC of 20 ng/L (VB) and 2 mg/L (NL)), suggesting activation of the immune system. There were no indications of oxidative damage nor neurotoxicity. Catalase activity was stimulated with all VB treatments, possibly associated with detoxification of immune response products. Under NL exposure, glutathione-S-transferase activity increased but did not show a dose-dependent response and, total glutathione decreased in the highest concentration. Exposure to both formulations caused the increase in protein content, while carbohydrate and lipids were not altered. This study revealed the susceptibility of C. riparius to VB and NL at concentrations below the ones recommended for field application, with potential population-level effects. These results add important information for the risk assessment of these microbial insecticides in aquatic ecosystems, considering relevant sublethal endpoints and raising concern about the adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bordalo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - C Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Beleza
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Campos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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The costs of the immune memory within generations. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Female preferences when female condition and male ornament expression vary. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Variation in the condition of females can affect their mate preferences. This may explain variation in the expression of male ornaments. We tested these ideas in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor), a species in which females choose males based on their pheromones. We modified female condition using diets that differed in proteins and carbohydrates. We then allowed females to choose among males in which we had previously modified pheromone expression (either by varying diets as in females, or by fungal infection). Females were offered a choice between two males, both of which had been fed the same diet as the female, but which differed in whether they were infected or not. We repeated the same diet and infection treatments to determine whether poor (lower carbohydrate) diets decrease survival in both sexes. There was no effect of female diet on mate choice, but the infection state of the male did have an effect, with infected males being preferred. It is possible that infected males invest their resources in producing pheromones rather than attacking the pathogen. Both sexes, independent of infection, had higher survival when fed carbohydrate-rich diets. The results showed no effect of female condition on their preferences, at least not prior to copulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
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Darragh K, Byers KJRP, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. Male pheromone composition depends on larval but not adult diet in Heliconius melpomene. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 44:397-405. [PMID: 31217661 PMCID: PMC6563479 DOI: 10.1111/een.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Condition-dependent traits can act as honest signals of mate quality, with fitter individuals being able to display preferred phenotypes. Nutrition is known to be an important determinant of individual condition, with diet known to affect many secondary sexual traits. 2. In Heliconius butterflies, male chemical signalling plays an important role in female mate choice. Potential male sex pheromone components have been identified previously, although it is unclear what information they convey to the female. 3. In the present study, the effect of diet on androconial and genital compound production is tested in male Heliconius melpomene rosina. To manipulate larval diet, larvae are reared on three different Passiflora host plants: Passiflora menispermifolia, the preferred host plant, Passiflora vitifolia and Passiflora platyloba. To manipulate adult diet, adult butterflies are reared with and without access to pollen, a key component of their diet. 4. No evidence is found to suggest that adult pollen consumption affects compound production in the first 10 days after eclosion. There is also a strong overlap in the chemical profiles of individuals reared on different larval host plants. The most abundant compounds produced by the butterflies do not differ between host plant groups. However, some compounds found in small amounts differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. Some of these compounds are predicted to be of plant origin and the others synthesised by the butterfly. Further electrophysiological and behavioural experiments will be needed to determine the biological significance of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
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26
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Gilbert R, Uetz GW. Male chemical cues as reliable indicators of infection in the wolf spider
Schizocosa ocreata. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - George W. Uetz
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
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27
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Enríquez-Vara JN, Rocha-Ortega M, Téllez-García A, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Female choice for sick males over healthy males: Consequences for offspring. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Distrito Federal México
| | - Jhony N. Enríquez-Vara
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco AC; Zapopan Mexico
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Distrito Federal México
| | - Aldo Téllez-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Distrito Federal México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología; Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Distrito Federal México
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Dellinger M, Zhang W, Bell AM, Hellmann JK. Do male sticklebacks use visual and/or olfactory cues to assess a potential mate's history with predation risk? Anim Behav 2018; 145:151-159. [PMID: 31666748 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential allocation occurs when individuals alter their reproductive investment based on their mate's traits. A previous study showed that male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, reduced courtship towards females that had previously been exposed to predation risk compared to unexposed females. This suggests that males can detect a female's previous history with predation risk, but the mechanisms by which males assess a female's history are unknown. To determine whether males use chemical and/or visual cues to detect a female's previous history with predation risk, we compared rates of courtship behaviour in the presence of visual and/or olfactory cues of predator-exposed females versus unexposed females in a 2×2 factorial design. We found that males differentiate between unexposed and predator-exposed females using visual cues: regardless of the olfactory cues present, males performed fewer zigzags (a conspicuous courtship behaviour) when they were exposed to visual cues from predator-exposed females compared to unexposed females. However, males' response to olfactory cues changed over the course of the experiment: initially, males performed fewer courtship displays when they received olfactory cues of predator-exposed females compared to unexposed females, but they did not discriminate between cues from predator-exposed and unexposed females later in the experiment. A follow-up experiment found that levels of cortisol released by both predator-exposed and unexposed females decreased over the course of the experiment. If cortisol is linked to or correlated with olfactory cues of predation risk that are released by females, then this suggests that the olfactory cues became less potent over the course of the experiment. Altogether, these results suggest that males use both visual and olfactory cues to differentiate between unexposed and predator-exposed females, which may help ensure reliable communication in a noisy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dellinger
- COMUE Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of veterinary medicine and food sciences
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Alison M Bell
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.,Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
| | - Jennifer K Hellmann
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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30
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Male nutritional history affects female fecundity in a male-dimorphic mite: Evidence for a nuptial gift? Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Beyer M, Czaczkes TJ, Tuni C. Does silk mediate chemical communication between the sexes in a nuptial feeding spider? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Martínez‐Lendech N, Golab MJ, Osorio‐Beristain M, Contreras‐Garduño J. Sexual signals reveal males’ oxidative stress defences: Testing this hypothesis in an invertebrate. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Martínez‐Lendech
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Maria J. Golab
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Marcela Osorio‐Beristain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Mexico
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33
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Body size and lifespan are condition dependent in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, but not sexually selected traits. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Dhakal S, Micki Buss S, Jane Cassidy E, Vitt Meyling N, Lund Fredensborg B. Establishment Success of the Beetle Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta Depends on Dose and Host Body Condition. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9010014. [PMID: 29401652 PMCID: PMC5872279 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasite effects on host fitness and immunology are often intensity-dependent. Unfortunately, only few experimental studies on insect-parasite interactions attempt to control the level of infection, which may contribute substantial variation to the fitness or immunological parameters of interest. The tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta—flour beetle Tenebrio molitor model—has been used extensively for ecological and evolutionary host–parasite studies. Successful establishment of H. diminuta cysticercoids in T. molitor relies on ingestion of viable eggs and penetration of the gut wall by the onchosphere. Like in other insect models, there is a lack of standardization of the infection load of cysticercoids in beetles. The aims of this study were to: (1) quantify the relationship between exposure dose and establishment success across several H. diminuta egg concentrations; and (2) test parasite establishment in beetles while experimentally manipulating host body condition and potential immune response to infection. Different egg concentrations of H. diminuta isolated from infected rat feces were fed to individual beetles 7–10 days after eclosion and beetles were exposed to starvation, wounding, or insertion of a nylon filament one hour prior to infection. We found that the establishment of cysticercoids in relation to exposure dose could be accurately predicted using a power function where establishment success was low at three lowest doses and higher at the two highest doses tested. Long-term starvation had a negative effect on cysticercoid establishment success, while insertion of a nylon filament and wounding the beetles did not have any effect compared to control treatment. Thus, our results show that parasite load may be predicted from the exposure dose within the observed range, and that the relationship between dose and parasite establishment success is able to withstand some changes in host body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Dhakal
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sebastian Micki Buss
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Elizabeth Jane Cassidy
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nicolai Vitt Meyling
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Brian Lund Fredensborg
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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35
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Zinna RA, Gotoh H, Kojima T, Niimi T. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of sexually dimorphic plasticity: insights from beetle weapons and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:35-41. [PMID: 29602360 PMCID: PMC5880310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many traits that are sexually dimorphic, appearing either differently or uniquely in one sex, are also sensitive to an organism's condition. This phenomenon seems to have evolved to limit genetic conflict between traits that are under different selective pressures in each sex. Recent work has shed light on the molecular and developmental mechanisms that govern this condition sensitive growth, and this work has now expanded to encompass both sexual dimorphism as well as conditionally plastic growth, as it seems the two phenomena are linked on a molecular level. In all cases studied the gene doublesex, a conserved regulator of sex differentiation, controls both sexual dimorphism as well as the condition-dependent plastic responses common to these traits. However, the advent of next-generation -omics technologies has allowed researchers to decipher the common and diverged mechanisms of sexually dimorphic plasticity and expand investigations beyond the foundation laid by studies utilizing beetle weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Zinna
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0106, United States.
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Lab of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan
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36
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Baeckens S, Martín J, García‐Roa R, Pafilis P, Huyghe K, Van Damme R. Environmental conditions shape the chemical signal design of lizards. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baeckens
- Laboratory of Functional MorphologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University Cambridge MA USA
| | - José Martín
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Roberto García‐Roa
- Department of Evolutionary EcologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Department of Zoology and Marine BiologySchool of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Ilissia Greece
| | - Katleen Huyghe
- Laboratory of Functional MorphologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Raoul Van Damme
- Laboratory of Functional MorphologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
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37
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Jensen K, Shearman M, Rapkin J, Carey MR, House CM, Hunt J. Change in sex pheromone expression by nutritional shift in male cockroaches. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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38
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Kecko S, Mihailova A, Kangassalo K, Elferts D, Krama T, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Krams IA. Sex-specific compensatory growth in the larvae of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1910-1918. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - A. Mihailova
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - K. Kangassalo
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - D. Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
| | - T. Krama
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Science; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - S. Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies; School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
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39
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Variation in sex pheromone emission does not reflect immunocompetence but affects attractiveness of male burying beetles-a combination of laboratory and field experiments. Naturwissenschaften 2017. [PMID: 28620738 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Life history theory predicts a trade-off between male sexual trait expression and immunocompetence. Using burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, as a model, we investigated the relationship between male immune function, sex pheromone emission, and attractiveness under field conditions. In the first experiment, we tested whether there is a positive correlation between immune capacity, sex pheromone characteristics (quantity, relative composition, and time invested in pheromone emission), and male attractiveness. As a measurement of immune capacity, we used an individual's encapsulation ability against a novel antigen. In the second experiment, we specifically examined whether a trade-off between chemical trait expression and immune function existed. To this end, we challenged the immune system and measured the subsequent investment in sex pheromone emission and the attractiveness of the male under field conditions. We found that a male's immunocompetence was neither related to the emission of the male's sex pheromone nor to its attractiveness in the field. Furthermore, none of the immune-challenge treatments affected the subsequent investment in pheromone emission or number of females attracted. However, we showed that the same males that emitted a high quantity of their sex pheromone in the laboratory were able to attract more females in the field. Our data suggest that the chemical signal is not a reliable predictor of a male's immunocompetence but rather is a general important fitness-related trait, with a higher emission of the sex pheromone measured in the laboratory directly affecting the attractiveness of a male under field conditions.
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40
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Zizzari ZV, Engl T, Lorenz S, van Straalen NM, Ellers J, Groot AT. Love at first sniff: a spermatophore-associated pheromone mediates partner attraction in a collembolan species. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Stahr C, Seidelmann K. Individual Pheromone Signature in Males: Prerequisite for Pheromone-Mediated Mate Assessment in the Central American Locust, Schistocerca Piceifrons. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1304-1313. [PMID: 27873056 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Living in high-density groups of animals has advantages and disadvantages for mating. The advantage of facilitated mate finding is compromised by difficulties in protecting a suitable partner from competitors. Thus, males regularly are faced with increased competition for sperm, and females with harassment by males at high population densities. To cope with these problems, mating tactics and mate choice mechanisms have to be adjusted. An adaptation to gregarious condition observed in locusts includes the use of male-emitted pheromones. Males of the Central American locust, Schistocerca piceifrons, release sex-specific volatiles, which were identified as phenethyl alcohol (synonym: phenyl-ethyl-alcohol, 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, 2-phenylethanol, PEA), (Z)-3-nonen-1-ol (3-Nol), and (Z)-2-octen-1-ol (2-Ool). The emission of the two major compounds, PEA and 3-Nol, was restricted to crowded conditions. Furthermore, the release of both volatiles was coupled to males reaching sexual maturity, indicating a function in reproductive behavior. However, neither the single substances nor their mixtures were attractive or repellent to the locusts. Instead, females prefer the sperm of high pheromone-emitting males to fertilize their ova. In this way, the male-specific volatiles act as mate assessment pheromones utilized in a context of cryptic female choice. This function is well supported by the highly variable but individual-specific emission rates of the three compounds. Schistocerca piceifrons males release a virtually unique personal pheromone signature, a prerequisite for mate assessment pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Stahr
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
- , Holbeinstrasse 10, D-06118 Halle, Germany.
| | - Karsten Seidelmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120, Halle, Germany
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42
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Kelly CD. Effect of nutritional stress and sex on melanotic encapsulation rate in the sexually size dimorphic Cook Strait giant weta (Deinacrida rugosa). CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional condition and sex are known to influence efficacy and investment in immune function. A poor diet is costly to immune function because it limits the resources (e.g., protein) available to effector systems (e.g., melanotic encapsulation), whereas males and females are expected to differ in how they allocate resources to fitness-related traits. Males are expected to invest less in immunity, and more in mating, than females, but this pattern could be reversed if fitness is more condition-dependent in males than in females. I tested the effects of nutritional condition and sex on melanotic encapsulation rate in the Cook Strait giant weta (Deinacrida rugosa Buller, 1871), an orthopteran insect exhibiting strong female-biased sexual size dimorphism that is, at least in part, the result of strong sexual selection for small male size. I found that male D. rugosa have a stronger encapsulation response than females, while nutritional condition has only a small positive effect on this particular effector system in both sexes. Whether the observed sex difference in encapsulation ability is due to a physiological constraint in females or whether males allocate more resources to this effector system because their fitness is more condition-dependent than female’s remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint D. Kelly
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
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43
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44
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Koch RE, Josefson CC, Hill GE. Mitochondrial function, ornamentation, and immunocompetence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1459-1474. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL 36849 U.S.A
| | - Chloe C. Josefson
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL 36849 U.S.A
| | - Geoffrey E. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL 36849 U.S.A
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45
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Jensen K, Ko AE, Schal C, Silverman J. Insecticide resistance and nutrition interactively shape life-history parameters in German cockroaches. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28731. [PMID: 27345220 PMCID: PMC4922014 DOI: 10.1038/srep28731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness-related costs of evolving insecticide resistance have been reported in a number of insect species, but the interplay between evolutionary adaptation to insecticide pressure and variable environmental conditions has received little attention. We provisioned nymphs from three German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) populations, which differed in insecticide resistance, with either nutritionally rich or poor (diluted) diet throughout their development. One population was an insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain; the other two populations originated from a field-collected indoxacarb-resistant population, which upon collection was maintained either with or without further selection with indoxacarb. We then measured development time, survival to the adult stage, adult body size, and results of a challenge with indoxacarb. Our results show that indoxacarb resistance and poor nutritional condition increased development time and lowered adult body size, with reinforcing interactions. We also found lower survival to the adult stage in the indoxacarb-selected population, which was exacerbated by poor nutrition. In addition, nutrition imparted a highly significant effect on indoxacarb susceptibility. This study exemplifies how poor nutritional condition can aggravate the life-history costs of resistance and elevate the detrimental effects of insecticide exposure, demonstrating how environmental conditions and resistance may interactively impact individual fitness and insecticide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jensen
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Alexander E Ko
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jules Silverman
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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46
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Adamo SA, Davies G, Easy R, Kovalko I, Turnbull KF. Reconfiguration of the immune system network during food limitation in the caterpillar Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:706-18. [PMID: 26747906 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dwindling resources might be expected to induce a gradual decline in immune function. However, food limitation has complex and seemingly paradoxical effects on the immune system. Examining these changes from an immune system network perspective may help illuminate the purpose of these fluctuations. We found that food limitation lowered long-term (i.e. lipid) and short-term (i.e. sugars) energy stores in the caterpillar Manduca sexta. Food limitation also: altered immune gene expression, changed the activity of key immune enzymes, depressed the concentration of a major antioxidant (glutathione), reduced resistance to oxidative stress, reduced resistance to bacteria (Gram-positive and -negative bacteria) but appeared to have less effect on resistance to a fungus. These results provide evidence that food limitation led to a restructuring of the immune system network. In severely food-limited caterpillars, some immune functions were enhanced. As resources dwindled within the caterpillar, the immune response shifted its emphasis away from inducible immune defenses (i.e. those responses that are activated during an immune challenge) and increased emphasis on constitutive defenses (i.e. immune components that are produced consistently). We also found changes suggesting that the activation threshold for some immune responses (e.g. phenoloxidase) was lowered. Changes in the configuration of the immune system network will lead to different immunological strengths and vulnerabilities for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Gillian Davies
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Russell Easy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Ilya Kovalko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Kurtis F Turnbull
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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Barthel A, Staudacher H, Schmaltz A, Heckel DG, Groot AT. Sex-specific consequences of an induced immune response on reproduction in a moth. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:282. [PMID: 26672978 PMCID: PMC4681174 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response induction benefits insects in combatting infection by pathogens. However, organisms have a limited amount of resources available and face the dilemma of partitioning resources between immunity and other life-history traits. Since males and females differ in their life histories, sex-specific resource investment strategies to achieve an optimal immune response following an infection can be expected. We investigated immune response induction of females and males of Heliothis virescens in response to the entomopathogenic bacterium Serratia entomophila, and its effects on mating success and the female sexual signal. RESULTS We found that females had higher expression levels of immune-related genes after bacterial challenge than males. However, males maintained a higher baseline expression of immune-related genes than females. The increased investment in immunity of female moths was negatively correlated with mating success and the female sexual signal. Male mating success was unaffected by bacterial challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the sexes differed in their investment strategies: females invested in immune defense after a bacterial challenge, indicating facultative immune deployment, whereas males had higher baseline immunity than females, indicating immune maintenance. Interestingly, these differences in investment were reflected in the mate choice assays. As female moths are the sexual signallers, females need to invest resources in their attractiveness. However, female moths appeared to invest in immunity at the cost of reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Heike Staudacher
- University of Amsterdam, IBED, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Antje Schmaltz
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- University of Amsterdam, IBED, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vincent CM, Gwynne DT. Sex-biased immunity is driven by relative differences in reproductive investment. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0333. [PMID: 25030981 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in immunity are often observed, with males generally having a weaker immune system than females. However, recent data in a sex-role-reversed species in which females compete to mate with males suggest that sexually competitive females have a weaker immune response. These findings support the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in immunity has evolved in response to sex-specific fitness returns of investment in traits such as parental investment and longevity, but the scarcity of data in sex-reversed species prevents us from drawing general conclusions. Using an insect species in which males make a large but variable parental investment in their offspring, we use two indicators of immunocompetence to test the hypothesis that sex-biased immunity is determined by differences in parental investment. We found that when the value of paternal investment was experimentally increased, male immune investment became relatively greater than that of females. Thus, in this system, in which the direction of sexual competition is plastic, the direction of sex-biased immunity is also plastic and appears to track relative parental investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Vincent
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Darryl T Gwynne
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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Formica V, Chan AKM. No Effect of Host Species on Phenoloxidase Activity in a Mycophagous Beetle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141167. [PMID: 26513243 PMCID: PMC4625955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological immunology is an interdisciplinary field that helps elucidate interactions between the environment and immune response. The host species individuals experience have profound effects on immune response in many species of insects. However, this conclusion comes from studies of herbivorous insects even though species of mycophagous insects also inhabit many different host species. The goal of this study was to determine if fungal host species as well as individual, sex, body size, and host patch predict one aspect of immune function, phenoloxidase activity (PO). We sampled a metapopulation of Bolitotherus cornutus, a mycophagous beetle in southwestern Virginia. B. cornutus live on three species of fungus that differ in nutritional quality, social environment, and density. A filter paper phenoloxidase assay was used to quantify phenoloxidase activity. Overall, PO activity was significantly repeatable among individuals (0.57) in adult B. cornutus. While there was significant variance among individuals in PO activity, there were surprisingly no significant differences in PO activity among subpopulations, beetles living on different host species, or between the sexes; there was also no effect of body size. Our results suggest that other factors such as age, genotype, disease prevalence, or natal environment may be generating variance among individuals in PO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Formica
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda Kar-Men Chan
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Xie J, De Clercq P, Zhang Y, Wu H, Pan C, Pang H. Nutrition-dependent phenotypes affect sexual selection in a ladybird. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13111. [PMID: 26269214 PMCID: PMC4534764 DOI: 10.1038/srep13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors play a crucial role in influencing sexual selection in insects and the evolution of their mating systems. Although it has been reported that sexual selection in insects may change in response to varying environments, the reason for these changes remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on the mate selection process of a ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, when experiencing low- and high-nutrition diet regimes both in its larval and adult stages. We found that female ladybirds preferred to mate with males reared under high-nutrition diet regimes, regardless of the nutritional conditions they experienced during their own larval stages, indicating that mate choice of female C. montrouzieri is non-random and phenotype-dependent. Such mate choice may depend on visual cues (body or genitalia size) and/or chemical cues (pheromones). Further, females from high-nutrition larval diet regimes produced more eggs than those from low-nutrition larval diet regimes. In addition, diet regimes during adulthood also exerted strong effects on egg production. In summary, our study provides new insight into the mate choice of C. montrouzieri as affected by seasonal changes in resources, and suggests that food availability may be a driving force in mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hongsheng Wu
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Chang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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