Surgical management of ectopic pregnancy in a district general hospital

The mainstay of management of ectopic pregnancies is laparoscopic surgery. Other treatment options include open laparotomy, methotrexate or expectant approach. Recently the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) revised its guidelines regarding management of suspected ectopic pregnancies. We undertook a retrospective study looking at management of ectopic pregnancies over a defined 12-month period (1 October 2003 - 30 September 2004) in a district general hospital to the north of London and compared this with the recommended RCOG guidelines 2004. Cases of ectopic pregnancy were identified from the theatre, ward log, and cross-referenced with histopathological reports. The case notes of these women were reviewed and data extracted according to a drawn-up questionnaire. A total of 64 cases met the diagnostic criteria and were included in the study. Nine of the 64 cases were haemodynamically unstable and seven underwent rapid laparotomy. All of the stable 55 cases underwent laparoscopy, which was converted to open laparotomy in 13 cases (23.6%). Three patients were treated with methotrexate all of whom had been previously managed surgically. The majority of cases of ectopic pregnancy were managed according to the RCOG recommendations. Further changes in practice will be required to incorporate expectant and primary medical management as proposed by the recent guidelines (RCOG 2004). This study reveals progress achieved in management of ectopic pregnancies in UK with the introduction of RCOG guidelines 1999.

Enthusiasm and teamwork—the basis for increase in laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy: an Inner London district hospital experience

Laparoscopic surgery is the gold standard in the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy. It results in lower morbidity, less impact on reproductive health and faster return to normal activity. However, laparoscopic management is not available to all women. Between April 2001 and March 2002 a prospective audit of surgical management of ectopic pregnancy was carried out; 88.7% were performed laparoscopically, most due to concerted consultant input to the care of women with ectopic pregnancy.

Changing trends in the laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy in a London district general hospital: 7-years experience

We set out to evaluate the effect of a programme introduced in January 2003 to make operative laparoscopy the standard surgical treatment for women requiring surgery for ectopic pregnancy. This was a retrospective and prospective clinical data analysis performed at The Whipps Cross University Hospital in London, with a comparison of data taken before and after the introduction of the programme. A total of 116 women who had surgical management for ectopic pregnancy from January 2000 to December 2002 and 313 women who had surgery for ectopic pregnancy between January 2003 and December 2006 took part in the study. A programme was started in January 2003 to make operative laparoscopy the surgical management of choice. The main outcome measure was the proportion of women requiring surgery who had operative laparoscopy in the two study periods. The chi(2)-test was used to determine if there was any statistically significant difference between proportions. A difference was deemed statistically significant if p < 0.05. The results showed that there was a progressive rise in the proportion of ectopic pregnancies managed by operative laparoscopy following the change in January 2003. A total of 34% of women were managed laparoscopically between 2000 and 2002, increasing to 90% between 2003 and 2006. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In 2006, some 96% of women requiring surgery were managed by laparoscopic surgery. The findings of this study indicate that it is possible to implement changes which increase and sustain a high rate of laparoscopic surgery for women with ectopic pregnancy requiring surgery in a district general hospital setting.

A randomised trial comparing single dose systemic methotrexate and laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To compare single dose systemic methotrexate (50 mg/m2) with laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy.

DESIGN

An open, pragmatic, prospective randomised trial.

SETTING

Departments of obstetrics and gynaecology at three hospitals in Auckland, New Zealand.

PARTICIPANTS

Clinically stable women with an unruptured tubal pregnancy diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound and quantitative serum beta-hCG measurement. Inclusion criteria included a serum beta-hCG concentration < 5,000 IU/L, and a tubal pregnancy of < 3.5 cm diameter.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Treatment success, physical and psychological functioning, side effects, and subsequent ipsilateral tubal patency.

RESULTS

Two hundred and eighteen women with ectopic pregnancies were seen at the three hospitals. 79 women (36% eligibility rate) were eligible for trial entry and 62 women (78% recruitment rate) were recruited. Twenty-six of the 28 women (93%) randomised to laparoscopic surgery required no further treatment, compared with 22 of the 34 women (65%) randomised to methotrexate (95% CI of difference in success rate 10 - 47%; P < 0.01). Two women (7%) in the laparoscopic surgery group had persistent trophoblast. Nine women (26%) in the methotrexate group required more than one dose of methotrexate and five women (15%) underwent laparoscopy during follow up. In the laparoscopy group three women (11%) had negative laparoscopies and two women (7%) had were found to have a ruptured fallopian tube at the time of surgery. Women treated with methotrexate had significantly better objective physical functioning scores but there were no differences in any other psychological outcomes. Women treated with methotrexate experienced greater and more prolonged vaginal bleeding. The likelihood of methotrexate treatment failure was greater at higher serum beta-hCG concentrations. Ipsilateral tubal patency rates were similar in each group.

CONCLUSION

This trial shows that in the treatment of tubal pregnancy single dose systemic methotrexate is a less effective treatment than laparoscopic salpingotomy. It is well tolerated, but should only be offered as an alternative to surgery to women who have mild symptoms and present at low serum beta-hCG concentrations. In our population this likely to be no more than a quarter of women presenting with a tubal pregnancy.