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Louzon M, Coeurdassier M, Gimbert F, Pauget B, de Vaufleury A. Telomere dynamic in humans and animals: Review and perspectives in environmental toxicology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105025. [PMID: 31352262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres (TLs) play major roles in stabilizing the genome and are usually shortened with ageing. The maintenance of TLs is ensured by two mechanisms involving telomerase (TA) enzyme and alternative lengthening telomeres (ALT). TL shortening and/or TA inhibition have been related to health effects on organisms (leading to reduced reproductive lifespan and survival), suggesting that they could be key processes in toxicity mechanisms (at molecular and cellular levels) and relevant as an early warning of exposure and effect of chemicals on human health and animal population dynamics. Consequently, a critical analysis of knowledge about relationships between TL dynamic and environmental pollution is essential to highlight the relevance of TL measurement in environmental toxicology. The first objective of this review is to provide a survey on the basic knowledge about TL structure, roles, maintenance mechanisms and causes of shortening in both vertebrates (including humans) and invertebrates. Overall, TL length decreases with ageing but some unexpected exceptions are reported (e.g., in species with different lifespans, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans or the crustacean Homarus americanus). Inconsistent results reported in various biological groups or even between species of the same genus (e.g., the microcrustacean Daphnia sp.) indicate that the relation usually proposed between TL shortening and a decrease in TA activity cannot be generalized and depends on the species, stage of development or lifespan. Although the scientific literature provides evidence of the effect of ageing on TL shortening, much less information on the relationships between shortening, maintenance of TLs, influence of other endogenous and environmental drivers, including exposure to chemical pollutants, is available, especially in invertebrates. The second objective of this review is to connect knowledge on TL dynamic and exposure to contaminants. Most of the studies published on humans rely on correlative epidemiological approaches and few in vitro experiments. They have shown TL attrition when exposed to contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pesticides and metallic elements (ME). In other vertebrates, the studies we found deals mainly with birds and, overall, report a disturbance of TL dynamic consecutively to exposure to chemicals, including metals and organic compounds. In invertebrates, no data are available and the potential of TL dynamic in environmental risk assessment remains to be explored. On the basis of the main gaps identified some research perspectives (e.g., impact of endogenous and environmental drivers, dose response effects, link between TL length, TA activity, longevity and ageing) are proposed to better understand the potential of TL and TA measurements in humans and animals in environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Louzon
- Department Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Michael Coeurdassier
- Department Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Frédéric Gimbert
- Department Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Benjamin Pauget
- TESORA, Le Visium, 22 avenue Aristide Briand, 94110 Arcueil, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- Department Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Telomere maintenance during anterior regeneration and aging in the freshwater annelid Aeolosoma viride. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18078. [PMID: 30584242 PMCID: PMC6305377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process involving declines in various cellular and physical functionalities, including regenerative ability. Telomere maintenance is thought to be necessary for regeneration, and telomere attrition is one mechanism that contributes to aging. However, it is unclear if aging affects regeneration owing to deterioration of telomeric maintenance. We introduce Aeolosoma viride—a freshwater annelid with strong regenerative abilities—as a new model for studying the effects of aging on telomere functions and regeneration. We show that the anterior regenerative ability of A. viride declines with age. We characterized the A. viride telomere sequence as being composed of TTAGGG repeats and identifyied the telomerase gene Avi-tert. In adult A. viride, telomerase was constantly active and telomere lengths were similar among different body sections and stably maintained with age. Notably, we found that regeneration did not result in telomere shortening at regenerating sites. Moreover, transient up-regulation of Avi-tert expression and telomerase activity was observed at regenerating sites, which might promote telomere lengthening to counteract telomere erosion resulting from cell proliferation. Our study suggests that although aging affects A. viride regeneration independent of steady-state telomere length, timely regulation of telomerase functions is critical for the regeneration process in A. viride.
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Bhambri A, Dhaunta N, Patel SS, Hardikar M, Bhatt A, Srikakulam N, Shridhar S, Vellarikkal S, Pandey R, Jayarajan R, Verma A, Kumar V, Gautam P, Khanna Y, Khan JA, Fromm B, Peterson KJ, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S, Pillai B. Large scale changes in the transcriptome of Eisenia fetida during regeneration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204234. [PMID: 30260966 PMCID: PMC6160089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms show a wide spectrum of regenerative potential with certain species like Eisenia fetida capable of regenerating more than two-thirds of their body while other closely related species, such as Paranais litoralis seem to have lost this ability. Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida, in which the genomes of the marine oligochaete Capitella telata and the freshwater leech Helobdella robusta have been sequenced and studied. Herein, we report the transcriptomic changes in Eisenia fetida (Indian isolate) during regeneration. Following injury, E. fetida regenerates the posterior segments in a time spanning several weeks. We analyzed gene expression changes both in the newly regenerating cells and in the adjacent tissue, at early (15days post amputation), intermediate (20days post amputation) and late (30 days post amputation) by RNAseq based de novo assembly and comparison of transcriptomes. We also generated a draft genome sequence of this terrestrial red worm using short reads and mate-pair reads. An in-depth analysis of the miRNome of the worm showed that many miRNA gene families have undergone extensive duplications. Sox4, a master regulator of TGF-beta mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition was induced in the newly regenerated tissue. Genes for several proteins such as sialidases and neurotrophins were identified amongst the differentially expressed transcripts. The regeneration of the ventral nerve cord was also accompanied by the induction of nerve growth factor and neurofilament genes. We identified 315 novel differentially expressed transcripts in the transcriptome, that have no homolog in any other species. Surprisingly, 82% of these novel differentially expressed transcripts showed poor potential for coding proteins, suggesting that novel ncRNAs may play a critical role in regeneration of earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksheev Bhambri
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Dhaunta
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Singh Patel
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
| | - Mitali Hardikar
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Bhatt
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagesh Srikakulam
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Shridhar
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamsudheen Vellarikkal
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit - TRISUTRA, CSIR-IGIB, New Delhi, India
| | - Rijith Jayarajan
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Verma
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Kumar
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Gautam
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Yukti Khanna
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bastian Fromm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin J. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- CSIR – Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Mathura Road, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Anisimov AP, Roslik GV, Ganin GN. Cytogenetic description of the earthworm Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae) from the southern Russian Far East. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:565-577. [PMID: 26753075 PMCID: PMC4698571 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-six specimens of the earthworm Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae) from 15 localities of the southern Russian Far East were studied cytogenetically. We examined chromosome sets during mitosis and diakinesis as well as DNA content in the spermatogenous and somatic cell nuclei. The populations and morphs displayed no differences in karyotype and ploidy levels estimated in terms of both chromosome number and DNA mass index: n = 10, 2n = 20; c = 1.1 pg, 2c = 2.2 pg. We conclude that polyploidy as a species- or race-forming factor is not typical of these earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim P. Anisimov
- Far Eastern Federal University, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, 27 Oktyabrskaya str., Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Galina V. Roslik
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Av. Stoletiya Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Gennady N. Ganin
- Institute of Water and Ecological Problems, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 65 Kim Yu Chena str., Khabarovsk 680000, Russia
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Alike but different: the evolution of the Tubifex tubifex species complex (Annelida, Clitellata) through polyploidization. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:73. [PMID: 24694211 PMCID: PMC4021366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubifex tubifex is a widespread annelid characterized by considerable variability in its taxonomic characteristics and by a mixed reproductive strategy, with both parthenogenesis and biparental reproduction. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis, we detected substantial genetic variability among sympatric Tubifex spp. from the Lambro River (Milano, Italy), which we suggested comprise several cryptic species. To gain insights into the evolutionary events that generated this differentiation, we performed a cytogenetic analysis in parallel with a molecular assay. Approximately 80 cocoons of T. tubifex and T. blanchardi were collected and dissected. For each cocoon, we sequenced a fragment of the 16S rRNA from half of the sibling embryos and karyotyped the other half. To generate a robust phylogeny enabling the reconstruction of the evolutionary processes shaping the diversity of these sympatric lineages, we complemented our original 16S rRNA gene sequences with additional COI sequences. RESULTS The chromosome number distribution was consistent with the presence of at least six sympatric euploid chromosome complements (one diploid, one triploid, three tetraploids and one hexaploid), as confirmed by a FISH assay performed with an homologous 18S rDNA probe. All the worms with 2n = 50 chromosomes belonged to an already identified sibling species of T. tubifex, T. blanchardi. The six euploid sets were coherently arranged in the phylogeny, with each lineage grouping specimens with the same chromosome complement. CONCLUSIONS These results are compatible with the hypothesis that multiple polyploidization events, possibly enhanced by parthenogenesis, may have driven the evolution of the T. tubifex species complex.
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Microbial environment affects innate immunity in two closely related earthworm species Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79257. [PMID: 24223917 PMCID: PMC3815151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of earthworms in the environment depends on their ability to recognize and eliminate potential pathogens. This work is aimed to compare the innate defense mechanisms of two closely related earthworm species, Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida, that inhabit substantially different ecological niches. While E. andrei lives in a compost and manure, E. fetida can be found in the litter layer in forests. Therefore, the influence of environment-specific microbiota on the immune response of both species was followed. Firstly, a reliable method to discern between E. andrei and E. fetida based on species-specific primers for cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and stringent PCR conditions was developed. Secondly, to analyze the immunological profile in both earthworm species, the activity and expression of lysozyme, pattern recognition protein CCF, and antimicrobial proteins with hemolytic function, fetidin and lysenins, have been assessed. Whereas, CCF and lysozyme showed only slight differences in the expression and activity, fetidin/lysenins expression as well as the hemolytic activity was considerably higher in E. andrei as compared to E. fetida. The expression of fetidin/lysenins in E. fetida was not affected upon the challenge with compost microbiota, suggesting more substantial changes in the regulation of the gene expression. Genomic DNA analyses revealed significantly higher level of fetidin/lysenins (determined using universal primer pairs) in E. andrei compared to E. fetida. It can be hypothesized that E. andrei colonizing compost as a new habitat acquired an evolutionary selection advantage resulting in a higher expression of antimicrobial proteins.
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Rorat A, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Jozkowicz A, Kruk J, Cocquerelle C, Vandenbulcke F, Santocki M, Plytycz B. Coelomocyte-derived fluorescence and DNA markers of composting earthworm species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 321:28-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rorat
- Institute of Environmental Engineering; Czestochowa University of Technology; Czestochowa Poland
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement; University Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | | | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Claude Cocquerelle
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement; University Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement; University Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | - Michal Santocki
- Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
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Marescalchi O, Gugnali A, Falconi R. First report on the chromosomes of Aeolosoma viride and Aeolosoma hemprichi (Aeolosomatidae; Annelida). Zoolog Sci 2009; 25:904-6. [PMID: 19267599 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aeolosomatidae are cosmopolitan meiofaunal Annelida characterised by small size and almost exclusively asexual reproduction. This study is the first report on the chromosome morphology of two aeolosomatid species. Giemsa staining and propidium iodide labelling were performed. The somatic chromosome number of Aeolosoma viride was 2n=30 with many biarmed elements, whereas A. hemprichi showed 60 small chromosomes with a dot-like appearance. Asexual reproduction, with its clonal transmission of chromosomal repatternings, probably ensures the fixation of new karyotypes in species of Aeolosoma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Marescalchi
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Wilding CS, Trikic MZ, Hingston JL, Copplestone D, Janet Tawn E. Mitochondrial DNA mutation frequencies in experimentally irradiated compost worms, Eisenia fetida. Mutat Res 2006; 603:56-63. [PMID: 16378751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The compost worm Eisenia fetida is routinely used in ecotoxicological studies. A standard assay to assess genetic damage in this species would be extremely valuable. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is known to exhibit an increased mutation rate following exposure to ionising radiation we assessed the validity of a mtDNA-based assay for measuring increases in mutation rate in laboratory-irradiated compost worms. To this end the mutation frequency in the mtDNA of the compost worm E. fetida was quantified following in vivo gamma-irradiation of adult worms in three dose groups. Five adult worms exposed to 1.4 mGy/h for 55 days (total dose 1.85 Gy), five adult worms exposed to 8.5 mGy/h for 55 days (total dose 11.22 Gy) and five adult control worms were used to assess the effect of irradiation on mtDNA mutation induction. DNA samples extracted from irradiated adult worms were used in high-fidelity PCR of a 486 bp region of mtDNA spanning the ATPase 8 gene, chosen for its high spontaneous mutation rate. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify mutations, with 89-102 clones successfully sequenced per individual. A significant elevation in mtDNA mutation frequency (p=0.032) was seen in worms exposed at the higher dose rate (8.5 mGy/h, total dose 11.22 Gy; mutation frequency 27.98+/-4.85 x 10(-5)mutations/bp) in comparison to controls (mutation frequency 12.68+/-3.06 x 10(-5)mutations/bp), but no elevation in mutation frequency (p=0.764) was seen for the lower dose rate (1.4 mGy/h, total dose 1.85 Gy; mutation frequency 13.74+/-1.29 x 10(-5)mutations/bp) compared with controls. This indicates that although the technique has the potential to detect an elevation in mutation frequency, it does not have sufficient sensitivity at the doses likely to be encountered in environmental monitoring scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Wilding
- Genetics Department, Westlakes Research Institute, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3JY, UK.
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Gornung E, Kartavenko T, Kurchashova S, Kireev I, Fais D. Physical mapping of the 5S rRNA genes in the common sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 111:186. [PMID: 16104075 DOI: 10.1159/000086394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Gornung
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
We describe an efficient protocol for mapping genes and other DNA sequences to amphioxus chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridisation. We apply this method to identify the number and location of ribosomal DNA gene clusters and telomere sequences in metaphase spreads of Branchiostoma floridae. We also describe how the locations of two single copy genes can be mapped relative to each other, and demonstrate this by mapping an amphioxus Pax gene relative to a homologue of the Notch gene. These methods have great potential for performing comparative genomics between amphioxus and vertebrates.
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Abstract
Haploid genome sizes (C-values) were estimated for 12 species of freshwater oligochaetes (families Naididae and Tubificidae) and 15 species of earthworms (families Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae). Aquatic worms ranged in genome size from about 0.8 to 7.6 pg, while earthworms varied from approximately 0.4 to 1.2 pg. Interspecific differences in nuclear DNA content did not appear to be linked to variation in chromosome number, but there was evidence of cryptopolyploidy in the aquatic worms. No correlations were found between genome size and either body size or life-history traits, although there may be an association between higher DNA content and parthenogenetic reproduction in earthworms.
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