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Jhita N, Raikar SS. Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:334-350. [PMID: 35783107 PMCID: PMC9249101 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies, given their direct tumor accessibility and less immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to solid tumors, are better suited to be targeted by cellular immunotherapies. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, with their unique attributes spanning the entirety of the immune system, make a tantalizing therapeutic platform for cancer immunotherapy. Their inherent anti-tumor properties, ability to act like antigen-presenting cells, and the advantage of having no major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictions, allow for greater flexibility in their utility to target tumors, compared to their αβ T cell counterpart. Their MHC-independent anti-tumor activity, coupled with their ability to be easily expanded from peripheral blood, enhance their potential to be used as an allogeneic product. In this review, the potential of utilizing γδ T cells to target hematologic malignancies is described, with a specific focus on their applicability as an allogeneic adoptive cellular therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Correspondence: Sunil S. Raikar, Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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2
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Bank I. The Role of Gamma Delta T Cells in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020462. [PMID: 32085540 PMCID: PMC7072729 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), affecting ~1–1.5% of all humans, are associated with considerable life long morbidity and early mortality. Early studies in the 1990s showed numerical changes of the recently discovered γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and in affected tissues of patients with a variety of ARDs, kindling interest in their role in the immuno-pathogenesis of these chronic inflammatory conditions. Indeed, later studies applied rapid developments in the understanding of γδ T cell biology, including antigens recognized by γδ T cells, their developmental programs, states of activation, and cytokine production profiles, to analyze their contribution to the pathological immune response in these disorders. Here we review the published studies addressing the role of γδ T in the major autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma, and animal models thereof. Due to their unique properties spanning adaptive and innate immune functions, the ever deeper understanding of this unique T cell population is shedding new light on the pathogenesis of, while potentially enabling new therapeutic approaches to, these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Bank
- Rheumatology Unit, Autoimmunity Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Human γδ T cells augment antigen presentation in Listeria Monocytogenes infection. Mol Med 2016; 22:737-746. [PMID: 27652377 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells in healthy individuals rapidly respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many studies have demonstrated that γδ T cells are activated and expanded by Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes), a foodborne bacterial pathogen with high fatality rates. However, the roles of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection are not clear. In the present study, we characterized the morphological characteristics of phagocytosis in γδ T cells after L.monocytogenes infection using transmission electron microscopy. Results show activation markers including HLA-DR and lymph node-homing receptor CCR7 on γδ T cells were upregulated after stimulation via L.monocytogenes. Significant proliferation and differentiation of primary αβ T cells was also observed after co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with γδ T cells anteriorly stimulated by L.monocytogenes. L.monocytogenes infection decreased the percentage of γδ T cells in mouse IELs and increased MHC-II expression on the surface of γδ T cells in vivo. Our findings shed light on antigen presentation of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Development of a Modular Assay for Detailed Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Human Whole Blood Samples by Multicolor Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081316. [PMID: 27529227 PMCID: PMC5000713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of immune cells gained great significance in prognosis and prediction of therapy responses. For analyzing blood samples, the multicolor flow cytometry has become the method of choice as it combines high specificity on single cell level with multiple parameters and high throughput. Here, we present a modular assay for the detailed immunophenotyping of blood (DIoB) that was optimized for an easy and direct application in whole blood samples. The DIoB assay characterizes 34 immune cell subsets that circulate the peripheral blood including all major immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In addition, it evaluates their functional state and a few non-leukocytes that also have been associated with the outcome of cancer therapy. This DIoB assay allows a longitudinal and close-meshed monitoring of a detailed immune status in patients requiring only 2.0 mL of peripheral blood and it is not restricted to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It is currently applied for the immune monitoring of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (IMMO-GLIO-01 trial, NCT02022384), pancreatic cancer (CONKO-007 trial, NCT01827553), and head and neck cancer (DIREKHT trial, NCT02528955) and might pave the way for immune biomarker identification for prediction and prognosis of therapy outcome.
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Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:537-58. [PMID: 24354324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (γδ T cells) are an unique group of lymphocytes and play an important role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immune systems under homeostatic condition as well as during infection and inflammation. They are predominantly localized into the mucosal and epithelial sites, but also exist in other peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs. γδ T cells can produce cytokines and chemokines to regulate the migration of other immune cells, can bring about lysis of infected or stressed cells by secreting granzymes, provide help to B cells and induce IgE production, can present antigen to conventional T cells, activate antigen presenting cells (APC) maturation, and are also known to produce growth factors that regulate the stromal cell function. γδ T cells spontaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines compared to delayed differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we discussed the current knowledge about the mechanism of γδ T cell function including its mode of antigen recognition, and differentiation into various subsets of γδ T cells. We also explored how γδ T cells interact with different types of innate and adaptive immune cells, and how these interactions shape the immune response highlighting the plasticity and role of these cells-protective or pathogenic under inflammatory and tolerogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Antigen-presenting effects of effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 9:245-54. [PMID: 22139198 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the limbs, but the pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. γδ T cells, a T-cell subpopulation, are characterized by multiple biological functions and associated with a variety of diseases. This study investigated the antigen-presenting effects of γδ T cells and their relationship with rheumatoid arthritis development. We found that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells (the predominant subtype of γδ T cells in peripheral blood) were activated by isopentenyl pyrophosphate to continuously proliferate and differentiate into effector memory cells. The effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exhibited phenotypic characteristics of specific antigen-presenting cells, including high HLA-DR and CD80/86 expression. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells could present soluble antigens and synthetic peptides to CD4(+) T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with different phenotypes showed different cytokine secretion patterns. Effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells simultaneously secreted not only interferon (IFN)-γ but also IL-17. The peripheral blood and joint synovial fluid from RA patients contained numerous heterogeneous γδ T cells that were predominantly effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with the ability to secrete inflammatory factors. We also found that γδ T cells had a similar antigen-presenting capability to B cells. These results suggest that during the development of rheumatoid arthritis, γδ T cells can aggravate immune dysfunction and produce abnormal immune damage by secreting cytokines and inducing inflammatory cells to participate in synergistic inflammatory responses. Furthermore, γδ T cells can behave similarly to B cells to present viral peptides and autoantigen peptides to CD4(+) T cells, thus sustaining CD4(+) T-cell activation.
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Wu Y, Wu W, Wong WM, Ward E, Thrasher AJ, Goldblatt D, Osman M, Digard P, Canaday DH, Gustafsson K. Human gamma delta T cells: a lymphoid lineage cell capable of professional phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5622-9. [PMID: 19843947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytosis in mammals is considered to be performed exclusively by myeloid cell types. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, that a mammalian lymphocyte subset can operate as a professional phagocyte. By using confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and functional Ag presentation assays, we find that freshly isolated human peripheral blood gammadelta T cells can phagocytose Escherichia coli and 1 microm synthetic beads via Ab opsonization and CD16 (FcgammaRIII), leading to Ag processing and presentation on MHC class II. In contrast, other CD16(+) lymphocytes, i.e., CD16(+)/CD56(+) NK cells, were not capable of such functions. These findings of distinct myeloid characteristics in gammadelta T cells strongly support the suggestion that gammadelta T cells are evolutionarily ancient lymphocytes and have implications for our understanding of their role in transitional immunity and the control of infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Molecular Immunology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
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Chen Z, Freedman MS. CD16+ gammadelta T cells mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity: potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:219-27. [PMID: 18501678 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our overall objective is to understand the role of gammadelta T cells in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). We have demonstrated that gammadelta T cells are directly cytotoxic to CNS cells in vitro. Although the exact mechanism of damage in MS is unknown, recent evidence suggests a role for B cells and antibodies to myelin. We were therefore interested in examining whether gammadelta T cells can injure CNS cells via an indirect mechanism involving antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. To study this we developed an in vitro flow cytometric cellular cytotoxicity assay (called "FC(3)A") to quantitate the amount of cytotoxicity. We utilized known target cells (Burkitt's B lymphoma) that express CD20, together with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD20, rituximab, that is being studied as a potential treatment for MS. Target cells are first coated with rituximab followed by co-culture with gammadelta T cells derived from patients with MS. Specific lysis of target cells was determined by quantitation of 7-AAD (which increases only upon nuclear disruption indicating cell death). We determined that this lysis was due to gammadelta T cells that express CD16 (Fc gamma receptor) and were therefore capable of binding the rituximab and mediating cytolysis via ADCC. This specific cell lysis correlated with rituximab concentration, E:T ratio, and the surface expression of CD16 on gammadelta T cells. These findings provide a new perspective with regards to the role of gammadelta T cells in the immunopathogenesis of MS and an insight into one of the potential therapeutic effects of rituximab in the treatment of MS. In addition, this new FC(3)A method we developed could readily be adapted to study other types of immune cells suspected of ADCC-type killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Chen Z, Freedman MS. Correlation of specialized CD16(+) gammadelta T cells with disease course and severity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 194:147-52. [PMID: 18155780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells may be important innate immune system contributors to the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), though the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. CD16 is a low affinity Fcgamma receptor, an activation receptor for gammadelta T cells, and a mediator of cytotoxicity. In this study, we found that the percentage of CD16(+) gammadelta T cells is elevated in MS patients compared with healthy controls. The increase is especially pronounced in patients with a progressive course of the disease, and the extent of this elevation shows a positive correlation with the time of disease progression and severity. In vitro cultured gammadelta T cells can be shown to upregulate the expression of CD16 in response to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 and -15, that have been shown to be elevated in progressive disease. These results suggest that CD16 expressing gammadelta T cells are somehow involved in the process of disease progression. Understanding more about these cells and their particular function in progressive vs. non-progressive disease could provide important clues to the mechanism of immune-mediated MS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lafont V, Liautard J, Liautard JP, Favero J. Production of TNF-alpha by human V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells via engagement of Fc gamma RIIIA, the low affinity type 3 receptor for the Fc portion of IgG, expressed upon TCR activation by nonpeptidic antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7190-9. [PMID: 11390467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphocytes expressing the gammadelta TCR represent a minor T cell subpopulation found in blood. The majority of these cells express Vgamma9Vdelta2 determinants and respond to nonpeptidic phosphoantigens. Several studies have shown that, in vivo, the percentage of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells dramatically increases during pathological infection, leading to the hypothesis that they play an important role in the defense against pathogens. However, the specific mechanisms involved in this response remain poorly understood. It has been established that Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells display potent cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and tumor cells, thereby resembling NK cells. In this study, we show that, upon stimulation by nonpeptidic Ags, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells express FcgammaRIIIA (CD16), a receptor that is constitutively expressed on NK cells. CD16 appears to be an activation Ag for Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. Indeed, ligation of CD16 on Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells leads to TNF-alpha production. This TNF-alpha production, which is dependent (like that induced via the TCR-CD3 complex) on the activation of the p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 mitogen-activated protein kinases, can be modulated by CD94 NK receptors. Therefore, it appears that Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells can be physiologically activated by two sequential steps via two different cell surface Ags: the TCR-CD3 complex and the FcgammaRIIIA receptor, which are specific cell surface Ags for T lymphocytes and NK cells, respectively. This strongly suggests that, in the general scheme of the immune response, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells represent an important subpopulation of cells that play a key role in the defense against invading pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Hemiterpenes
- Humans
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- MAP Kinase Kinase 2
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Organophosphorus Compounds/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lafont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 431, Microbiologie et Pathologie Cellulaire Infectieuse, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
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