1
|
Burte V, Cointe M, Perez G, Mailleret L, Calcagno V. When complex movement yields simple dispersal: behavioural heterogeneity, spatial spread and parasitism in groups of micro-wasps. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 36859387 PMCID: PMC9976481 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how behavioural dynamics, inter-individual variability and individual interactions scale-up to shape the spatial spread and dispersal of animal populations is a major challenge in ecology. For biocontrol agents, such as the microscopic Trichogramma parasitic wasps, an understanding of movement strategies is also critical to predict pest-suppression performance in the field. METHODS We experimentally studied the spatial propagation of groups of parasitoids and their patterns of parasitism. We investigated whether population spread is density-dependent, how it is affected by the presence of hosts, and whether the spatial distribution of parasitism (dispersal kernel) can be predicted from the observed spread of individuals. Using a novel experimental device and high-throughput imaging techniques, we continuously tracked the spatial spread of groups of parasitoids over large temporal and spatial scales (8 h; and 6 m, ca. 12,000 body lengths). We could thus study how population density, the presence of hosts and their spatial distribution impacted the rate of population spread, the spatial distribution of individuals during population expansion, the overall rate of parasitism and the dispersal kernel (position of parasitism events). RESULTS Higher population density accelerated population spread, but only transiently: the rate of spread reverted to low values after 4 h, in a "tortoise-hare" effect. Interestingly, the presence of hosts suppressed this transiency and permitted a sustained high rate of population spread. Importantly, we found that population spread did not obey classical diffusion, but involved dynamical switches between resident and explorer movement modes. Population distribution was therefore not Gaussian, though surprisingly the distribution of parasitism (dispersal kernel) was. CONCLUSIONS Even homogenous asexual groups of insects develop behavioural heterogeneities over a few hours, and the latter control patterns of population spread. Behavioural switching between resident and explorer states determined population distribution, density-dependence and dispersal. A simple Gaussian dispersal kernel did not reflect classical diffusion, but rather the interplay of several non-linearities at individual level. These results highlight the need to take into account behaviour and inter-individual heterogeneity to understand population spread in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Burte
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Melina Cointe
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Guy Perez
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Biocore, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Vincent Calcagno
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheng S, Song Y, Ahmad S, Wang J, Shao Y, Liu ZX, Wu FA. Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:91-100. [PMID: 34425923 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Yan Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Sheraz Ahmad
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang212018, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Augustin J, Boivin G, Bourgeois G, Brodeur J. The effect of temperature on host patch exploitation by an egg parasitoid. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254750. [PMID: 34288960 PMCID: PMC8294483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature during host patch exploitation by parasitoids remains poorly understood, despite its importance on female reproductive success. Under laboratory conditions, we explored the behaviour of Anaphes listronoti, an egg parasitoid of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis, when foraging on a host patch at five temperatures. Temperature had a strong effect on the female tendency to exploit the patch: A. listronoti females parasitized more eggs at intermediate temperature (20 to 30°C) compared to those foraging at the extreme of the range (15.9°C and 32.8°C). However, there was no difference in offspring sex-ratio and clutch size between temperature treatments. Mechanisms of host acceptance within a patch differed between temperatures, especially at 32.8°C where females used ovipositor insertion rather than antennal contact to assess whether a host was already parasitized or not, suggesting that host handling and chemical cues detection were probably constrained at high temperature. Females spent less time on the host patch with increasing temperatures, but temperature had no effect on patch-leaving rules. Our results show that foraging A. listronoti females behave better than expected at sub-optimal temperatures, but worse than expected at supra-optimal temperatures. This could impair parasitoid performance under ongoing climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Augustin
- Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Guy Boivin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaétan Bourgeois
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isa M, Kumano N, Tatsuta H. When a male perceives a female: the effect of waxy components on the body surface on decision-making in the invasive pest weevil. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181542. [PMID: 30891277 PMCID: PMC6408394 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects use various semiochemicals for sexual communication and mate recognition; these can therefore be used to govern the behaviours of harmful pest species, and several candidate chemicals have been explored for this purpose. For the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus, which is one of the most serious pests of sweet potato, no effective capture techniques, such as sex pheromone lures, exist. Toward exploring promising procedures for monitoring these weevils, we assessed the effect of secretions on the body surface on the recognition of congeners and on courtship behaviour in the weevils. Our study clearly demonstrated that weevils responded to extracts from the body surface, and the behaviour adopted by the weevils varied significantly depending on the condition of the extracts. Furthermore, we found a significantly prolonged retention time for males on glass beads covered with extracts of females based on survival analysis. These findings are, as far as we are aware, the first to show the effect of lipid components of the body surface on decision-making in these economically important pest weevils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Isa
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030213, Japan
| | - Norikuni Kumano
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan
| | - Haruki Tatsuta
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 9030213, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Influence of temperature on patch residence time in parasitoids: physiological and behavioural mechanisms. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:32. [PMID: 26961124 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patch time allocation has received much attention in the context of optimal foraging theory, including the effect of environmental variables. We investigated the direct role of temperature on patch time allocation by parasitoids through physiological and behavioural mechanisms and its indirect role via changes in sex allocation and behavioural defences of the hosts. We compared the influence of foraging temperature on patch residence time between an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma euproctidis, and an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. The latter attacks hosts that are able to actively defend themselves, and may thus indirectly influence patch time allocation of the parasitoid. Patch residence time decreased with an increase in temperature in both species. The increased activity levels with warming, as evidenced by the increase in walking speed, partially explained these variations, but other mechanisms were involved. In T. euproctidis, the ability to externally discriminate parasitised hosts decreased at low temperature, resulting in a longer patch residence time. Changes in sex allocation with temperature did not explain changes in patch time allocation in this species. For A. ervi, we observed that aphids frequently escaped at intermediate temperature and defended themselves aggressively at high temperature, but displayed few defence mechanisms at low temperature. These defensive behaviours resulted in a decreased patch residence time for the parasitoid and partly explained the fact that A. ervi remained for a shorter time at the intermediate and high temperatures than at the lowest temperature. Our results suggest that global warming may affect host-parasitoid interactions through complex mechanisms including both direct and indirect effects on parasitoid patch time allocation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Beleznai O, Tholt G, Tóth Z, Horváth V, Marczali Z, Samu F. Cool Headed Individuals Are Better Survivors: Non-Consumptive and Consumptive Effects of a Generalist Predator on a Sap Feeding Insect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135954. [PMID: 26295476 PMCID: PMC4546593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators are part of the complex interactions among insect natural enemies and prey. NCEs have been shown to significantly affect prey foraging and feeding. Leafhopper's (Auchenorrhyncha) lengthy phloem feeding bouts may play a role in pathogen transmission in vector species and also exposes them to predation risk. However, NCEs on leafhoppers have been scarcely studied, and we lack basic information about how anti-predator behaviour influences foraging and feeding in these species. Here we report a study on non-consumptive and consumptive predator-prey interactions in a naturally co-occurring spider-leafhopper system. In mesocosm arenas we studied movement patterns during foraging and feeding of the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in the presence of the spider predator Tibellus oblongus. Leafhoppers delayed feeding and fed much less often when the spider was present. Foraging movement pattern changed under predation risk: movements became more frequent and brief. There was considerable individual variation in foraging movement activity. Those individuals that increased movement activity in the presence of predators exposed themselves to higher predation risk. However, surviving individuals exhibited a 'cool headed' reaction to spider presence by moving less than leafhoppers in control trials. No leafhoppers were preyed upon while feeding. We consider delayed feeding as a "paradoxical" antipredator tactic, since it is not necessarily an optimal strategy against a sit-and-wait generalist predator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Beleznai
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tholt
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Horváth
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Marczali
- Institute for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Samu
- Zoology Department, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Latty T, Beekman M. Slime moulds use heuristics based on within-patch experience to decide when to leave. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1175-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animals foraging in patchy, non- or slowly-renewing environments must make decisions about how long to remain within a patch. Organisms can use heuristics (‘rules of thumb’) based on available information to decide when to leave the patch. Here we investigate proximate patch departure heuristics in two species of giant, brainless amoeba: the slime moulds Didymium bahiense and Physarum polycephalum. We explicitly tested the importance of information obtained through experience by eliminating chemosensory cues of patch quality. In Physarum polycephalum, patch departure was influenced by the consumption of high, and to a much lesser extent low, quality food items such that engulfing a food item increased patch residency time. Physarum polycephalum also tended to forage for longer in darkened, ‘safe’ patches. In Didymium bahiense, engulfment of either a high or low quality food item increased patch residency irrespective of that food item's quality. Exposure to light had no effect on the patch residency time of D. bahiense. Given that our organisms lack a brain, our results illustrate how the use of simple heuristics can give the impression that individuals make sophisticated foraging decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Latty
- Department of Plant and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Madeleine Beekman
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Lab and Centre for Mathematical Biology, School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheng S, Feng S, Meng L, Li B. Departure mechanisms for host search on high-density patches by the Meteorus pulchricornis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:205. [PMID: 25502040 PMCID: PMC5633939 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Less attention has been paid to the parasitoid-host system in which the host occurs in considerably high density with a hierarchical patch structure in studies on time allocation strategies of parasitoids. This study used the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Oriental leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as the parasitoids-host model system to investigate patch-leaving mechanisms as affected by the high-host density, hierarchical patch structure, and foraging behaviors on both former and current patches. The results showed that three out of eight covariates tested had significant effects on the patch-leaving tendency, including the host density, ovipositor insertion, and host rejection on the current patch. The parasitoid paid more visits to the patch with high-density hosts. While the patch with higher host densities decreased the leaving tendency, the spatial distribution of hosts examined had no effect on the leaving tendency. Both oviposition and host rejection decreased the patch-leaving tendency. The variables associated with the former patch, such as the host density and number of ovipositor insertions, however, did not have an effect on the leaving tendency. Our study suggested that M. pulchricornis females may use an incremental mechanism to exploit high-density patches to the fullest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Agricultural Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China Eastern China Crop Pests Management Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pierre JS, Masson JP, Wajnberg E. Patch leaving rules: A stochastic version of a well-known deterministic motivational model. J Theor Biol 2012; 313:1-11. [PMID: 22906591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
10
|
Wajnberg E. Multi-objective behavioural mechanisms are adopted by foraging animals to achieve several optimality goals simultaneously. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:503-11. [PMID: 22067022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Animals foraging for resources are under a variety of selective pressures, and separate optimality models have been developed predicting the optimal reproductive strategies they should adopt. 2. In most cases, the proximate behavioural mechanisms adopted to achieve such optimality goals have been identified. This is the case, for example, for optimal patch time and sex allocation in insect parasitoids. However, behaviours modelled within this framework have mainly been studied separately, even though real animals have to optimize some behaviours simultaneously. 3. For this reason, it would be better if proximate behavioural rules were designed to attain several goals simultaneously. Despite their importance, such multi-objective proximate rules remain to be discovered. 4. Based on experiments on insect parasitoids that simultaneously examine their optimal patch time and sex allocation strategies, it is shown here that animals can adopt multi-objective behavioural mechanisms that appear consistent with the two optimal goals simultaneously. 5. Results of computer simulations demonstrate that these behavioural mechanisms are indeed consistent with optimal reproductive strategies and have thus been most likely selected over the course of the evolutionary time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chapman AV, Kuhar TP, Schultz PB, Brewster CC. Dispersal of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in potato fields. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:677-685. [PMID: 19508776 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dispersal ability of Trichogramma ostriniae Pang and Chen, a biological control agent of Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, was studied in commercial potato fields on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The purpose was to quantify dispersal of T. ostriniae after an inundative release to aid in determining the number of release points needed per unit area for effective biological control of O. nubilalis in solanaceous crops. A single release of approximately 0.5 million wasps was made in two spatially separate potato fields in summer 2005 and 2006. Each release area contained 25 monitoring points at distances from 5 to 45 m from the release point bearing a yellow sticky card and O. nubilalis egg sentinels to observe for adult parasitoids and parasitism, respectively. Results showed that movement of T. ostriniae adults from the release point was rapid with individuals captured at 45 m within 1 d of emergence. High rates of parasitization (20-50%) also were observed at this distance, but the levels decreased with increasing distance from the release point. The distances that encompassed 98% recaptured T. ostriniae adults (x(98)) were 27.5 and 12.9 m from the release point in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The (x(98)) distances for parasitization of O. nubilalis were 21-26 m in 2005 and 8-10 m in 2006. However, the highest levels of parasitization in both years occurred nearest the release point. T. ostriniae showed uniform dispersal within an area of approximately 0.1 ha, indicating that multiple release points should be used for effective dispersal of T. ostriniae and control of O. nubilalis in solanaceous crops. Based on the assumption that a distance of 16 m represents the radius around a release point in which T. ostriniae activity was at its maximum, we estimate that approximately 12 release points/ha would be required in potato fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, 216 Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24601, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wilke A, Hutchinson JMC, Todd PM, Czienskowski U. Fishing for the Right Words: Decision Rules for Human Foraging Behavior in Internal Search Tasks. Cogn Sci 2009; 33:497-529. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Differential use of conspecific-derived information by sexual and asexual parasitic wasps exploiting partially depleted host patches. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Benefits of repeated mine trackings by a parasitoid when the host leafminer has a tortuous feeding pattern. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Ims RA. A novel method for quantifying habitat selection and predicting habitat use. J Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Hutchinson JM, Wilke A, Todd PM. Patch leaving in humans: can a generalist adapt its rules to dispersal of items across patches? Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Spataro T, Bernstein C. Influence of environmental conditions on patch exploitation strategies of parasitoids. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
18
|
Lefebvre D, Pierre J, Outreman Y, Pierre JS. Patch departure rules in Bumblebees: evidence of a decremental motivational mechanism. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Wajnberg É. Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-006-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Wajnberg E, Bernhard P, Hamelin F, Boivin G. Optimal patch time allocation for time-limited foragers. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Vanas V, Enigl M, Walzer A, Schausberger P. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis adjusts patch-leaving to own and progeny prey needs. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2006; 39:1-11. [PMID: 16680562 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Integration of optimal foraging and optimal oviposition theories suggests that predator females should adjust patch leaving to own and progeny prey needs to maximize current and future reproductive success. We tested this hypothesis in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and its patchily distributed prey, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. In three separate experiments we assessed (1) the minimum number of prey needed to complete juvenile development, (2) the minimum number of prey needed to produce an egg, and (3) the ratio between eggs laid and spider mites left when a gravid P. persimilis female leaves a patch. Experiments (1) and (2) were the pre-requirements to assess the fitness costs associated with staying or leaving a prey patch. Immature P. persimilis needed at least 7 and on average 14+/-3.6 (SD) T. urticae eggs to reach adulthood. Gravid females needed at least 5 and on average 8.5+/-3.1 (SD) T. urticae eggs to produce an egg. Most females left the initial patch before spider mite extinction, leaving prey for progeny to develop to adulthood. Females placed in a low density patch left 5.6+/-6.1 (SD) eggs per egg laid, whereas those placed in a high density patch left 15.8+/-13.7 (SD) eggs per egg laid. The three experiments in concert suggest that gravid P. persimilis females are able to balance the trade off between optimal foraging and optimal oviposition and adjust patch-leaving to own and progeny prey needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Vanas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter Jordanstrasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effect of low temperature exposure on oviposition behaviour and patch exploitation strategy in parasitic wasps. Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Hutchinson JMC, Gigerenzer G. Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet. Behav Processes 2005; 69:97-124. [PMID: 15845293 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Centre for Adaptive Behaviour and Cognition (ABC) has hypothesised that much human decision-making can be described by simple algorithmic process models (heuristics). This paper explains this approach and relates it to research in biology on rules of thumb, which we also review. As an example of a simple heuristic, consider the lexicographic strategy of Take The Best for choosing between two alternatives: cues are searched in turn until one discriminates, then search stops and all other cues are ignored. Heuristics consist of building blocks, and building blocks exploit evolved or learned abilities such as recognition memory; it is the complexity of these abilities that allows the heuristics to be simple. Simple heuristics have an advantage in making decisions fast and with little information, and in avoiding overfitting. Furthermore, humans are observed to use simple heuristics. Simulations show that the statistical structures of different environments affect which heuristics perform better, a relationship referred to as ecological rationality. We contrast ecological rationality with the stronger claim of adaptation. Rules of thumb from biology provide clearer examples of adaptation because animals can be studied in the environments in which they evolved. The range of examples is also much more diverse. To investigate them, biologists have sometimes used similar simulation techniques to ABC, but many examples depend on empirically driven approaches. ABC's theoretical framework can be useful in connecting some of these examples, particularly the scattered literature on how information from different cues is integrated. Optimality modelling is usually used to explain less detailed aspects of behaviour but might more often be redirected to investigate rules of thumb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M C Hutchinson
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
WAJNBERG ERIC, CURTY CHRISTINE, COLAZZA STEFANO. Genetic variation in the mechanisms of direct mutual interference in a parasitic wasp: consequences in terms of patch‐time allocation. J Anim Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ERIC WAJNBERG
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France, and
| | - CHRISTINE CURTY
- INRA, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France, and
| | - STEFANO COLAZZA
- S.En.Fi.Mo.Zo Department, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 13‐90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|