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Mostert D, Molina AB, Daniells J, Fourie G, Hermanto C, Chao CP, Fabregar E, Sinohin VG, Masdek N, Thangavelu R, Li C, Yi G, Mostert L, Viljoen A. The distribution and host range of the banana Fusarium wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, in Asia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181630. [PMID: 28719631 PMCID: PMC5515439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis cubense (Foc) is a soil-borne fungus that causes Fusarium wilt, which is considered to be the most destructive disease of bananas. The fungus is believed to have evolved with its host in the Indo-Malayan region, and from there it was spread to other banana-growing areas with infected planting material. The diversity and distribution of Foc in Asia was investigated. A total of 594 F. oxysporum isolates collected in ten Asian countries were identified by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) analysis. To simplify the identification process, the isolates were first divided into DNA lineages using PCR-RFLP analysis. Six lineages and 14 VCGs, representing three Foc races, were identified in this study. The VCG complex 0124/5 was most common in the Indian subcontinent, Vietnam and Cambodia; whereas the VCG complex 01213/16 dominated in the rest of Asia. Sixty-nine F. oxysporum isolates in this study did not match any of the known VCG tester strains. In this study, Foc VCG diversity in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka was determined for the first time and VCGs 01221 and 01222 were first reported from Cambodia and Vietnam. New associations of Foc VCGs and banana cultivars were recorded in all the countries where the fungus was collected. Information obtained in this study could help Asian countries to develop and implement regulatory measures to prevent the incursion of Foc into areas where it does not yet occur. It could also facilitate the deployment of disease resistant banana varieties in infested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Agustin B. Molina
- Bioversity International–Asia Pacific, IRRI campus, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Jeff Daniells
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, South Johnstone, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catur Hermanto
- Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Emily Fabregar
- Lapanday Foods Corporation, Barrio Pampanga, Lanang, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Vida G. Sinohin
- Bioversity International–Asia Pacific, IRRI campus, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Nik Masdek
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raman Thangavelu
- ICAR-National Research Center for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chunyu Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ganyun Yi
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lizel Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Ribeiro A, Machado AP, Kozakiewicz Z, Ryan M, Luke B, Buddie AG, Venancio A, Lima N, Kelly J. Fungi in bottled water: a case study of a production plant. Rev Iberoam Micol 2007; 23:139-44. [PMID: 17196019 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(06)70033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-year fungal survey of a water bottling plant was conducted in order to evaluate the incidence and fluctuations of the mycobiota. The dominant fungal genera in order of highest numbers isolated were Penicillium, Cladosporium and Trichoderma followed by Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, and others. As expected, the highest number of isolates were collected during the warmer months, particularly May and June. Indeed during these two months there were more fungi present in the water, indicating that during those times of the year when fungal contamination is high, 0.4 mm filters should be changed on a more regular basis. In order to assess whether contamination was single or multi-loci, molecular methods based on the PCR were used for Penicillium brevicompactum. Overall, fungal contamination arose from multiple sources. Some P. brevicompactum strains were very "alike" and were detected during different sampling times, indicating that they were endemic to the plant. There was no evidence to suggest that fungi detected in the source water passed through to other parts of the plant. However, there was evidence that fungal strains isolated from the water filter were detected elsewhere in the factory, confirming the need to change filters more regularly during periods of high fungal contamination. In order to improve quality control a HACCP programme was implemented and Best Practice Guidelines introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ribeiro
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica, and Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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