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Aryal M, Muriana PM. Efficacy of Commercial Sanitizers Used in Food Processing Facilities for Inactivation of Listeria Monocytogenes, E. Coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Biofilms. Foods 2019; 8:E639. [PMID: 31817159 PMCID: PMC6963748 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria entrapped in biofilms are a source of recurring problems in food processing environments. We recently developed a robust, 7-day biofilm microplate protocol for creating biofilms with strongly adherent strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella serovars that could be used to examine the effectiveness of various commercial sanitizers. Listeria monocytogenes 99-38, E.coli O157:H7 F4546, and Salmonella Montevideo FSIS 051 were determined from prior studies to be good biofilm formers and could be recovered and enumerated from biofilms following treatment with trypsin. Extended biofilms were generated by cycles of growth and washing daily, for 7 days, to remove planktonic cells. We examined five different sanitizers (three used at two different concentrations) for efficacy against the three pathogenic biofilms. Quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) and chlorine-based sanitizers were the least effective, showing partial inhibition of the various biofilms within 2 h (1-2 log reduction). The best performing sanitizer across all three pathogens was a combination of modified QAC, hydrogen peroxide, and diacetin which resulted in ~6-7 log reduction, reaching levels below our limit of detection (LOD) within 1-2.5 min. All treatments were performed in triplicate replication and analyzed by one way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) to determine significant differences (p < 0.05) in the response to sanitizer treatment over time. Analysis of 7-day biofilms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests the involvement of extracellular polysaccharides with Salmonella and E. coli, which may make their biofilms more impervious to sanitizers than L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Aryal
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA;
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA
| | - Peter M. Muriana
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA;
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA
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Camarillo MK, Domen JK, Stringfellow WT. Physical-chemical evaluation of hydraulic fracturing chemicals in the context of produced water treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:164-174. [PMID: 27591844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Produced water is a significant waste stream that can be treated and reused; however, the removal of production chemicals-such as those added in hydraulic fracturing-must be addressed. One motivation for treating and reusing produced water is that current disposal methods-typically consisting of deep well injection and percolation in infiltration pits-are being limited. Furthermore, oil and gas production often occurs in arid regions where there is demand for new water sources. In this paper, hydraulic fracturing chemical additive data from California are used as a case study where physical-chemical and biodegradation data are summarized and used to screen for appropriate produced water treatment technologies. The data indicate that hydraulic fracturing chemicals are largely treatable; however, data are missing for 24 of the 193 chemical additives identified. More than one-third of organic chemicals have data indicating biodegradability, suggesting biological treatment would be effective. Adsorption-based methods and partitioning of chemicals into oil for subsequent separation is expected to be effective for approximately one-third of chemicals. Volatilization-based treatment methods (e.g. air stripping) will only be effective for approximately 10% of chemicals. Reverse osmosis is a good catch-all with over 70% of organic chemicals expected to be removed efficiently. Other technologies such as electrocoagulation and advanced oxidation are promising but lack demonstration. Chemicals of most concern due to prevalence, toxicity, and lack of data include propargyl alcohol, 2-mercaptoethyl alcohol, tetrakis hydroxymethyl-phosphonium sulfate, thioglycolic acid, 2-bromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, formaldehyde polymers, polymers of acrylic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, and surfactants (e.g. ethoxylated alcohols). Future studies should examine the fate of hydraulic fracturing chemicals in produced water treatment trains to demonstrate removal and clarify interactions between upstream and downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kay Camarillo
- Ecological Engineering Research Program, School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| | - Jeremy K Domen
- Ecological Engineering Research Program, School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - William T Stringfellow
- Ecological Engineering Research Program, School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; Earth & Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Bai H, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Supramolecular Antibiotic Switches: A Potential Strategy for Combating Drug Resistance. Chemistry 2016; 22:11114-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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Yan H, Rengert ZD, Thomas AW, Rehermann C, Hinks J, Bazan GC. Influence of molecular structure on the antimicrobial function of phenylenevinylene conjugated oligoelectrolytes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5714-5722. [PMID: 30034711 PMCID: PMC6021957 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00630b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure/property relationships were obtained to understand the antimicrobial function of conjugated oligoelectrolytes toward Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) with phenylenevinylene (PV) repeat units are known to spontaneously intercalate into cell membranes. Twelve COEs, including seven structures reported here for the first time, were investigated for the relationship between their membrane disrupting properties and structural modifications, including the length of the PV backbone and the presence of either a tetraalkylammonium or a pyridinium ionic pendant group. Optical characteristics and interactions with cell membranes were determined using UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and confocal microscopy. Toxicity tests on representative Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria reveal generally greater toxicity to E. faecalis than to E. coli and indicate that shorter molecules have superior antimicrobial activity. Increased antimicrobial potency was observed in three-ring COEs appended with pyridinium ionic groups but not with COEs with four or five PV repeat units. Studies with mutants having cell envelope modifications indicate a possible charge based interaction with pyridinium-appended compounds. Fluorine substitutions on COE backbones result in structures that are less toxic to E. coli, while the addition of benzothiadiazole to COE backbones has no effect on increasing antimicrobial function. A weakly membrane-intercalating COE with only two PV repeat units allowed us to determine the synthetic limitations as a result of competition between solubility in aqueous media and association with cell membranes. We describe, for the first time, the most membrane disrupting structure achievable within two homologous series of COEs and that around a critical three-ring backbone length, structural modifications have the most effect on antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Polymers and Organic Solids , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
| | - Zachary D Rengert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Polymers and Organic Solids , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
| | - Alexander W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Polymers and Organic Solids , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA .
| | - Carolin Rehermann
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Germany
| | - Jamie Hinks
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore .
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Center for Polymers and Organic Solids , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA . .,Department of Materials , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA
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Zhang Q, Liu H, Chen X, Zhan X, Chen F. Preparation, surface properties, and antibacterial activity of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) network containing a quaternary ammonium salt side chain. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqiu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 People's Republic of China
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Kahveci Z, Martínez-Tomé MJ, Esquembre R, Mallavia R, Mateo CR. Selective Interaction of a Cationic Polyfluorene with Model Lipid Membranes: Anionic versus Zwitterionic Lipids. MATERIALS 2014; 7:2120-2140. [PMID: 28788559 PMCID: PMC5453277 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the interaction mechanism between the conjugated polyelectrolyte {[9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]fluorene-phenylene}bromide (HTMA-PFP) and model lipid membranes. The study was carried out using different biophysical techniques, mainly fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Results show that despite the preferential interaction of HTMA-PFP with anionic lipids, HTMA-PFP shows affinity for zwitterionic lipids; although the interaction mechanism is different as well as HTMA-PFP's final membrane location. Whilst the polyelectrolyte is embedded within the lipid bilayer in the anionic membrane, it remains close to the surface, forming aggregates that are sensitive to the physical state of the lipid bilayer in the zwitterionic system. The different interaction mechanism is reflected in the polyelectrolyte fluorescence spectrum, since the maximum shifts to longer wavelengths in the zwitterionic system. The intrinsic fluorescence of HTMA-PFP was used to visualize the interaction between polymer and vesicles via fluorescence microscopy, thanks to its high quantum yield and photostability. This technique allows the selectivity of the polyelectrolyte and higher affinity for anionic membranes to be observed. The results confirmed the appropriateness of using HTMA-PFP as a membrane fluorescent marker and suggest that, given its different behaviour towards anionic and zwitterionic membranes, HTMA-PFP could be used for selective recognition and imaging of bacteria over mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Kahveci
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante) 03202, Spain.
| | - María José Martínez-Tomé
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante) 03202, Spain.
| | - Rocío Esquembre
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante) 03202, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante) 03202, Spain.
| | - C Reyes Mateo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante) 03202, Spain.
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Potyrailo R, Rajan K, Stoewe K, Takeuchi I, Chisholm B, Lam H. Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of materials libraries: review of state of the art. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:579-633. [PMID: 21644562 DOI: 10.1021/co200007w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimization of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characterization approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials developments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav Potyrailo
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Stoewe
- Universität des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Chisholm
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Hubert Lam
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
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8
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Ding L, Chi EY, Chemburu S, Ji E, Schanze KS, Lopez GP, Whitten DG. Insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial poly(phenylene ethynylene) polyelectrolytes: interactions with phosphatidylglycerol lipid membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13742-51. [PMID: 20560549 DOI: 10.1021/la901457t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of antimicrobial poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with lipid membranes were investigated to gain insight into the mechanism of their biocidal activity. Three model membrane systems comprising negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids were used to mimic the bacterial cell membrane, including unilamellar lipid vesicles in aqueous solution, lipid bilayer coated silica microspheres, and lipid monolayers at the air-water interface. Two PPE CPEs, one containing a thiophene moiety on the PPE repeat unit and the second containing a diazabicyclooctane (DABCO) moiety on the pendant side chain, were chosen, since the former exhibits distinct dark biocidal activity and the latter shows strong light-activated antimicrobial activity but little dark biocidal activity. The interactions of these two PPE polymers with lipid membranes were characterized in detail by CPE fluorescence spectral changes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence quenching, monolayer insertion, and dynamic light scattering assays. Both PPE polymers exhibit affinity for the anionic lipid membrane systems. Their concomitant association and insertion into the membrane leads to conformational changes of the PPE polymer from an aggregated state to a more extended state, as evidenced by the polymer's enhanced fluorescence and FRET between the polymer and rhodamine incorporated in the lipid membrane. In comparison, the thiophene polymer exhibits stronger interactions with PG lipid membranes than the DABCO-containing polymer. The former induces a larger fluorescence enhancement, shows faster transfer across the lipid membrane, and inserts more readily and to a higher extent into lipid monolayers. The observed differences between the two PPE polymers in their interactions with the lipid membrane may stem from their structural differences, as the DABCO-containing polymer has a much bulkier and larger pendant group on its side chain. The higher degree of membrane interaction and insertion, and subsequent membrane disorganization, of the thiophene polymer may account for its dark biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ding
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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Majumdar P, Lee E, Gubbins N, Christianson DA, Stafslien SJ, Daniels J, VanderWal L, Bahr J, Chisholm BJ. Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings XIII: An Investigation of Polysiloxane Antimicrobial Coatings Containing Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1115-27. [DOI: 10.1021/cc900114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Majumdar
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Nathan Gubbins
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - David A. Christianson
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Shane J. Stafslien
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Justin Daniels
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Lyndsi VanderWal
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - James Bahr
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
| | - Bret J. Chisholm
- The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
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Corbitt TS, Ding L, Ji E, Ista LK, Ogawa K, Lopez GP, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light and dark biocidal activity of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:998-1005. [PMID: 19582276 DOI: 10.1039/b902646k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report a study of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. The objective of the study was to compare the behavior of a polymer where a thiophene has replaced a phenyl ring in poly(phenylene ethynylene) polycations (PPE) previously investigated. Properties of solution phase and physisorbed suspensions of the polymer on microspheres were investigated. The photophysical properties of the polymer are evaluated and used to understand the striking differences in biocidal activity compared to the PPE polymers previously examined. The principal findings are that the thiophene polymer has remarkable dark biocidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 but very little light-activated activity. The low light-activated biocidal activity of the thiophene polymer is attributed to a highly aggregated state of the polymer in aqueous solutions and on microspheres as a physisorbed coating. This results in low triplet yields and a very poor sensitization of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The highly effective dark biocidal activity of the thiophene-containing polymers is attributed to its high lipophilicity and the presence of accessible quaternary ammonium groups. The difference in behavior among the polymers compared provides insights into the mechanism of the dark process and indicates that aggregation of polymer can reduce light activated biocidal activity by suppressing singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Corbitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Chemburu S, Corbitt TS, Ista LK, Ji E, Fulghum J, Lopez GP, Ogawa K, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light-induced biocidal action of conjugated polyelectrolytes supported on colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11053-62. [PMID: 18729335 DOI: 10.1021/la8016547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of water soluble, cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with backbones based on a poly(phenylene ethynylene) repeat unit structure and tetraakylammonium side groups exhibit a profound light-induced biocidal effect. The present study examines the biocidal activity of the CPEs, correlating this activity with the photophysical properties of the polymers. The photophysical properties of the CPEs are studied in solution, and the results demonstrate that direct excitation produces a triplet excited-state in moderate yield, and the triplet is shown to be effective at sensitizing the production of singlet oxygen. Using the polymers in a format where they are physisorbed or covalently grafted to the surface of colloidal silica particles (5 and 30 microm diameter), we demonstrate that they exhibit light-activated biocidal activity, effectively killing Cobetia marina and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The light-induced biocidal activity is also correlated with a requirement for oxygen suggesting that interfacial generation of singlet oxygen is the crucial step in the light-induced biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sireesha Chemburu
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1341, USA
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Laopaiboon L, Phukoetphim N, Vichitphan K, Laopaiboon P. Biodegradation of an aldehyde biocide in rotating biological contactors. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound against planktonic and sessile populations of differentLegionella pneumophila strains. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Tezel U, Pierson JA, Pavlostathis SG. Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium compounds on a mixed methanogenic culture. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3660-8. [PMID: 16899271 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential inhibitory effect of four quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and Vigilquat, a commercial sanitizer which is a mixture of the four QACs, was investigated at concentrations up to 100 mg/L using a mixed, mesophilic (35 degrees C) methanogenic culture. Dextrin and peptone were used as the carbon and energy sources. A batch assay conducted at a range of QAC concentrations showed that QACs were inhibitory to methanogens at and above 25 mg/L. Methanogenesis was more susceptible to QAC inhibition than acidogenesis. Adsorption of QACs on biomass was successfully simulated with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The inhibitory effect of Vigilquat on the mixed methanogenic culture was also investigated in a batch reactor fed with dextrin and peptone. Methanogens were inhibited when the total QAC concentration reached 30 mg/L and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulated. However, methane production recovered in 57 days of incubation, and all VFAs were consumed, suggesting that a prolonged incubation period is necessary for the methanogens to overcome the transient inhibition at a relatively low QAC concentration. None of the QACs tested in this study was biodegraded under methanogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulas Tezel
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
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