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Balhara M, Chaudhary R, Ruhil S, Singh B, Dahiya N, Parmar VS, Jaiwal PK, Chhillar AK. Siderophores; iron scavengers: the novel & promising targets for pathogen specific antifungal therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 27797604 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1254196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of resistance, toxicity paradigm and limited efficacy of conventional antifungal drugs necessitate the identification of de novo targets in fungal metabolism. One of the most critical physiological processes during in vivo pathogenesis is maintenance of iron homeostasis. The most life threatening opportunistic human fungal pathogens like Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus exploit the siderophore mediated iron uptake mechanism either for survival, virulence, propagation or resistance to oxidative stress envisaged in vivo during infection. Areas covered: In this review, we will highlight the metabolic pathways; specifically siderophore biosynthesis, uptake and utilisation, triggered in the fungal pathogens in iron starving conditions and the various putative targets viable in these pathways to be recruited as novel therapeutic antidotes either via biosynthetic enzymes catalytic site inhibitors or as drug conjugates through trojan horse approach and further role in the development of fungal specific reliable diagnostic markers. Expert opinion: Siderophores are the weapons released by a pathogen to conquer the battle for iron acquisition. Hence, the fungal siderophore biosynthetic pathways along with their uptake and utilisation mechanisms represent an ideal target for pathogen specific, host friendly therapeutic strategy which would block the proliferation of parasite without causing any harm to the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Balhara
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Renu Chaudhary
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Sonam Ruhil
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Bharat Singh
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- b Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases , Indian Council of Medical Research , Delhi , India
| | - Virinder S Parmar
- c Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- a Centre for Biotechnology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
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Attwa E. Review of narrowband ultraviolet B radiation in vitiligo. World J Dermatol 2016; 5:93-108. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v5.i2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common, acquired pigmentary disorder of unknown etiology with great impact on patient’s appearance and quality of life. It presents a therapeutic challenge to many dermatologists. Photochemotherapy using psoralen and ultraviolet A (UVA) therapy, topical and oral immunosuppresants, as well as cosmetic camouflage are also commonly employed with varying clinical efficacy. Phototherapy is a popular treatment option, which includes both of the generalized ultraviolet B (UVB) therapies, broadband UVB and narrowband UVB (NB-UVB). It has been used favorably, both alone as well as in combination with other agents like topical calcineurin inhibitors, vitamin-D analogs. Combination therapies are useful and may provide quicker regimentation and treat vitiligo with an additive mechanism of action than UVB phototherapy. Advances in technology may lead to the continuing use of UVB phototherapy as a treatment for vitiligo through the development of sophisticated devices and delivery systems as well as innovative application methods. These will provide increased therapeutic options for all vitiligo patients, particularly those with refractory disease. In this article, I have reviewed the available data pertaining to efficacy and safety issues for NB-UVB as monotherapy, its comparison with psoralen plus UVA and other modes of phototherapy, combination regimens that have been tried and future prospects of NB-UVB in vitiligo.
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Evaluation of the Efficacy of ME1111 in the Topical Treatment of Dermatophytosis in a Guinea Pig Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2343-5. [PMID: 26833160 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of dermatophytoses, including onychomycosis, has come a long way over the past few decades with the introduction of oral antifungals (e.g., terbinafine and itraconazole). However, with these advancements in oral therapies come several undesirable effects, such as kidney and liver toxicity, along with drug-drug interactions. Consequently, there is a need for new topical agents that are effective against dermatophytosis. ME1111 is a topical antifungal under development. In this study, thein vivoefficacy of ME1111 was compared to that of ciclopirox in the topical treatment of dermatophytosis caused byTrichophyton mentagrophytesusing a guinea pig model. Animals were treated with the topical antifungals starting at 3 days postinfection, with each agent being applied once daily for seven consecutive days. After the treatment period, the clinical and mycological efficacies were evaluated. The data showed that both antifungals demonstrated significant clinical and mycological efficacies; however, ME1111 showed clinical efficacy superior to that of ciclopirox (46.9% and 25.0%, respectively, with aPvalue of <0.001). The potent efficacy of ME1111 could be attributed to its properties, such as low keratin binding.
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Lee DH, Nam YJ, Lee MS, Sohn DS, Shin YK, Lee CS. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic Acid Attenuates TRAIL-induced Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes by Suppressing Apoptosis-related Protein Activation. Phytother Res 2015. [PMID: 26224159 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caffeoyl derivatives exhibit antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid on the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes that may be involved in skin diseases has not been studied. In this respect, we investigated the effect of 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid on TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid and oxidant scavengers attenuated the decrease in the cytosolic levels of Bid, Bcl-2, and survivin proteins; the increase in the levels of cytosolic Bax, p53, and phosphorylated p53; the increase in the levels of phosphorylated p38; the increase in the mitochondrial levels of the voltage-dependent anion channel; loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential; the release of cytochrome c; activation of caspases (8, 9, and 3); cleavage of poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1; production of reactive oxygen species; the depletion of glutathione (GSH); nuclear damage; and cell death in keratinocytes treated with TRAIL. These results suggest that 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid may reduce TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes by suppressing the activation of the caspase-8 and Bid pathways and the mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway. The effect appears to be associated with the inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid appears to be effective in the prevention of TRAIL-induced apoptosis-mediated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Min Sung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, Bucheon City, Kyung-Gi-Do, 420-767, South Korea
| | - Dong Suep Sohn
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, 156-755, South Korea
| | - Yong Kyoo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
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Camara-Lemarroy CR, Salas-Alanis JC. The role of tumor necrosis factor-α in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14:343-50. [PMID: 23912226 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-013-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired immune disorder of the skin characterized by the presence of white depigmented macules. Its immunopathogenesis is not completely understood, but inflammatory alterations in the skin microenvironment, and particularly increased expression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are thought to be essential regulators of melanocyte dysfunction and death. In this article we review the evidence that implicates TNFα in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, including studies on serum and tissue levels of TNFα, TNFα gene polymorphisms, in vitro studies, and therapeutic trials using TNFα inhibitors. TNFα emerges as a complex mediator with apparently conflicting roles in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Camara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos S/N, Monterrey, NL, 64700, Mexico,
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Abstract
This review provides an overview of a selection of the most pertinent molecular pathways that link cancer and aging and focuses on those where recent advances were most important. When organizing the bulk of information on this subject, I became aware of the fact that the most evident partition, namely, mechanisms that influence aging and mechanisms that influence cancer occurrence, is difficult to apply. Most mechanisms explaining the aging process are also those that influence carcinogenesis. Mechanisms that are described in tumor suppressor pathways are also contributors to the aging process. From an intuitive point of view, there are phenomena that have traditionally been contributed to aging others to cancer-inducing factors and they are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Irminger-Finger
- Laboratory of Molecular Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tuchinda C, Lim HW, Strickland FM, Guzmán EA, Wong HK. Comparison of broadband UVB, narrowband UVB, broadband UVA and UVA1 on activation of apoptotic pathways in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2007; 23:2-9. [PMID: 17254028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important therapy for immune-mediated cutaneous diseases. Activation of early apoptotic pathways may play a role in the clinical effectiveness. Different UV wavelengths have different efficacy for various diseases, but it remains unclear whether the ability to induce apoptosis differs with respect to the wavelength, and whether they induce apoptosis through the same mechanism. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of different UV wavelengths that are used clinically on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs were treated with UV-light sources broadband UVB, narrowband UVB, broadband UVA and UVA1. Initiation of apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry by staining-treated cells for activated caspases. Immunoblots were performed to measure for cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, cytochrome c, Bcl 2-interacting domain and poly-(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. RESULTS We demonstrate that all the UV radiation sources induced caspase activation in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Components of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis were activated by all of the UV wavelengths tested, but differed in the level of energy needed for activation. CONCLUSION The greater effectiveness of UVB on initiation of apoptotic pathway suggests that apoptosis may play a role in the clinical efficacy of UVB-responsive inflammatory cutaneous diseases.
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Abstract
We report a case of contact dermatitis because of ciclopiroxolamine milk in a 43-year-old woman with tinea pedis and onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Ciclopiroxolamine is regarded as a weak sensitiser because of the few allergic reactions described in relation to its widespread use.
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Gupta AK, Plott T. Ciclopirox: a broad-spectrum antifungal with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Int J Dermatol 2005; 43 Suppl 1:3-8. [PMID: 15271193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-1244.2004.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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