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Macro-symbiosis triggered by a defence-reproduction tradeoff in a social insect. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Andreas P, Kisiala A, Emery RJN, De Clerck-Floate R, Tooker JF, Price PW, Miller III DG, Chen MS, Connor EF. Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread Among Insect Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E208. [PMID: 32041320 PMCID: PMC7076654 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andreas
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | | | - John F. Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Peter W. Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA;
| | - Donald G. Miller III
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA;
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Edward F. Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Miller DG, Lawson SP, Rinker DC, Estby H, Abbot P. The origin and genetic differentiation of the socially parasitic aphid Tamalia inquilinus. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5751-66. [PMID: 26460808 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Social and brood parasitisms are nonconsumptive forms of parasitism involving the exploitation of the colonies or nests of a host. Such parasites are often related to their hosts and may evolve in various ecological contexts, causing evolutionary constraints and opportunities for both parasites and their hosts. In extreme cases, patterns of diversification between social parasites and their hosts can be coupled, such that diversity of one is correlated with or even shapes the diversity of the other. Aphids in the genus Tamalia induce galls on North American manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and related shrubs (Arbutoideae) and are parasitized by nongalling social parasites or inquilines in the same genus. We used RNA sequencing to identify and generate new gene sequences for Tamalia and performed maximum-likelihood, Bayesian and phylogeographic analyses to reconstruct the origins and patterns of diversity and host-associated differentiation in the genus. Our results indicate that the Tamalia inquilines are monophyletic and closely related to their gall-forming hosts on Arctostaphylos, supporting a previously proposed scenario for origins of these parasitic aphids. Unexpectedly, population structure and host-plant-associated differentiation were greater in the non-gall-inducing parasites than in their gall-inducing hosts. RNA-seq indicated contrasting patterns of gene expression between host aphids and parasites, and perhaps functional differences in host-plant relationships. Our results suggest a mode of speciation in which host plants drive within-guild diversification in insect hosts and their parasites. Shared host plants may be sufficient to promote the ecological diversification of a network of phytophagous insects and their parasites, as exemplified by Tamalia aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Water and the Environment, California State University, Chico, CA, 95929, USA
| | - Sarah P Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Heather Estby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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Gilbert JDJ, Simpson SJ. Natural history and behaviour ofDunatothrips aneurae Mound (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a phyllode-gluing thrips with facultative pleometrosis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Heydon-Laurence Building; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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GILBERT JAMESDJ, MOUND LAURENCEA, SIMPSON STEPHENJ. Biology of a new species of socially parasitic thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) inside Dunatothrips nests, with evolutionary implications for inquilinism in thrips. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jansen G, Savolainen R, Vepsäläinen K. Phylogeny, divergence-time estimation, biogeography and social parasite-host relationships of the Holarctic ant genus Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:294-304. [PMID: 20159044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the ant genus Myrmica, tested reciprocal monophyly of the Nearctic and Palearctic representatives, and inferred social parasite-host relationships for five workerless inquilines and four temporary parasites. We sequenced six gene fragments of 106 specimens (17 not identified to species), analysed the data with Bayesian phylogenetic inference and maximum likelihood, and estimated divergence times using penalized likelihood. Our well resolved phylogeny supported most morphologically defined species groups. The Nearctic and Palearctic species were not reciprocally monophyletic, which suggested repeated species interchange across the Beringian land bridge. Parasitism evolved several times in Myrmica. Three inquilines and one temporary parasite were closest relatives of their host, two inquiline species and one temporary parasite clustered basally to their host(s), and two temporary parasites more distantly. Myrmica probably diversified following drastic climatic cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary ca. 34 Ma, the oldest species groups being rugosa and ritae in central and southeastern Asia. The oldest inquiline, Myrmica karavajevi, was estimated at 17 Ma, the youngest species M. hirsuta at 0.8 Ma, whereas the microgyne of M.rubra is an intraspecific inquiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Jansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Stone GN, van der Ham RWJM, Brewer JG. Fossil oak galls preserve ancient multitrophic interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:2213-9. [PMID: 18559323 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace fossils of insect feeding have contributed substantially to our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions. The most complex phenotypes of herbivory are galls, whose diagnostic morphologies often allow the identification of the gall inducer. Although fossil insect-induced galls over 300Myr old are known, most are two-dimensional impressions lacking adequate morphological detail either for the precise identification of the causer or for detection of the communities of specialist parasitoids and inquilines inhabiting modern plant galls. Here, we describe the first evidence for such multitrophic associations in Pleistocene fossil galls from the Eemian interglacial (130000-115000 years ago) of The Netherlands. The exceptionally well-preserved fossils can be attributed to extant species of Andricus gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galling oaks (Quercus), and provide the first fossil evidence of gall attack by herbivorous inquiline gallwasps. Furthermore, phylogenetic placement of one fossil in a lineage showing obligate host plant alternation implies the presence of a second oak species, Quercus cerris, currently unknown from Eemian fossils in northwestern Europe. This contrasts with the southern European native range of Q. cerris in the current interglacial and suggests that gallwasp invasions following human planting of Q. cerris in northern Europe may represent a return to preglacial distribution limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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Kölsch G, Pedersen BV. Molecular phylogeny of reed beetles (Col., Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae): the signature of ecological specialization and geographical isolation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:936-52. [PMID: 18672382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Donaciinae consist of approximately 165 species predominantly occurring in the northern hemisphere. We analysed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (COI, EF-1alpha) of 46 species to investigate their phylogeny and to discuss general topics in the context of insect herbivory (generalists versus specialists, ecological speciation). Phylogenetic reconstructions from various methodical approaches yielded very similar results. Clades corresponding to the traditional tribes/genera were recovered. Within the genus Donacia, species groups with characteristic host plant preference were identified. Estimated divergence times are discussed on the background of geological events. The origin of the Donaciinae is dated to 75-100 million years before present, after which they quickly diversified into the main groups. An initial split of those groups occurred in the Palaeocene. In the Eocene and Oligocene, major lineages specialized on certain host plants, where they radiated in the Miocene. This radiation was enforced by geographic isolation brought about by the final separation of America and Europe, after which there arose continental lineages within three larger species groups. In their evolution based on ecological specialization with a recently superimposed geographic isolation, the Donaciinae follow a pattern of specialists arising from generalists. Host plant shifts show that such a specialization is not necessarily an 'evolutionary dead-end'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kölsch
- University of Hamburg, Zoological Institute, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Miller DG. Ecology and radiation of galling aphids (Tamalia; Hemiptera: Aphididae) on their host plants (Ericaceae). Basic Appl Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Quek SP, Davies SJ, Itino T, Pierce NE. CODIVERSIFICATION IN AN ANT-PLANT MUTUALISM: STEM TEXTURE AND THE EVOLUTION OF HOST USE IN CREMATOGASTER (FORMICIDAE: MYRMICINAE) INHABITANTS OF MACARANGA (EUPHORBIACEAE). Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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