Incorporation of bovine bone marrow stromal cells into porcine foetal tissues after xenotransplantation

Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Maturation in Embryonic Rat Liver: Immunohistochemistry and Electron Microscopy with Reference to Dendritic Cell Contacts

This study investigated the dendritic cell (DC) differentiation in embryonic rat liver utilizing in situ ultrastructural characterization and immunohistochemistry. The study revealed the existence of DCs early in hepatic ontogeny with positive immune staining to the OX-62 monoclonal antibody. DCs existed in three differentiating stages: immature, mature and transitional forms in between. At 14 and 16 days of gestation, immature and transitional forms of DCs dominated. Mature cells increased significantly in number through late gestational days (18 days onwards). DCs (particularly mature and moderate mature forms) revealed signs of active phagocytosis manifested by the existence of cytoplasmic phagosomes and heterophagosomes. At 18 days of gestation as well as newborn liver mature DCs displayed two distinct morphological phenotypes according to the degree of development of either the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or the lysosomal compartment. Mature DCs delineated close appositions to other DCs, hepatocytes, and clustering with lymphocytes especially through their cellular processes. The features of phagocytosis and DC-T-cell contacts may signify a role of DCs in immune surveillance in the embryonic liver.