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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Shandong University Ministry of Education Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Shandong University Ministry of Education Jinan Shandong 250100 P. R. China
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2
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Giles SL, Harris P, Rands SA, Nicol CJ. Foraging efficiency, social status and body condition in group-living horses and ponies. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10305. [PMID: 33240636 PMCID: PMC7659649 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual animals experience different costs and benefits associated with group living, which may impact on their foraging efficiency in ways not yet well specified. This study investigated associations between social dominance, body condition and interruptions to foraging behaviour in a cross-sectional study of 116 domestic horses and ponies, kept in 20 discrete herds. Social dominance was measured for each individual alongside observations of winter foraging behaviour. During bouts of foraging, the duration, frequency and category (vigilance, movement, social displacements given and received, scratching and startle responses) of interruptions were recorded, with total interruption time taken as a proxy measure of foraging efficiency. Total foraging time was not influenced by body condition or social dominance. Body condition was associated with social dominance, but more strongly associated with foraging efficiency. Specifically, lower body condition was associated with greater vigilance. This demonstrates that factors other than social dominance can result in stable differences in winter body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Giles
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - Pat Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Sean A Rands
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Falcón-Cortés A, Boyer D, Ramos-Fernández G. Collective learning from individual experiences and information transfer during group foraging. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180803. [PMID: 30958179 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in groups brings benefits to many animals, such as protection against predators and an improved capacity for sensing and making decisions while searching for resources in uncertain environments. A body of studies has shown how collective behaviours within animal groups on the move can be useful for pooling information about the current state of the environment. The effects of interactions on collective motion have been mostly studied in models of agents with no memory. Thus, whether coordinated behaviours can emerge from individuals with memory and different foraging experiences is still poorly understood. By means of an agent-based model, we quantify how individual memory and information fluxes can contribute to improving the foraging success of a group in complex environments. In this context, we define collective learning as a coordinated change of behaviour within a group resulting from individual experiences and information transfer. We show that an initially scattered population of foragers visiting dispersed resources can gradually achieve cohesion and become selectively localized in space around the most salient resource sites. Coordination is lost when memory or information transfer among individuals is suppressed. The present modelling framework provides predictions for empirical studies of collective learning and could also find applications in swarm robotics and motivate new search algorithms based on reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Falcón-Cortés
- 1 Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México 04510 , México
| | - Denis Boyer
- 1 Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México 04510 , México
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- 2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México 04510 , México.,3 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politénico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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Abstract
Network analysis has driven key developments in research on animal behaviour by providing quantitative methods to study the social structures of animal groups and populations. A recent formalism, known as multilayer network analysis, has advanced the study of multifaceted networked systems in many disciplines. It offers novel ways to study and quantify animal behaviour through connected 'layers' of interactions. In this article, we review common questions in animal behaviour that can be studied using a multilayer approach, and we link these questions to specific analyses. We outline the types of behavioural data and questions that may be suitable to study using multilayer network analysis. We detail several multilayer methods, which can provide new insights into questions about animal sociality at individual, group, population and evolutionary levels of organization. We give examples for how to implement multilayer methods to demonstrate how taking a multilayer approach can alter inferences about social structure and the positions of individuals within such a structure. Finally, we discuss caveats to undertaking multilayer network analysis in the study of animal social networks, and we call attention to methodological challenges for the application of these approaches. Our aim is to instigate the study of new questions about animal sociality using the new toolbox of multilayer network analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Finn
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, U.K
| | - Mason A. Porter
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A
| | - Noa Pinter-Wollman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A
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Porta A, Bari V, De Maria B, Cairo B, Vaini E, Malacarne M, Pagani M, Lucini D. On the Relevance of Computing a Local Version of Sample Entropy in Cardiovascular Control Analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:623-631. [PMID: 29993481 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2852713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditional definition of sample entropy (SampEn), here referred to as global SampEn (GSampEn), provides a conditional entropy estimate that blurs the local statistical properties of the time series. We hypothesized that a local version of SampEn (LSampEn) might be more powerful in the presence of determinism than GSampEn. METHODS LSampEn was computed by calculating the probability of the current sample conditioned on each reference pattern and averaging it over all reference patterns. The improved ability of LSampEn compared to GSampEn was demonstrated by simulating deterministic periodic, deterministic chaotic, and linear stochastic dynamics corrupted by additive noise and over real cardiovascular variability series recorded from 16 healthy subjects (max-min age range: 22-58 years) during incremental bicycle ergometer exercise. RESULTS We found that: i) LSampEn is more robust in describing deterministic periodic or nonlinear features in the presence of additive noise than GSampEn, ii) in association with a surrogate approach, LSampEn is more powerful in detecting nonlinear dynamics than GSampEn, iii) LSampEn and GSampEn are equivalent in the presence of stochastic linear dynamics, and iv) only LSampEn can detect the decrease of complexity of heart period variability during bicycle exercise being a likely hallmark of sympathetic activation. CONCLUSION LSampEn preserves the GSampEn capability in characterizing the complexity of short sequences but improves its reliability in the presence of deterministic patterns featuring sharp state transitions and nonlinear dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE Variations of complexity can be measured with a greater statistical power over short series using LSampEn, especially when nonlinear features are present.
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Eguiraun H, Casquero O, Sørensen AJ, Martinez I. Reducing the Number of Individuals to Monitor Shoaling Fish Systems - Application of the Shannon Entropy to Construct a Biological Warning System Model. Front Physiol 2018; 9:493. [PMID: 29867544 PMCID: PMC5952214 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at identifying the lowest number of fish (European seabass) that could be used for monitoring and/or experimental purposes in small-scale fish facilities by quantifying the effect that the number of individuals has on the Shannon entropy (SE) of the trajectory followed by the shoal’s centroid. Two different experiments were performed: (i) one starting with 50 fish and decreasing to 25, 13, and 1 fish, and (ii) a second experiment starting with one fish, adding one new fish per day during 5 days, ending up with five fish in the tank. The fish were recorded for 1h daily, during which time a stochastic event (a hit in the tank) was introduced. The SE values were calculated from the images corresponding to three arbitrary basal (shoaling) periods of 3.5 min prior to the event, and to the 3.5 min period immediately after the event (schooling response). Taking both experiments together, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the SE among measurements was largest for one fish systems (CV 37.12 and 17.94% for the daily average basal and response SE, respectively) and decreased concomitantly with the number of fish (CV 8.6–10% for the basal SE of 2 to 5 fish systems and 5.86, 2.69, and 2.31% for the basal SE of 13, 25, and 50 fish, respectively). The SE of the systems kept a power relationship with the number of fish (basal: R2= 0.93 and response: R2= 0.92). Thus, 5–13 individuals should be the lowest number for a compromise between acceptable variability (<10%) in the data and reduction in the number of fish. We believe this to be the first scientific work made to estimate the minimum number of individuals to be used in subsequent experimental (including behavioral) studies using shoaling fish species that reaches a compromise between the reduction in number demanded by animal welfare guidelines and a low variability in the fish system’s response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkaitz Eguiraun
- Department of Graphic Design & Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain.,Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology - Plentziako Itsas Estazioa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Spain
| | - Oskar Casquero
- Department of Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Asgeir J Sørensen
- Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iciar Martinez
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology - Plentziako Itsas Estazioa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Rouly OC. A computer simulation to investigate the association between gene-based gifting and pair-bonding in early hominins. J Hum Evol 2018; 116:43-56. [PMID: 29477181 PMCID: PMC5861993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes simulation research based on the Hamiltonian theory of gene-based altruism. It investigates the origin of semipermanent breeding bonds during hominin evolution. The research framework is based on a biologically detailed, ecologically situated, multi-agent microsimulation of emergent sociality. The research question tested is whether semipermanent breeding bonds (an emergent homoplastic social construct) might emerge among primate-like agents as the consequence of a mutation capable of supporting involuntary prosocial behavior. The research protocol compared several, single independent-variable longitudinal studies wherein hundreds of generations of autonomous, initially promiscuous, biologically detailed, hominin-like artificial life software agents were born, allowed to forage, reproduce, and die during experimental intervals lasting several simulated millennia. The temporal setting of the experiment was roughly contemporaneous with, or slightly after the time of, the Pan-Homo split. The simulation investigated what would happen if, within a population, a single gene for prosocial behavior (the independent variable in the experiment) was either switched on or switched-off. The null hypothesis predicted that, if the gene was switched off, then semipermanent breeding bonds (the dependent variable) would nonetheless emerge within the population. The results of the simulation rejected this null hypothesis, by showing that semipermanent breeding bonds would reliably emerge among the experimental populations but not among the control groups. Moreover, it was found that, across all experimental settings having constrained population numbers, the portion of each population having no prosocial trait would die out early, whereas the portion with the prosocial trait would survive. Large control populations had no discernible loss. The results of this research imply that, during the early stages of hominin evolution, there might have been a set of initially gene-based, altruistic excess forage-sharing social traits that contributed to the onset of morphological and additional complex social changes characteristic of this group. This work also demonstrates that modern computational technologies can extend our ability to test 'what if' hypotheses appropriate to the study of early hominin evolution.
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Arlet ME, Veromann LL, Mänd R, Lemasson A. Call rates of mothers change with maternal experience and with infant characteristics in free-ranging gray-cheeked mangabeys. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:983-91. [PMID: 27273714 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that becoming a mother triggers important social changes within females, according to both social experience and infant characteristics, showing different maternal concerns. But how this impacts call usage has been far less studied. Based on 6 months of observations of five free-ranging groups of gray-cheeked mangabeys, we investigated variations in the production of three call types (contact, excitement, and alarm calls) in 29 females of different ages, dominance ranks, and infant rearing experiences: 15 females with infants of different ages and sexes, and 14 females without infants. We found that in females with infants-both maternal and infant characteristics influenced call production in a call type-dependent way. Females produced contact calls at a higher rate during the first month of infant age and after weaning when infants start to move away. Mothers of daughters produced more contact calls than mothers of sons. More excitement calls were recorded for first-time and young mothers and for females with young infants, while alarm call rates were not influenced by any of these factors. Increased mother-infant spatial separation enhanced only contact and excitement call rates. Finally, we found that females with infants vocalized much more than females without infants. Our results contribute to the current debate about the social factors responsible for the flexibility of call usage in nonhuman primates and open new lines for research on mothering behavior in forest-dwelling species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:983-991, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata E Arlet
- Université de Rennes 1, Ethologie animale et humaine, UMR 6552 - CNRS, Paimpont, France.,School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Linda-Liisa Veromann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raivo Mänd
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alban Lemasson
- Université de Rennes 1, Ethologie animale et humaine, UMR 6552 - CNRS, Paimpont, France.,Institut universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Tackling Societal Challenges Related to Ageing and Transport Transition: An Introduction to Philosophical Principles of Causation Adapted to the Biopsychosocial Model. Geriatrics (Basel) 2015; 1:geriatrics1010003. [PMID: 31022799 PMCID: PMC6371111 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In geriatrics, driving cessation is addressed within the biopsychosocial model. This has broadened the scope of practitioners, not only in terms of assessing fitness to drive, but also by helping to maintain social engagements and provide support for transport transition. Causes can be addressed at different levels by adapting medication, improving physical health, modifying behaviour, adapting lifestyle, or bringing changes to the environment. This transdisciplinary approach requires an understanding of how different disciplines are linked to each other. This article reviews the philosophical principles of causality between fields and provides a framework for understanding causality within the biopsychosocial model. Understanding interlevel constraints should help practitioners overcome their differences, and favor transversal approaches to driving cessation.
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Krueger K, Flauger B, Farmer K, Hemelrijk C. Movement initiation in groups of feral horses. Behav Processes 2014; 103:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hemelrijk CK, Puga-Gonzalez I. An individual-oriented model on the emergence of support in fights, its reciprocation and exchange. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37271. [PMID: 22666348 PMCID: PMC3364247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex social behaviour of primates has usually been attributed to the operation of complex cognition. Recently, models have shown that constraints imposed by the socio-spatial structuring of individuals in a group may result in an unexpectedly high number of patterns of complex social behaviour, resembling the dominance styles of egalitarian and despotic species of macaques and the differences between them. This includes affiliative patterns, such as reciprocation of grooming, grooming up the hierarchy, and reconciliation. In the present study, we show that the distribution of support in fights, which is the social behaviour that is potentially most sophisticated in terms of cognitive processes, may emerge in the same way. The model represents the spatial grouping of individuals and their social behaviour, such as their avoidance of risks during attacks, the self-reinforcing effects of winning and losing their fights, their tendency to join in fights of others that are close by (social facilitation), their tendency to groom when they are anxious, the reduction of their anxiety by grooming, and the increase of anxiety when involved in aggression. Further, we represent the difference in intensity of aggression apparent in egalitarian and despotic macaques. The model reproduces many aspects of support in fights, such as its different types, namely, conservative, bridging and revolutionary, patterns of choice of coalition partners attributed to triadic awareness, those of reciprocation of support and 'spiteful acts' and of exchange between support and grooming. This work is important because it suggests that behaviour that seems to result from sophisticated cognition may be a side-effect of spatial structure and dominance interactions and it shows that partial correlations fail to completely omit these effects of spatial structure. Further, the model is falsifiable, since it results in many patterns that can easily be tested in real primates by means of existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kunz H, Hemelrijk CK. Simulations of the social organization of large schools of fish whose perception is obstructed. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Schneider G, Krueger K. Third-party interventions keep social partners from exchanging affiliative interactions with others. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Evers E, de Vries H, Spruijt BM, Sterck EHM. Better safe than sorry--socio-spatial group structure emerges from individual variation in fleeing, avoidance or velocity in an agent-based model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26189. [PMID: 22125595 PMCID: PMC3220670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In group-living animals, such as primates, the average spatial group structure often reflects the dominance hierarchy, with central dominants and peripheral subordinates. This central-peripheral group structure can arise by self-organization as a result of subordinates fleeing from dominants after losing a fight. However, in real primates, subordinates often avoid interactions with potentially aggressive group members, thereby preventing aggression and subsequent fleeing. Using agent-based modeling, we investigated which spatial and encounter structures emerge when subordinates also avoid known potential aggressors at a distance as compared with the model which only included fleeing after losing a fight (fleeing model). A central-peripheral group structure emerged in most conditions. When avoidance was employed at small or intermediate distances, centrality of dominants emerged similar to the fleeing model, but in a more pronounced way. This result was also found when fleeing after a fight was made independent of dominance rank, i.e. occurred randomly. Employing avoidance at larger distances yielded more spread out groups. This provides a possible explanation of larger group spread in more aggressive species. With avoidance at very large distances, spatially and socially distinct subgroups emerged. We also investigated how encounters were distributed amongst group members. In the fleeing model all individuals encountered all group members equally often, whereas in the avoidance model encounters occurred mostly among similar-ranking individuals. Finally, we also identified a very general and simple mechanism causing a central-peripheral group structure: when individuals merely differed in velocity, faster individuals automatically ended up at the periphery. In summary, a central-peripheral group pattern can easily emerge from individual variation in different movement properties in general, such as fleeing, avoidance or velocity. Moreover, avoidance behavior also affects the encounter structure and can lead to subgroup formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Evers
- Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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The effects of dominance on leadership and energetic gain: a dynamic game between pairs of social foragers. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002252. [PMID: 22028645 PMCID: PMC3197661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although social behaviour can bring many benefits to an individual, there are also costs that may be incurred whenever the members of a social group interact. The formation of dominance hierarchies could offer a means of reducing some of the costs of social interaction, but individuals within the hierarchy may end up paying differing costs dependent upon their position within the hierarchy. These differing interaction costs may therefore influence the behaviour of the group, as subordinate individuals may experience very different benefits and costs to dominants when the group is conducting a given behaviour. Here, a state-dependent dynamic game is described which considers a pair of social foragers where there is a set dominance relationship within the pair. The model considers the case where the subordinate member of the pair pays an interference cost when it and the dominant individual conduct specific pairs of behaviours together. The model demonstrates that if the subordinate individual pays these energetic costs when it interacts with the dominant individual, this has effects upon the behaviour of both subordinate and the dominant individuals. Including interaction costs increases the amount of foraging behaviour both individuals conduct, with the behaviour of the pair being driven by the subordinate individual. The subordinate will tend to be the lighter individual for longer periods of time when interaction costs are imposed. This supports earlier suggestions that lighter individuals should act as the decision-maker within the pair, giving leadership-like behaviours that are based upon energetic state. Pre-existing properties of individuals such as their dominance will be less important for determining which individual makes the decisions for the pair. This suggests that, even with strict behavioural hierarchies, identifying which individual is the dominant one is not sufficient for identifying which one is the leader.
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Competition and cooperation: bumblebee spatial organization and division of labor may affect worker reproduction late in life. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schellinck J, White T. A review of attraction and repulsion models of aggregation: Methods, findings and a discussion of model validation. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tizo-Pedroso E, Del-Claro K. Is There Division of Labor in Cooperative Pseudoscorpions? An Analysis of the Behavioral Repertoire of a Tropical Species. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Social Network Influences Decision Making During Collective Movements in Brown Lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Hildenbrandt H, Carere C, Hemelrijk C. Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Puga-Gonzalez I, Hildenbrandt H, Hemelrijk CK. Emergent patterns of social affiliation in primates, a model. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000630. [PMID: 20041175 PMCID: PMC2792710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patterns of affiliative behaviour have been described for primates, for instance: reciprocation and exchange of grooming, grooming others of similar rank, reconciliation of fights, and preferential reconciliation with more valuable partners. For these patterns several functions and underlying cognitive processes have been suggested. It is, however, difficult to imagine how animals may combine these diverse considerations in their mind. Although the co-variation hypothesis, by limiting the social possibilities an individual has, constrains the number of cognitive considerations an individual has to take, it does not present an integrated theory of affiliative patterns either. In the present paper, after surveying patterns of affiliation in egalitarian and despotic macaques, we use an individual-based model with a high potential for self-organisation as a starting point for such an integrative approach. In our model, called GrooFiWorld, individuals group and, upon meeting each other, may perform a dominance interaction of which the outcomes of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. Besides, if individuals think they will be defeated, they consider grooming others. Here, the greater their anxiety is, the greater their "motivation" to groom others. Our model generates patterns similar to many affiliative patterns of empirical data. By merely increasing the intensity of aggression, affiliative patterns in the model change from those resembling egalitarian macaques to those resembling despotic ones. Our model produces such patterns without assuming in the mind of the individual the specific cognitive processes that are usually thought to underlie these patterns (such as recordkeeping of the acts given and received, a tendency to exchange, memory of the former fight, selective attraction to the former opponent, and estimation of the value of a relationship). Our model can be used as a null model to increase our understanding of affiliative behaviour among primates, in particular macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Puga-Gonzalez
- Theoretical Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Theoretical Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
- Theoretical Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sueur C, Petit O, Deneubourg J. Selective mimetism at departure in collective movements of Macaca tonkeana: an experimental and theoretical approach. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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van der Post DJ, Ursem B, Hogeweg P. Resource distributions affect social learning on multiple timescales. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009; 63:1643-1658. [PMID: 19701483 PMCID: PMC2728903 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We study how learning is shaped by foraging opportunities and self-organizing processes and how this impacts on the effects of "copying what neighbors eat" on multiple timescales. We use an individual-based model with a rich environment, where group foragers learn what to eat. We vary foraging opportunities by changing local variation in resources, studying copying in environments with pure patches, varied patches, and uniform distributed resources. We find that copying can help individuals explore the environment by sharing information, but this depends on how foraging opportunities shape the learning process. Copying has the greatest impact in varied patches, where local resource variation makes learning difficult, but local resource abundance makes copying easy. In contrast, copying is redundant or excessive in pure patches where learning is easy, and mostly ineffective in uniform environments where learning is difficult. Our results reveal that the mediation of copying behavior by individual experience is crucial for the impact of copying. Moreover, we find that the dynamics of social learning at short timescales shapes cultural phenomena. In fact, the integration of learning on short and long timescales generates cumulative cultural improvement in diet. Our results therefore provide insight into how and when such processes can arise. These insights need to be taken into account when considering behavioral patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. van der Post
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behaviour, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bas Ursem
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Hogeweg
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tate Holbrook C, Clark RM, Jeanson R, Bertram SM, Kukuk PF, Fewell JH. Emergence and Consequences of Division of Labor in Associations of Normally Solitary Sweat Bees. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Erhart EM, Overdorff DJ. Rates of Agonism by Diurnal Lemuroids: Implications for Female Social Relationships. INT J PRIMATOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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van der Post DJ, Hogeweg P. Diet traditions and cumulative cultural processes as side-effects of grouping. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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31
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Social foraging and dominance relationships: the effects of socially mediated interference. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-006-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amé JM, Halloy J, Rivault C, Detrain C, Deneubourg JL. Collegial decision making based on social amplification leads to optimal group formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5835-40. [PMID: 16581903 PMCID: PMC1458659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507877103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group-living animals are often faced with choosing between one or more alternative resource sites. A central question in such collective decision making includes determining which individuals induce the decision and when. This experimental and theoretical study of shelter selection by cockroach groups demonstrates that choices can emerge through nonlinear interaction dynamics between equal individuals without perfect knowledge or leadership. We identify a simple mechanism whereby a decision is taken on the move with limited information and signaling and without comparison of available opportunities. This mechanism leads to optimal mean benefit for group individuals. Our model points to a generic self-organized collective decision-making process independent of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Amé
- *Service d’Ecologie Sociale CP231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; and
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 6552 Ethologie Evolution Ecologie, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - José Halloy
- *Service d’Ecologie Sociale CP231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Colette Rivault
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 6552 Ethologie Evolution Ecologie, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Claire Detrain
- *Service d’Ecologie Sociale CP231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Jean Louis Deneubourg
- *Service d’Ecologie Sociale CP231, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; and
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Millor J, Amé JM, Halloy J, Deneubourg JL. Individual discrimination capability and collective decision-making. J Theor Biol 2006; 239:313-23. [PMID: 16213529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amplification is the main component of many collective phenomena in social and gregarious insects. In a society, individuals face a mixed palette of odours coming from different groups (lines, strains) and individuals present discrimination capabilities. However, often at the collective level, different groups may cooperate and act together. To understand this apparent contradiction, we use a model of food recruitment where each group of foragers have its own blend of pheromone trail that is partly recognized by the others groups. The model shows that a low level of recognition between signals is sufficient to produce a collaborative pattern between groups and that beyond a critical value of recognition, only the aggregation of all the groups around the same food source is observed. The comparison between this model and one describing the site selection by gregarious insects (e.g. cockroach) suggests that such collective response is a generic property of social phenomena governed by amplification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Millor
- Service d'Ecologie sociale, CP 231, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Dussutour A, Deneubourg JL, Fourcassié V. Amplification of individual preferences in a social context: the case of wall-following in ants. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:705-14. [PMID: 15870033 PMCID: PMC1602045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification processes are an essential component of the collective phenomena observed in social and gregarious species. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that a weak individual wall-following tendency in ants can be amplified by communication through chemical trails, leading to a response to the spatial heterogeneities at the collective level. In our experiments, ants had to cross a diamond-shaped bridge along either of two branches of equal length to get from their nest to a food source. Two types of bridge were used: control bridges without a wall, and experimental bridges equipped with a wall along the inner edge of one of their branches. On the control bridges, ants collectively chose either branch of the bridge in most experiments, whereas on the experimental bridges, the branch with the wall was selected almost systematically. A mathematical model is proposed to assess, in various conditions, the importance of the amplification effect of the chemical trail on the wall-following tendency observed at the individual level. The model highlights the fact that the amplification process can lead to an overestimation of individual capabilities and, thus, that the results of experiments investigating individual preferences at group level in animals must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dussutour
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Louis Deneubourg
- Service d'Ecologie Sociale, Université Libre de BruxellesCP231, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Vincent Fourcassié
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- Author for correspondence ()
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Hemelrijk CK, Wantia J. Individual variation by self-organisation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:125-36. [PMID: 15652260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Hemelrijk
- Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands.
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Gorelick R, Bertram SM, Killeen PR, Fewell JH. Normalized mutual entropy in biology: quantifying division of labor. Am Nat 2004; 164:677-82. [PMID: 15540157 DOI: 10.1086/424968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Division of labor is one of the primary adaptations of sociality and the focus of much theoretical work on self-organization. This work has been hampered by the lack of a quantitative measure of division of labor that can be applied across systems. We divide Shannon's mutual entropy by marginal entropy to quantify division of labor, rendering it robust over changes in number of individuals or tasks. Reinterpreting individuals and tasks makes this methodology applicable to a wide range of other contexts, such as breeding systems and predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Root Gorelick
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA.
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Hemelrijk CK, Kunz H. Density distribution and size sorting in fish schools: an individual-based model. Behav Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arh149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
We review socially biased learning about food and problem solving in monkeys, relying especially on studies with tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and callitrichid monkeys. Capuchin monkeys most effectively learn to solve a new problem when they can act jointly with an experienced partner in a socially tolerant setting and when the problem can be solved by direct action on an object or substrate, but they do not learn by imitation. Capuchin monkeys are motivated to eat foods, whether familiar or novel, when they are with others that are eating, regardless of what the others are eating. Thus, social bias in learning about foods is indirect and mediated by facilitation of feeding. In most respects, social biases in learning are similar in capuchins and callitrichids, except that callitrichids provide more specific behavioral cues to others about the availability and palatability of foods. Callitrichids generally are more tolerant toward group members and coordinate their activity in space and time more closely than capuchins do. These characteristics support stronger social biases in learning in callitrichids than in capuchins in some situations. On the other hand, callitrichids' more limited range of manipulative behaviors, greater neophobia, and greater sensitivity to the risk of predation restricts what these monkeys learn in comparison with capuchins. We suggest that socially biased learning is always the collective outcome of interacting physical, social, and individual factors, and that differences across populations and species in social bias in learning reflect variations in all these dimensions. Progress in understanding socially biased learning in nonhuman species will be aided by the development of appropriately detailed models of the richly interconnected processes affecting learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fragaszy
- Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Social insect colonies have many of the properties of adaptive networks. The simple rules governing how local interactions among individuals translate into group behaviors are found across social groups, giving social insects the potential to have a profound impact on our understanding of the interplay between network dynamics and social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Fewell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA.
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