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Becker CAM, Thibault FM, Arcangioli MA, Tardy F. Loss of diversity within Mycoplasma bovis isolates collected in France from bovines with respiratory diseases over the last 35 years. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:118-26. [PMID: 25913158 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) bovis has recently emerged as a major, worldwide etiological agent of bovine respiratory diseases leading to huge economic losses mainly due to high morbidity and mortality as well as poor growth rates. The spread of M. bovis infections between different animals, herds, regions or countries has been often reported to be connected to the movement of animals. However, despite recent considerable efforts, no universal subtyping method is yet available to trace M. bovis isolates circulation at an international scale. Moreover in France, the overall population diversity of M. bovis isolates has not been assessed since the early 1990s. This study was conducted to fill in these gaps. The genotypic diversity between sixty isolates collected in France over the last 35 years was assessed using two molecular subtyping methods that addressed either the long-term epidemiological relationships (Multi Locus Sequence Typing, MLST) or the genetic microvariations (Multiple Locus VNTR Analysis, MLVA) between isolates. Phenotypic diversity was also analyzed by using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to compare the main protein patterns of isolates. All proposed subtyping approaches were optimized and led to the same pattern in the French M. bovis population that consisted of two clusters, the first one comprising isolates collected before 2000 and the second, those collected after 2000. Recent strains were further shown to be more homogeneous than older ones, which is consistent with the spread of a single clone throughout the country. Because this spread was concomitant with the emergence of multiresistant M. bovis isolates, several hypotheses are discussed to explain the homogeneity of M. bovis isolates in France, even though the M. bovis species is fully equipped to generate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A M Becker
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - François M Thibault
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, HIA Desgenettes, F-69275 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| | - Marie-Anne Arcangioli
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Florence Tardy
- Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Kumar A, Rahal A, Chakraborty S, Verma AK, Dhama K. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:286752. [PMID: 25097796 PMCID: PMC4109668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Corona L, Amores J, Onni T, de la Fe C, Tola S. Characterization of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri isolates by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and PFGE. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Garnica M, Rosales R, Gonzalo C, Santos J, Nicholas R. Isolation, molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates of Mycoplasma agalactiae
from bulk tank milk in an endemic area of Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1575-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. de Garnica
- Departamento de Producción Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | - R.S. Rosales
- Mycoplasma Group; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Weybridge UK
| | - C. Gonzalo
- Departamento de Producción Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | - J.A. Santos
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | - R.A.J. Nicholas
- Mycoplasma Group; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Weybridge UK
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Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma agalactiae reveals the presence of an endemic clone in Spain. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:656-60. [PMID: 23224102 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02835-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae isolates from Spain were genetically characterized to investigate their genomic diversity and to better understand their relationship to isolates from other countries. Molecular typing revealed a high genomic homogeneity in Spanish M. agalactiae isolates, which clearly shows the circulation of one endemic clonal population.
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Unexpected genetic diversity of Mycoplasma agalactiae caprine isolates from an endemic geographically restricted area of Spain. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:146. [PMID: 22920649 PMCID: PMC3514313 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic diversity of Mycoplasma agalactiae (MA) isolates collected in Spain from goats in an area with contagious agalactia (CA) was assessed using a set of validated and new molecular typing methods. Validated methods included pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing, and Southern blot hybridization using a set of MA DNA probes, including those for typing the vpma genes repertoire. New approaches were based on PCR and targeted genomic regions that diverged between strains as defined by in silico genomic comparisons of sequenced MA genomes. Results Overall, the data showed that all typing tools yielded consistent results, with the VNTR analyses being the most rapid method to differentiate the MA isolates with a discriminatory ability comparable to that of PFGE and of a set of new PCR assays. All molecular typing approaches indicated that the Spanish isolates from the endemic area in Murcia were very diverse, with different clonal isolates probably restricted to separate, but geographically close, local areas. Conclusions The important genetic diversity of MA observed in infected goats from Spain contrasts with the overall homogeneity of the genomic background encountered in MA from sheep with CA in Southern France or Italy, suggesting that assessment of the disease status in endemic areas may require different approaches in sheep and in goats. A number of congruent sub-typing tools are now available for the differentiation of caprine isolates with comparable discriminatory powers.
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McAuliffe L, Churchward CP, Lawes JR, Loria G, Ayling RD, Nicholas RA. VNTR analysis reveals unexpected genetic diversity within Mycoplasma agalactiae, the main causative agent of contagious agalactia. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:193. [PMID: 18992155 PMCID: PMC2585094 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma agalactiae is the main cause of contagious agalactia, a serious disease of sheep and goats, which has major clinical and economic impacts. Previous studies of M. agalactiae have shown it to be unusually homogeneous and there are currently no available epidemiological techniques which enable a high degree of strain differentiation. RESULTS We have developed variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis using the sequenced genome of the M. agalactiae type strain PG2. The PG2 genome was found to be replete with tandem repeat sequences and 4 were chosen for further analysis. VNTR 5 was located within the hypothetical protein MAG6170 a predicted lipoprotein. VNTR 14 was intergenic between the hypothetical protein MAG3350 and the hypothetical protein MAG3340. VNTR 17 was intergenic between the hypothetical protein MAG4060 and the hypothetical protein MAG4070 and VNTR 19 spanned the 5' end of the pseudogene for a lipoprotein MAG4310 and the 3' end of the hypothetical lipoprotein MAG4320. We have investigated the genetic diversity of 88 M. agalactiae isolates of wide geographic origin using VNTR analysis and compared it with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Simpson's index of diversity was calculated to be 0.324 for PFGE and 0.574 for VNTR analysis. VNTR analysis revealed unexpected diversity within M. agalactiae with 9 different VNTR types discovered. Some correlation was found between geographical origin and the VNTR type of the isolates. CONCLUSION VNTR analysis represents a useful, rapid first-line test for use in molecular epidemiological analysis of M. agalactiae for outbreak tracing and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McAuliffe
- Mycoplasma Group, Department of Statutory and Exotic Bacteria, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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Sirand-Pugnet P, Lartigue C, Marenda M, Jacob D, Barré A, Barbe V, Schenowitz C, Mangenot S, Couloux A, Segurens B, de Daruvar A, Blanchard A, Citti C. Being pathogenic, plastic, and sexual while living with a nearly minimal bacterial genome. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:e75. [PMID: 17511520 PMCID: PMC1868952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are commonly described as the simplest self-replicating organisms, whose evolution was mainly characterized by genome downsizing with a proposed evolutionary scenario similar to that of obligate intracellular bacteria such as insect endosymbionts. Thus far, analysis of mycoplasma genomes indicates a low level of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) implying that DNA acquisition is strongly limited in these minimal bacteria. In this study, the genome of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae was sequenced. Comparative genomic data and phylogenetic tree reconstruction revealed that ∼18% of its small genome (877,438 bp) has undergone HGT with the phylogenetically distinct mycoides cluster, which is composed of significant ruminant pathogens. HGT involves genes often found as clusters, several of which encode lipoproteins that usually play an important role in mycoplasma–host interaction. A decayed form of a conjugative element also described in a member of the mycoides cluster was found in the M. agalactiae genome, suggesting that HGT may have occurred by mobilizing a related genetic element. The possibility of HGT events among other mycoplasmas was evaluated with the available sequenced genomes. Our data indicate marginal levels of HGT among Mycoplasma species except for those described above and, to a lesser extent, for those observed in between the two bird pathogens, M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae. This first description of large-scale HGT among mycoplasmas sharing the same ecological niche challenges the generally accepted evolutionary scenario in which gene loss is the main driving force of mycoplasma evolution. The latter clearly differs from that of other bacteria with small genomes, particularly obligate intracellular bacteria that are isolated within host cells. Consequently, mycoplasmas are not only able to subvert complex hosts but presumably have retained sexual competence, a trait that may prevent them from genome stasis and contribute to adaptation to new hosts. Mycoplasmas are cell wall–lacking prokaryotes that evolved from ancestors common to Gram-positive bacteria by way of massive losses of genetic material. With their minimal genome, mycoplasmas are considered to be the simplest free-living organisms, yet several species are successful pathogens of man and animal. In this study, we challenged the commonly accepted view in which mycoplasma evolution is driven only by genome down-sizing. Indeed, we showed that a significant amount of genes underwent horizontal transfer among different mycoplasma species that share the same ruminant hosts. In these species, the occurrence of a genetic element that can promote DNA transfer via cell-to-cell contact suggests that some mycoplasmas may have retained or acquired sexual competence. Transferred genes were found to encode proteins that are likely to be associated with mycoplasma–host interactions. Sharing genetic resources via horizontal gene transfer may provide mycoplasmas with a means for adapting to new niches or to new hosts and for avoiding irreversible genome erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Sirand-Pugnet
- Université Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Carole Lartigue
- Université Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Daniel Jacob
- Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Barré
- Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Evry, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Antoine de Daruvar
- Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Blanchard
- Université Bordeaux 2, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- INRA, UMR1090, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christine Citti
- INRA, ENVT, UMR1225, Toulouse, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tardy F, Mercier P, Solsona M, Saras E, Poumarat F. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype large colony isolates from healthy and diseased goats: Prevalence and typing. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:268-77. [PMID: 17224248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most severe goat mycoplasmosis outbreaks in France are caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype LC (MmmLC). However, MmmLC can also be recovered from ear canals of healthy goats or from bulk milk collected in herds showing no clinical signs of mycoplasmosis. To improve our understanding of how MmmLC strains are balanced between pathogenic ones and asymptomatically carried ones, descriptive epidemiological data were analysed, together with the genomic fingerprints of isolates generated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PGFE analyses were performed with isolates collected from the ear canals of goats or bulk milk in healthy herds, from individual clinical cases in different diseased herds at different times, and within a single herd during a severe outbreak, from various body sites including the ear canals at autopsy. Results showed that each isolate collected in healthy herds yielded a unique and characteristic PFGE profile. Isolates from diseased herds had profiles that were distinct for each outbreak and the group of 41 isolates from a single severe outbreak had 2 predominant PFGE profiles that persisted throughout the outbreak. These data suggest that while several distinct isolates are carried by healthy animals, only a few are responsible for the clinical signs observed within one herd during an outbreak. Whether this reflects differences in virulence between different field strains of MmmLC remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tardy
- UMR AFSSA-ENVL Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Site de Lyon, 31 avenue Tony Garnier, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Foddai A, Idini G, Fusco M, Rosa N, de la Fe C, Zinellu S, Corona L, Tola S. Rapid differential diagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis based on a multiplex-PCR and a PCR-RFLP. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:207-12. [PMID: 15797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-protein 81 gene (mb-mp81) of Mycoplasma bovis was cloned, sequenced and compared to membrane-protein 81 gene (ma-mp81) of Mycoplasma agalactiae. After alignment of both sequences, specific primers pairs were designed from variable or unchanging nucleotide segments. In this study, we describe the development and optimization of a multiplex-PCR (MPCR) for the rapid detection of M. agalactiae and M. bovis strains. In addition, a simple and rapid PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay, using the restriction enzymes AluI, DraI, RsaI and XbaI, is described to distinguish between both species. The results suggest that MPCR and PCR-RFLP assays could be used as an alternative method in routine diagnosis for rapid and specific simultaneous detection of M. agalactiae and M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Foddai
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G.Pegreffi, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Tola S, Idini G, Rocchigiani AM, Rocca S, Manunta D, Leori G. A physical map of the Mycoplasma agalactiae strain PG2 genome. Vet Microbiol 2001; 80:121-30. [PMID: 11295332 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a physical map of the Mycoplasma agalactiae strain PG2 chromosome analyzing it by pulsed field gel electrophoresis in a contour-clamped homogeneous electric-field system. We mapped 33 cleavage sites generated with SmaI, XhoI, SalI, EclXI and BsiWI restriction endonucleases using double digestions, one- and two-dimensional pulsed electrophoresis, cross-hybridization and linking clones. We have also mapped the loci of some genes by Southern hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna G. Pegreffi, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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