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Mikhailovich V, Heydarov R, Zimenkov D, Chebotar I. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence: a current view. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385631. [PMID: 38741741 PMCID: PMC11089167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to multiple and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the bacterium is considered a low-virulence pathogen, it can cause various severe diseases and contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of multibacterial infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, S. maltophilia has been recognized as one of the most common causative agents of respiratory co-infections and bacteremia in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The high ability to adapt to unfavorable environments and new habitat niches, as well as the sophisticated switching of metabolic pathways, are unique mechanisms that attract the attention of clinical researchers and experts studying the fundamental basis of virulence. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge on the molecular aspects of S. maltophilia virulence and putative virulence factors, partially touched on interspecific bacterial interactions and iron uptake systems in the context of virulence, and have not addressed antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Heydarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Zimenkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Chebotar
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Chauviat A, Meyer T, Favre-Bonté S. Versatility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Ecological roles of RND efflux pumps. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14639. [PMID: 37089375 PMCID: PMC10113797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S. maltophilia is a widely distributed bacterium found in natural, anthropized and clinical environments. The genome of this opportunistic pathogen of environmental origin includes a large number of genes encoding RND efflux pumps independently of the clinical or environmental origin of the strains. These pumps have been historically associated with the uptake of antibiotics and clinically relevant molecules because they confer resistance to many antibiotics. However, considering the environmental origin of S. maltophilia, the ecological role of these pumps needs to be clarified. RND efflux systems are highly conserved within bacteria and encountered both in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Moreover, their evolutionary origin, conservation and multiple copies in bacterial genomes suggest a primordial role in cellular functions and environmental adaptation. This review is aimed at elucidating the ecological role of S. maltophilia RND efflux pumps in the environmental context and providing an exhaustive description of the environmental niches of S. maltophilia. By looking at the substrates and functions of the pumps, we propose different involvements and roles according to the adaptation of the bacterium to various niches. We highlight that i°) regulatory mechanisms and inducer molecules help to understand the conditions leading to their expression, and ii°) association and functional redundancy of RND pumps and other efflux systems demonstrate their complex role within S. maltophilia cells. These observations emphasize that RND efflux pumps play a role in the versatility of S. maltophilia.
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Kanaujia R, Bandyopadhyay A, Biswal M, Sahni N, Kaur K, Vig S, Sharma V, Angrup A, Yaddanapudi LN, Ray P. Colonization of the central venous catheter by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in an ICU setting: An impending outbreak managed in time. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:663-667. [PMID: 34736990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stenotrophomonas maltophiliacauses opportunistic infections in immunocompromised and patients in intensive care units (ICUs). An outbreak of S. maltophilia in ICU is described which highlights the importance of the risk of infection from contaminated medical devices and suction fluids in ventilated patients. METHODS The investigation of the outbreak was carried out. Environmental sampling was done. This was followed by MALDI-TOF MS typing and recA gene-based-phylogeny. RESULTS In February, S. maltophilia was reported from the central line blood of six patients from ICU within a span of two weeks. The peripheral line blood cultures were sterile in all patients. Relevant environmental sampling of the high-touch surface and fluids revealed S. maltophilia strains in normal saline used for suction and in the inspiratory circuit of two patients. The isolated strains from patients and environment (inspiratory fluid) showed a minimum of 95.41% recA gene sequence identity between each other. Strict cleaning and disinfection procedures were followed. Continuous surveillance was done and no further case of S. maltophilia was detected. Timely diagnosis and removal of central line prevented development of central-line associated blood stream infection. CONCLUSION This outbreak report illustrates that environmental sources like suction fluid and normal saline could be the source of S. maltophilia in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manisha Biswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeru Sahni
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kulbeer Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shashi Vig
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Archana Angrup
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Majumdar R, Hariharan K, Vaishnavi S, Sugumar S. Review on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:329-354. [PMID: 35549857 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220512121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that results in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria colonize on the surface of medical devices and therapeutic equipment like urinary catheters, endoscopes, and ventilators, causing respiratory and urinary tract infections. The low outer membrane permeability of multidrug-resistance efflux systems and the two chromosomally encoded β-lactamases present in S.maltophilia are challenging for arsenal control. The cell-associated and extracellular virulence factors in S.maltophilia are involved in colonization and biofilm formation on the host surfaces. The spread of antibiotic-resistant genes in the pathogenic S.maltophilia attributes to bacterial resistance against a wide range of antibiotics, including penicillin, quinolones, and carbapenems. So far, tetracycline derivatives, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are considered promising antibiotics against S.maltophilia. Due to the adaptive nature of the intrinsically resistant mechanism towards the number of antibiotics and its ability to acquire new resistance via mutation and horizontal gene transfer, it is quite tricky for medicinal contribution against S.maltophilia. The current review summarizes the literary data of pathogenicity, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of S.maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikhia Majumdar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Hariharan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Vaishnavi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shobana Sugumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamilnadu, India
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Ezaj MMA, Haque MS, Syed SB, Khan MSA, Ahmed KR, Khatun MT, Nayeem SMA, Rizvi GR, Al-Forkan M, Khaleda L. Comparative proteomic analysis to annotate the structural and functional association of the hypothetical proteins of S. maltophilia k279a and predict potential T and B cell targets for vaccination. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252295. [PMID: 34043709 PMCID: PMC8159010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant bacterium with no precise clinical treatment. This bacterium can be a vital cause for death and different organ failures in immune-compromised, immune-competent, and long-time hospitalized patients. Extensive quorum sensing capability has become a challenge to develop new drugs against this pathogen. Moreover, the organism possesses about 789 proteins which function, structure, and pathogenesis remain obscured. In this piece of work, we tried to enlighten the aforementioned sectors using highly reliable bioinformatics tools validated by the scientific community. At first, the whole proteome sequence of the organism was retrieved and stored. Then we separated the hypothetical proteins and searched for the conserved domain with a high confidence level and multi-server validation, which resulted in 24 such proteins. Furthermore, all of their physical and chemical characterizations were performed, such as theoretical isoelectric point, molecular weight, GRAVY value, and many more. Besides, the subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, functional motifs, 3D structures, antigenicity, and virulence factors were also evaluated. As an extension of this work, 'RTFAMSSER' and 'PAAPQPSAS' were predicted as potential T and B cell epitopes, respectively. We hope our findings will help in better understating the pathogenesis and smoothen the way to the cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Muzahid Ahmed Ezaj
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Reverse Vaccinology Research Division, Advanced Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Data Science Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sajedul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shifath Bin Syed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shakil Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Rejvee Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Tania Khatun
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Abdul Nayeem
- Reverse Vaccinology Research Division, Advanced Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Data Science Laboratory, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Rosul Rizvi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Al-Forkan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Laila Khaleda
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Szafranski NM, Castel A, Hespel A, Dore V. Computed tomographic characterisation of vertebral osteomyelitis in a goat kid. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aude Castel
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealFaculté de Médécine VétérinaireSaint‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeCollege of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Adrien‐Maxence Hespel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeCollege of Veterinary MedicineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealFaculté de Médécine VétérinaireSaint‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeCollege of Veterinary MedecineKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Stenotrophomonas are found throughout the environment, in close association with soil, sewage, and plants. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, the first member of this genus, is the predominant species, observed in soil, water, plants, animals, and humans. It is also an opportunistic pathogen associated with the increased number of infections in both humans and animals in recent years. In this article, we summarize all Stenotrophomonas species (mainly S. maltophilia) isolated from animals and food products of animal origin and further distinguish all isolates based on antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance phenotypes. The various mechanisms of both intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance, which were mainly identified in S. maltophilia isolates of nosocomial infections, have been classified as follows: multidrug efflux pumps; resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and phenicols; and alteration of lipopolysaccharide and two-component regulatory systems. The dissemination, coselection, and persistence of resistance determinants among S. maltophilia isolates have also been elaborated.
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Duman M, Saticioglu IB, Altun S. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of fecal contaminants and spoilage bacteria that emerge in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2018; 38:41-48. [PMID: 31106106 PMCID: PMC6502714 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.18-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fecal contaminants are a major public concern that directly affect human health in the fish production industry. In this study, we aimed to determine the fecal coliform, spoilage bacteria,
and antimicrobial-resistant bacterial contamination in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms. Fish were sampled from rainbow trout farms that have a high production
capacity and are established on spring water, stream water, and dammed lakes in six different regions of Turkey. A total of seven Enterobacter subspecies, two strains of
Pseudomonas spp., and one isolate each of Morganella and Stenotrophomonas were characterized based on biochemical and molecular methods,
including the 16S rRNA and gyrB housekeeping gene regions. The sequencing results obtained from the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene regions were deposited in the
GenBank database and compared with isolates from different countries, which were registered in the database. Resistance to 10 different antimicrobial compounds was determined using the broth
microdilution method, and molecular resistance genes against florfenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole were identified by PCR. All detected resistance genes were confirmed by
sequencing analyses. E. cloacae, E. asburiae, Pseudomonas spp., S. maltophilia, and M. psychrotolerans
were identified using the gyrB housekeeping gene, while isolates showed different biochemical characteristics. All isolates were found to be phenotypically resistant to
sulfamethoxazole, and some isolates were resistant to tetracycline, florfenicol, amoxicillin, and doxycycline; the resistance genes of these isolates included floR,
tetC, tetD, and tetE. We showed that fecal coliforms, spoilage bacteria, and antimicrobial resistant bacteria were present in farmed
rainbow trout, and they pose a threat for human health and must be controlled in the farming stage of fish production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Duman
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Soner Altun
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
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Jayol A, Corlouer C, Haenni M, Darty M, Maillard K, Desroches M, Lamy B, Jumas-Bilak E, Madec JY, Decousser JW. Are animals a source of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in human infections? Contributions of a nationwide molecular study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1039-1045. [PMID: 29488120 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm) is an archetypal environmental opportunistic bacterium responsible for health care-associated infections. The role of animals in human Sm infections is unknown. This study aims to reveal the genetic and phylogenetic relationships between pathogenic strains of Sm, both animal and human, and identify a putative role for animals as a reservoir in human infection. We phenotypically and genotypically characterized 61 Sm strains responsible for animal infections (mainly respiratory tract infections in horses) from a French nationwide veterinary laboratory network. We tested antimicrobial susceptibility and performed MLST and genogrouping using the concatenation of the seven housekeeping genes from the original MLST scheme. Excluding the eight untypeable strains owing to the lack of gene amplification, only 10 out of the 53 strains yielded a known ST (ST5, ST39, ST162, ST8, ST27, ST126, ST131). The genogroup distribution highlighted not only genogroups (genogroups 5 and 9) comprised exclusively of animal strains but also genogroups shared by human and animal strains. Interestingly, these shared genogroups were primarily groups 2 and 6, which have previously been identified as the two most frequent genogroups among human-pathogenic Sm strains, especially among respiratory pathogens. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing underlined the presence of acquired resistance: 18.8 and 7.5% of the tested isolates were resistant to the sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Animal strains of Sm shared phylogenetic traits with some of the most successful human strains. The exact relationships between the human and animal strains, and the genetic support of these common traits, need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jayol
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Infection Control, Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
- Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- INSERM European Unit (LEA-IAME Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Camille Corlouer
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Infection Control, Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Darty
- Next Generation Sequencing Platform, University Hospital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | | | - Marine Desroches
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Infection Control, Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Brigitte Lamy
- Department of Bacteriology, Archet 2 Hospital, Nice Academic Hospital, Nice, France
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team 6, Nice, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- Infection Control Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- UMR5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Equipe «Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements», Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault BP 14491 34093 Montpellier UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Infection Control, Department of Microbiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France.
- EA 7380 Dynamyc Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil, France.
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Wang Z, Sun L, Cheng J, Liu C, Tang X, Zhang H, Liu Y. The optimization of fermentation conditions and enzyme properties ofStenotrophomonas maltophiliafor protease production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:292-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaigui Wang
- Department of Life Science; Anhui Agriculture University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Linghong Sun
- Department of Life Science; Anhui Agriculture University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Life Science; Anhui Agriculture University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoliang Liu
- Department of Life Science; Anhui Agriculture University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- Institute of Animal Science; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of China; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of China; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Life Science; Anhui Agriculture University; Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
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Hansen N, Rasmussen AKI, Fiandaca MJ, Kragh KN, Bjarnsholt T, Høiby N, Stender H, Guardabassi L. Rapid identification of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 2:79-81. [PMID: 25356348 PMCID: PMC4184662 DOI: 10.1002/nmi2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia identification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The probe was evaluated using 33 human and veterinary clinical S. maltophilia isolates and 45 reference strains representing common bacterial species in the respiratory tract. The probe displayed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity on pure cultures and allowed detection in sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. The detection limit was 104 CFU/mL in spiked tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy horses. Altogether the study shows that this species-specific PNA FISH probe facilitates rapid detection of S. maltophilia in biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Stigbøjlen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - K N Kragh
- Department for International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Bjarnsholt
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen Juliane Mariesvej, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department for International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Høiby
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen Juliane Mariesvej, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department for International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Stender
- Stender Diagnostics Gentofte, Denmark
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Stigbøjlen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging multidrug-resistant global opportunistic pathogen. The increasing incidence of nosocomial and community-acquired S. maltophilia infections is of particular concern for immunocompromised individuals, as this bacterial pathogen is associated with a significant fatality/case ratio. S. maltophilia is an environmental bacterium found in aqueous habitats, including plant rhizospheres, animals, foods, and water sources. Infections of S. maltophilia can occur in a range of organs and tissues; the organism is commonly found in respiratory tract infections. This review summarizes the current literature and presents S. maltophilia as an organism with various molecular mechanisms used for colonization and infection. S. maltophilia can be recovered from polymicrobial infections, most notably from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients, as a cocolonizer with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Recent evidence of cell-cell communication between these pathogens has implications for the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Animal models of S. maltophilia infection have provided useful information about the type of host immune response induced by this opportunistic pathogen. Current and emerging treatments for patients infected with S. maltophilia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Brooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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13
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Petridou E, Filioussis G, Karavanis E, Kritas SK. Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia as a Causal Agent of Pyogranulomatous Hepatitis in a Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis). J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:772-4. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old female buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) from a local herd in Serres, northern Greece, was presented to a private veterinary clinic with a chronic loss of appetite for 15 days. The clinical examination revealed high fever (41.5°C), lethargy, yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes, an abdomen that appeared to be empty, hyperactive rumen motility, and tachypnea. A biochemical profile revealed an elevated total bilirubin concentration and hepatic enzyme activities, whereas globulin, creatinine, and glucose concentrations were within the reference intervals. The animal received a 12-day course of treatment with intramuscular administration of ampicillin and corticosteroids. However, no significant clinical improvement was achieved, and the buffalo was euthanized. Gross necropsy lesions included serous atrophy of adipose tissue and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions included necrotizing pyogranulomatous hepatitis with thrombosis, hemorrhages, edema, and fibrosis. Small, nonpigmented, bacterial colonies were harvested in pure culture from the liver and were confirmed as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by polymerase chain reaction. The bacterium was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, colistin, polymyxin, trimethoprim/sulfamethaxazole, and chloramphenicol. In contrast, resistance to ticarcillin, piperacillin, imipenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and tetracycline was displayed. The bacterial strain carried the L1 metallo-β-lactamase (L1) and tet35 genes, which contribute to high-level resistance to β-lactams and tetracycline, respectively. Although S. maltophilia is widely believed to be a contaminant, the present report suggests that the isolation, identification, and susceptibility testing of this multidrug-resistant bacterium may be of clinical importance in diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Filioussis
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouel Karavanis
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Hejnar P, Bardon J, Sauer P, Kolár M. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a part of normal oral bacterial flora in captive snakes and its susceptibility to antibiotics. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:357-62. [PMID: 17276020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Only little is known about normal oral bacterial flora in captive snakes containing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This microbe has been reported as a causative agent of numerous infections in reptiles. Therefore, the goal of the study was to detect its presence in the mouths of a significant number of healthy captive snakes and determining its susceptibility to antibiotics at 30 and 37 degrees C. The isolates were obtained in 1999-2005 from mouth swabs of 115 snakes of 12 genera and 22 species-most often Elaphe guttata (24 individuals; 20.9%). Susceptibility to 24 antibiotics was tested by the microdilution method. The microbe was demonstrated in 34 (29.6%) individuals. Overall, 47 strains of S. maltophilia were acquired. Evaluation using PFGE profiles and antibiograms resulted in confirmation of one strain of S. maltophilia in 23 (20.0%) individuals, two strains in nine (7.8%) and three in two (1.8%) snakes. All tested antibiotics were more effective at 37 degrees C, with the partial exception of cotrimoxazole and cefoperazone/sulbactam. At a temperature of 37 degrees C, the lowest frequency of resistance to levofloxacin (no resistant strains), cotrimoxazole and ofloxacin (97.9% of susceptible strains) was recorded. At 30 degrees C, the most active agents were cotrimoxazole (97.9% of susceptible strains), levofloxacin (91.5%) and ofloxacin (85.1%). In conclusion, S. maltophilia is present in the mouths of about one third of healthy captive snakes, showing good susceptibility to cotrimoxazole, some fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The antibiotics (particularly aminoglycosides) are more effective at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hejnar
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Hnevotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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