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Luppi PH, Chancel A, Malcey J, Cabrera S, Fort P, Maciel RM. Which structure generates paradoxical (REM) sleep: The brainstem, the hypothalamus, the amygdala or the cortex? Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101907. [PMID: 38422648 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Paradoxical or Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (PS) is a state characterized by REMs, EEG activation and muscle atonia. In this review, we discuss the contribution of brainstem, hypothalamic, amygdalar and cortical structures in PS genesis. We propose that muscle atonia during PS is due to activation of glutamatergic neurons localized in the pontine sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) projecting to glycinergic/GABAergic pre-motoneurons localized in the ventro-medial medulla (vmM). The SLD PS-on neurons are inactivated during wakefulness and slow-wave sleep by PS-off GABAergic neurons localized in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) and the adjacent deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus. Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and GABAergic PS-on neurons localized in the posterior hypothalamus would inhibit these PS-off neurons to initiate the state. Finally, the activation of a few limbic cortical structures during PS by the claustrum and the supramammillary nucleus as well as that of the basolateral amygdala would also contribute to PS expression. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activation of these limbic structures plays a role in memory consolidation and would communicate to the PS-generating structures the need for PS to process memory. In summary, PS generation is controlled by structures distributed from the cortex to the medullary level of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Amarine Chancel
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Justin Malcey
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Cabrera
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Fort
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Renato M Maciel
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, SLEEP Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France; University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Naghavi E, Aliasin MM. Epworth sleepiness scale is associated with increased striatal dopamine uptake in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:149-154. [PMID: 37505301 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the possible association between Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores and striatal dopamine uptake in the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Two groups of PD patients (n = 464) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 162) were enrolled in the current study from the Parkinson's progression markers initiative cohort ( https://www.ppmi-info.org ). All the subjects were evaluated for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) using the ESS. They also completed specific measures to be assessed for motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive, gait, autonomic, and olfactory dysfunction. Dopamine transporter (DaT) scans were used to identify dopamine transporter impairments. Spatial normalization for DaTscan imaging of participants was performed to reach consistent orientation. RESULTS A significant correlation was found between ESS score and right putamen (P < 0.001; correlation coefficient = 0.186) and left putamen (P = 0.003; correlation coefficient = 0.139) dopamine uptake in PD patients. The same results were revealed after adjusted Pearson's correlation for the effects of handedness, age, gender, and education. No significant correlation was found between the ESS score and the amount of caudate nucleus dopamine uptake in PD patients. Moreover, there was a significant association between caudate nucleus dopamine uptake and ESS score in neither PD patients nor HCs. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that increased dopaminergic function of putamen nuclei may be associated with ESS scores in the early stages of PD. Further studies are needed at different PD stages and evaluate PD progression as a possible confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Naghavi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, Tehran, 14176 13151, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Aliasin
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina St, Tehran, 14176 13151, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vetrivelan R, Bandaru SS. Neural Control of REM Sleep and Motor Atonia: Current Perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:907-923. [PMID: 38060134 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the formal discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 1953, we have gained a vast amount of knowledge regarding the specific populations of neurons, their connections, and synaptic mechanisms regulating this stage of sleep and its accompanying features. This article discusses REM sleep circuits and their dysfunction, specifically emphasizing recent studies using conditional genetic tools. RECENT FINDINGS Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) in the dorsolateral pons, especially the glutamatergic subpopulation in this region (SLDGlut), are shown to be indispensable for REM sleep. These neurons appear to be single REM generators in the rodent brain and may initiate and orchestrate all REM sleep events, including cortical and hippocampal activation and muscle atonia through distinct pathways. However, several cell groups in the brainstem and hypothalamus may influence SLDGlut neuron activity, thereby modulating REM sleep timing, amounts, and architecture. Damage to SLDGlut neurons or their projections involved in muscle atonia leads to REM behavior disorder, whereas the abnormal activation of this pathway during wakefulness may underlie cataplexy in narcolepsy. Despite some opposing views, it has become evident that SLDGlut neurons are the sole generators of REM sleep and its associated characteristics. Further research should prioritize a deeper understanding of their cellular, synaptic, and molecular properties, as well as the mechanisms that trigger their activation during cataplexy and make them susceptible in RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Sathyajit Sai Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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4
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Feige B, Benz F, Dressle RJ, Riemann D. Insomnia and REM sleep instability. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e14032. [PMID: 37679882 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we give an overview of the concept of rapid eye movement sleep instability and its reported implications in the context of insomnia. The term rapid eye movement sleep instability was coined to describe the observation of a modified rapid eye movement quality in insomnia, characterized by an increased tendency of perceiving rapid eye movement sleep as wake, a small but consistent rapid eye movement sleep reduction and an increased rapid eye movement sleep arousal index. Current research highlights relationships that are transdiagnostic in nature, corresponding to the known interaction of insomnia with many psychiatric disorders, and showing relationships to chronic stress and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fee Benz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raphael J Dressle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Koyama Y. The role of orexinergic system in the regulation of cataplexy. Peptides 2023; 169:171080. [PMID: 37598758 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss of orexin/hypocretin causes serious sleep disorder; narcolepsy. Cataplexy is the most striking symptom of narcolepsy, characterized by abrupt muscle paralysis induced by emotional stimuli, and has been considered pathological activation of REM sleep atonia system. Clinical treatments for cataplexy/narcolepsy and early pharmacological studies in narcoleptic dogs tell us about the involvement of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems in the control of cataplexy/narcolepsy. Muscle atonia may be induced by activation of REM sleep-atonia generating system in the brainstem. Emotional stimuli may be processed in the limbic systems including the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and medial prefrontal cortex. It is now considered that orexin/hypocretin prevents cataplexy by modulating the activity of different points of cataplexy-inducing circuit, including monoaminergic/cholinergic systems, muscle atonia-generating systems, and emotion-related systems. This review will describe the recent advances in understanding the neural mechanisms controlling cataplexy, with a focus on the involvement of orexin/hypocretin system, and will discuss future experimental strategies that will lead to further understanding and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Koyama
- Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, 1 Kanaya-gawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan..
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Du L, He X, Fan X, Wei X, Xu L, Liang T, Wang C, Ke Y, Yung WH. Pharmacological interventions targeting α-synuclein aggregation triggered REM sleep behavior disorder and early development of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108498. [PMID: 37499913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by elevated motor behaviors and dream enactments in REM sleep, often preceding the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). As RBD could serve as a biomarker for early PD developments, pharmacological interventions targeting α-synuclein aggregation triggered RBD could be applied toward early PD progression. However, robust therapeutic guidelines toward PD-induced RBD are lacking, owing in part to a historical paucity of effective treatments and trials. We reviewed the bidirectional links between α-synuclein neurodegeneration, progressive sleep disorders, and RBD. We highlighted the correlation between RBD development, α-synuclein aggregation, and neuronal apoptosis in key brainstem regions involved in REM sleep atonia maintenance. The current pharmacological intervention strategies targeting RBD and their effects on progressive PD are discussed, as well as current treatments for progressive neurodegeneration and their effects on RBD. We also evaluated emerging and potential pharmacological solutions to sleep disorders and developing synucleinopathies. This review provides insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic targets underlying RBD and PD, and explores bidirectional treatment effects for both diseases, underscoring the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Du
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Innovative Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoli He
- Institute of Medical Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonuo Fan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaoya Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Linhao Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Innovative Pharmaceutics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ma R, Yin Z, Chen Y, Yuan T, An Q, Gan Y, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Du T, Yang A, Meng F, Zhu G, Zhang J. Sleep outcomes and related factors in Parkinson's disease after subthalamic deep brain electrode implantation: a retrospective cohort study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231161163. [PMID: 37200769 PMCID: PMC10185976 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231161163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) improves sleep qualities in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients; however, it remains elusive whether STN-DBS improves sleep by directly influencing the sleep circuit or alleviates other cardinal symptoms such as motor functions, other confounding factors including stimulation intensity may also involve. Studying the effect of microlesion effect (MLE) on sleep after STN-DBS electrode implantation may address this issue. Objective To examine the influence of MLE on sleep quality and related factors in PD, as well as the effects of regional and lateral specific correlations with sleep outcomes after STN-DBS electrode implantation. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Data Sources and Methods In 78 PD patients who underwent bilateral STN-DBS surgery in our center, we compared the sleep qualities, motor performances, anti-Parkinsonian drug dosage, and emotional conditions at preoperative baseline and postoperative 1-month follow-up. We determined the related factors of sleep outcomes and visualized the electrodes position, simulated the MLE-engendered volume of tissue lesioned (VTL), and investigated sleep-related sweet/sour spots and laterality in STN. Results MLE improves sleep quality with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) by 13.36% and Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2) by 17.95%. Motor (P = 0.014) and emotional (P = 0.001) improvements were both positively correlated with sleep improvements. However, MLE in STN associative subregions, as an independent factor, may cause sleep deterioration (r = 0.348, P = 0.002), and only the left STN showed significance (r = 0.327, P = 0.004). Sweet spot analysis also indicated part of the left STN associative subregion is the sour spot indicative of sleep deterioration. Conclusion The MLE of STN-DBS can overall improve sleep quality in PD patients, with a positive correlation between motor and emotional improvements. However, independent of all other factors, the MLE in the STN associative subregion, particularly the left side, may cause sleep deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshuo Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing
Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing
Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anchao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing
Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation,
Beijing, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road,
Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan
Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South 4th Ring West Road,
Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing
Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation,
Beijing, China
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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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9
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Fan FF, Vetrivelan R, Yang Y, Guo ZN, Lu J. Role of pontine sub-laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, cataplexy, and emotion. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1192-1196. [PMID: 36585816 PMCID: PMC10018081 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pontine sub-laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) is crucial for REM sleep. However, the necessary role of SLD for REM sleep, cataplexy that resembles REM sleep, and emotion memory by REM sleep has remained unclear. To address these questions, we focally ablated SLD neurons using adenoviral diphtheria-toxin (DTA) approach and found that SLD lesions completely eliminated REM sleep accompanied by wake increase, significantly reduced baseline cataplexy amounts by 40% and reward (sucrose) induced cataplexy amounts by 70% and altered cataplexy EEG Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) from REM sleep-like to wake-like in orexin null (OXKO) mice. We then used OXKO animals with absence of REM sleep and OXKO controls and examined elimination of REM sleep in anxiety and fear extinction. Our resulted showed that REM sleep elimination significantly increased anxiety-like behaviors in open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPM) and defensive aggression and impaired fear extinction. The data indicate that in OXKO mice the SLD is the sole generator for REM sleep; (2) the SLD selectively mediates REM sleep cataplexy (R-cataplexy) that merges with wake cataplexy (W-cataplexy); (3) REM sleep enhances positive emotion (sucrose induced cataplexy) response, reduces negative emotion state (anxiety), and promotes fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Fan
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Blanco-Centurion C, Vidal-Ortiz A, Sato T, Shiromani PJ. Activity of GABA neurons in the zona incerta and ventral lateral periaqueductal grey is biased towards sleep. Sleep 2023; 46:6902001. [PMID: 36516419 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES As in various brain regions the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons is largely unknown, we measured in vivo changes in calcium fluorescence in GABA neurons in the zona incerta (ZI) and the ventral lateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG), two areas that have been implicated in regulating sleep. METHODS vGAT-Cre mice were implanted with sleep electrodes, microinjected with rAAV-DIO-GCaMP6 into the ZI (n = 6) or vlPAG (n = 5) (isoflurane anesthesia) and a GRIN (Gradient-Index) lens inserted atop the injection site. Twenty-one days later, fluorescence in individual vGAT neurons was recorded over multiple REM cycles. Regions of interest corresponding to individual vGAT somata were automatically extracted with PCA-ICA analysis. RESULTS In the ZI, 372 neurons were identified. Previously, we had recorded the activity of 310 vGAT neurons in the ZI and we combined the published dataset with the new dataset to create a comprehensive dataset of ZI vGAT neurons (total neurons = 682; mice = 11). In the vlPAG, 169 neurons (mice = 5) were identified. In both regions, most neurons were maximally active in REM sleep (R-Max; ZI = 51.0%, vlPAG = 60.9%). The second most abundant group was W-Max (ZI = 23.9%, vlPAG = 25.4%). In the ZI, but not in vlPAG, there were neurons that were NREMS-Max (11.7%). vlPAG had REMS-Off neurons (8.3%). In both areas, there were two minor classes: wake/REMS-Max and state indifferent. In the ZI, the NREMS-Max neurons fluoresced 30 s ahead of sleep onset. CONCLUSIONS These descriptive data show that the activity of GABA neurons is biased in favor of sleep in two brain regions implicated in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurelio Vidal-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
- Laboratory of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Healthcare System, Charleston, SC, USA
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Wen YJ, Yang WJ, Guo CN, Qiu MH, Kroeger D, Niu JG, Zhan SQ, Yang XF, Gisabella B, Vetrivelan R, Lu J. Pontine control of rapid eye movement sleep and fear memory. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1602-1614. [PMID: 36794544 PMCID: PMC10173714 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We often experience dreams of strong irrational and negative emotional contents with postural muscle paralysis during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but how REM sleep is generated and its function remain unclear. In this study, we investigate whether the dorsal pontine sub-laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) is necessary and sufficient for REM sleep and whether REM sleep elimination alters fear memory. METHODS To investigate whether activation of SLD neurons is sufficient for REM sleep induction, we expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in SLD neurons by bilaterally injecting AAV1-hSyn-ChR2-YFP in rats. We next selectively ablated either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons from the SLD in mice in order to identify the neuronal subset crucial for REM sleep. We finally investigated the role of REM sleep in consolidation of fear memory using rat model with complete SLD lesions. RESULTS We demonstrate the sufficiency of the SLD for REM sleep by showing that photo-activation of ChR2 transfected SLD neurons selectively promotes transitions from non-REM (NREM) sleep to REM sleep in rats. Diphtheria toxin-A (DTA) induced lesions of the SLD in rats or specific deletion of SLD glutamatergic neurons but not GABAergic neurons in mice completely abolish REM sleep, demonstrating the necessity of SLD glutamatergic neurons for REM sleep. We then show that REM sleep elimination by SLD lesions in rats significantly enhances contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 2.5 and 1.0 folds, respectively, for at least 9 months. Conversely, fear conditioning and fear memory trigger doubled amounts of REM sleep in the following night, and chemo-activation of SLD neurons projecting to the medial septum (MS) selectively enhances hippocampal theta activity in REM sleep; this stimulation immediately after fear acquisition reduces contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 60% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION SLD glutamatergic neurons generate REM sleep and REM sleep and SLD via the hippocampus particularly down-regulate contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Jia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Hong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Guo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu Qin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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12
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A Narrative Review on REM Sleep Deprivation: A Promising Non-Pharmaceutical Alternative for Treating Endogenous Depression. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020306. [PMID: 36836540 PMCID: PMC9960519 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous depression represents a severe mental health condition projected to become one of the worldwide leading causes of years lived with disability. The currently available clinical and non-clinical interventions designed to alleviate endogenous depression-associated symptoms encounter a series of inconveniences, from the lack of intervention effectiveness and medication adherence to unpleasant side effects. In addition, depressive individuals tend to be more frequent users of primary care units, which markedly affects the overall treatment costs. In parallel with the growing incidence of endogenous depression, researchers in sleep science have discovered multiple links between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep patterns and endogenous depression. Recent findings suggest that prolonged periods of REM sleep are associated with different psychiatric disorders, including endogenous depression. In addition, a growing body of experimental work confidently describes REM sleep deprivation (REM-D) as the underlying mechanism of most pharmaceutical antidepressants, proving its utility as either an independent or adjuvant approach to alleviating the symptoms of endogenous depression. In this regard, REM-D is currently being explored for its potential value as a sleep intervention-based method for improving the clinical management of endogenous depression. Therefore, this narrative review represents a comprehensive inventory of the currently available evidence supporting the potential use of REM-D as a reliable, non-pharmaceutical approach for treating endogenous depression, or as an adjuvant practice that could improve the effectiveness of currently used medication.
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13
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Sulaman BA, Wang S, Tyan J, Eban-Rothschild A. Neuro-orchestration of sleep and wakefulness. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:196-212. [PMID: 36581730 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key technological advances, including calcium imaging and optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations, have facilitated a detailed understanding of the functions of different neuronal populations and circuits in sleep-wake regulation. Here, we present recent progress and summarize our current understanding of the circuitry underlying the initiation, maintenance and coordination of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS). We propose a de-arousal model for sleep initiation, in which the neuromodulatory milieu necessary for sleep initiation is achieved by engaging in repetitive pre-sleep behaviors that gradually reduce vigilance to the external environment and wake-promoting neuromodulatory tone. We also discuss how brain processes related to thermoregulation, hunger and fear intersect with sleep-wake circuits to control arousal. Lastly, we discuss controversies and lingering questions in the sleep field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi A Sulaman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean Tyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Holter KM, Pierce BE, Gould RW. Metabotropic glutamate receptor function and regulation of sleep-wake cycles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:93-175. [PMID: 36868636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are the most abundant family of G-protein coupled receptors and are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Alterations in glutamate homeostasis, including dysregulations in mGlu receptor function, have been indicated as key contributors to multiple CNS disorders. Fluctuations in mGlu receptor expression and function also occur across diurnal sleep-wake cycles. Sleep disturbances including insomnia are frequently comorbid with neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative conditions. These often precede behavioral symptoms and/or correlate with symptom severity and relapse. Chronic sleep disturbances may also be a consequence of primary symptom progression and can exacerbate neurodegeneration in disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and CNS disorders; disrupted sleep may serve as both a cause and a consequence of the disorder. Importantly, comorbid sleep disturbances are rarely a direct target of primary pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders even though improving sleep can positively impact other symptom clusters. This chapter details known roles of mGlu receptor subtypes in both sleep-wake regulation and CNS disorders focusing on schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, AD, and substance use disorder (cocaine and opioid). In this chapter, preclinical electrophysiological, genetic, and pharmacological studies are described, and, when possible, human genetic, imaging, and post-mortem studies are also discussed. In addition to reviewing the important relationships between sleep, mGlu receptors, and CNS disorders, this chapter highlights the development of selective mGlu receptor ligands that hold promise for improving both primary symptoms and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Holter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Bethany E Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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15
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Ahnaou A, Whim D. REM sleep behavior and olfactory dysfunction: improving the utility and translation of animal models in the search for neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104897. [PMID: 36183864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease that belongs to the family of synucleiopathies, varying in age, symptoms and progression. Hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein protein (α-Syn) in neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells. In past decades, diagnosis and treatment of PD has focused on motor deficits, which for the clinical endpoint, have contributed to the prevalence of deficits in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and animal models related to motor behavior to study disease. However, clinical trials have failed to translate results from animal models into effective treatments. PD as a multisystem disorder therefore requires additional assessment of motor and non-motor symptoms. Braak's staging revealed early α-Syn pathology in pontine brainstem and olfactory circuits controlling rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and olfaction, respectively. Recent converging evidence from multicenter clinical studies supports that RBD is the most important risk factor for prodromal PD and the conduct of neuroprotective therapeutic trials in RBD-enriched cohorts has been recommended. Animal models of RBD and olfaction dysfunction can aid to fill the gap in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV. Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Drinkenburg Whim
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV. Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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16
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Casaglia E, Luppi PH. Is paradoxical sleep setting up innate and acquired complex sensorimotor and adaptive behaviours?: A proposed function based on literature review. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13633. [PMID: 35596591 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here the progress in identifying the neuronal network as well as the function of paradoxical sleep and the gaps of knowledge that should be filled in priority. The core system generating paradoxical sleep localized in the brainstem is now well identified, and the next step is to clarify the role of the forebrain in particular that of the hypothalamus including the melanin-concentrating hormone neurons and of the basolateral amygdala. We discuss these two options, and also the discovery that cortical activation during paradoxical sleep is restricted to a few limbic cortices activated by the lateral supramammillary nucleus and the claustrum. Such activation nicely supports the findings recently obtained showing that neuronal reactivation occurs during paradoxical sleep in these structures, and induces both memory consolidation of important memory and forgetting of less relevant ones. The question that still remains to be answered is whether paradoxical sleep is playing more crucial roles in processing emotional and procedural than other types of memories. One attractive hypothesis is that paradoxical sleep is responsible for erasing negative emotional memories, and that this function is not properly functioning in depressed patients. On the other hand, the presence of a muscle atonia during paradoxical sleep is in favour of a role in procedural memory as new types of motor behaviours can be tried without harm during the state. In a way, it also fits with the proposed role of paradoxical sleep in setting up the sensorimotor system during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casaglia
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team "Physiopathologie des réseaux neuronaux responsables du cycle veille-sommeil", Lyon, France.,University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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17
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Högl B, Arnulf I, Bergmann M, Cesari M, Gan-Or Z, Heidbreder A, Iranzo A, Krohn L, Luppi PH, Mollenhauer B, Provini F, Santamaria J, Trenkwalder C, Videnovic A, Stefani A. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: Past, present, and future. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13612. [PMID: 35470494 PMCID: PMC9541438 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents an overview of REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) with a special focus on European contributions. After an introduction examining the history of the disorder, we address the pathophysiological and clinical aspects, as well as the diagnostic issues. Further, implications of RBD diagnosis and biomarkers are discussed. Contributions of European researchers to this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Högl
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Service des Pathologies du Sommeil, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED:CB06/05/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Centre of Neuroscience of Lyon, UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, UOC NeuroMet, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joan Santamaria
- Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED:CB06/05/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ambra Stefani
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Kamble N, Bhattacharya A, Hegde S, Vidya N, Gothwal M, Yadav R, Pal PK. Cortical excitability changes as a marker of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 422:113733. [PMID: 34998797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment of different severity with eventual progression to dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) appears during the course of the disease. In this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess cortical excitability changes in PD patients with varying cognitive impairment. We aimed to identify the TMS parameters that could serve as a non-invasive marker of cognitive impairment in patients with PD. Consecutive PD patients were recruited in the study. Detailed neuropsychological assessment was carried out to identify PD without cognitive impairment (PD-nC), PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PD with dementia (PDD). Twenty patients of PDD (2 females and 18 males), 20 PD-MCI (4 females and 16 males), 18 PD-nC (5 females, 13 males) and 18 healthy controls (4 females, and 14 males) were included in the study. All the participants underwent TMS with recording of resting motor threshold, central motor conduction time, silent period, short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). All the groups were age matched. The SICI was present in all; however, significantly greater inhibition was noted in PDD (Mean±SD; 0.11±0.08) followed by PD-MCI (0.31±0.17), PD-nC (0.49±0.26) and controls (0.61±0.23; p<0.001). The ICF was significantly reduced in PDD (Mean±SD; 0.15±0.18), PD-MCI (0.55±0.31), PD-nC (0.96±0.59), when compared to healthy controls (1.81±0.83; p<0.001). Patients with PD-nC, PD-MCI and PDD had graded reduction in ICF and increasing intracortical inhibition as the disease progressed from PD-nC through PD-MCI to PDD. This suggests progressive overactivity of GABAergic transmission, glutaminergic deficiency with consequent reduction of cholinergic transmission leading to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Kamble
- Departments of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Amitabh Bhattacharya
- Departments of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - N Vidya
- Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohit Gothwal
- Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Departments of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Departments of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
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19
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Carreón C, Acosta-Hernández ME, García-García F. Stimulants and Depressor Drugs in the Sleep-Wake Cycle Modulation: The case of alcohol and cannabinoids. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1270-1279. [PMID: 34986773 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A complex neurobiological network drives the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, external stimuli, including stimulants or depressor drugs, also influence the control of sleep. Here we review the recent advances that contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the actions of stimulants and depressor compounds, such as alcohol and cannabis, in sleep regulation. The objective of this review is to highlight the neurobiological mechanism engaged by alcohol and cannabis in sleep control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas. Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México
| | - Cristina Carreón
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas. Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México
| | | | - Fabio García-García
- Biomedicine Department, Health Science Institute, Veracruzana University. Xalapa, Veracruz. México
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20
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Gong SY, Shen Y, Gu HY, Zhuang S, Fu X, Wang QJ, Mao CJ, Hu H, Dai YP, Liu CF. Generalized EEG Slowing Across Phasic REM Sleep, Not Subjective RBD Severity, Predicts Neurodegeneration in Idiopathic RBD. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:407-418. [PMID: 35299628 PMCID: PMC8923684 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s354063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is the prodromal marker of α-synuclein degeneration with markedly high predictive value. We aim to evaluate the value of electroencephalography (EEG) data during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and subjective RBD severity in predicting the conversion to neurodegenerative diseases in iRBD patients. METHODS At the baseline, iRBD patients underwent clinical assessment and video-polysomnography (PSG). Relative spectral power for nine frequency bands during phasic and tonic REM sleep in three regions of interest, slow-to-fast ratios, clinical and PSG variables were estimated and compared between iRBD patients who converted to neurodegenerative diseases (iRBD-C) and iRBD patients who remained disease-free (iRBD-NC). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the predictive performance of slow-to-fast ratios, and subjective RBD severity as assessed with RBD Questionnaire-Hong Kong. RESULTS Twenty-two (33.8%) patients eventually developed neurodegenerative diseases. The iRBD-C group showed shorter total sleep time (p < 0.001), lower stage 2 sleep percentage (p = 0.044), more periodic leg-movement-related arousal index (p = 0.004), increased tonic chin electromyelographic activity (p = 0.040) and higher REM density in the third REM episode (p = 0.034) than the iRBD-NC group. EEG spectral power analyses revealed that iRBD phenoconverters showed significantly higher delta and lower alpha power, especially in central and occipital regions during the phasic REM state compared to the iRBD-NC group. Significantly higher slow-to-fast ratios were observed in a more generalized way during the phasic state in the iRBD-C group compared to the iRBD-NC group. ROC analyses of the slowing ratio in occipital areas during phasic REM sleep yielded an area under the curve of 0.749 (p = 0.001), while no significant predictive value of subjective RBD severity was observed. CONCLUSION Our study shows that EEG slowing, especially in a more generalized manner during the phasic period, may be a promising marker in predicting phenoconversion in iRBD, rather than subjective RBD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhuang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Dai
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, People's Republic of China
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21
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Neurophysiological Aspects of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2021. [PMID: 34942893 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121588.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) is the polysomnographic (PSG) hallmark of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a feature essential for the diagnosis of this condition. Several additional neurophysiological aspects of this complex disorder have also recently been investigated in depth, which constitute the focus of this narrative review, together with RSWA. First, we describe the complex neural network underlying REM sleep and its muscle atonia, focusing on the disordered mechanisms leading to RSWA. RSWA is then described in terms of its polysomnographic features, and the methods (visual and automatic) currently available for its scoring and quantification are exposed and discussed. Subsequently, more recent and advanced neurophysiological features of RBD are described, such as electroencephalography during wakefulness and sleep, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. The role of the assessment of neurophysiological features in the study of RBD is then carefully discussed, highlighting their usefulness and sensitivity in detecting neurodegeneration in the early or prodromal stages of RBD, as well as their relationship with other proposed biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of this condition. Finally, a future research agenda is proposed to help clarify the many still unclear aspects of RBD.
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22
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Figorilli M, Lanza G, Congiu P, Lecca R, Casaglia E, Mogavero MP, Puligheddu M, Ferri R. Neurophysiological Aspects of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD): A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121588. [PMID: 34942893 PMCID: PMC8699681 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) is the polysomnographic (PSG) hallmark of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a feature essential for the diagnosis of this condition. Several additional neurophysiological aspects of this complex disorder have also recently been investigated in depth, which constitute the focus of this narrative review, together with RSWA. First, we describe the complex neural network underlying REM sleep and its muscle atonia, focusing on the disordered mechanisms leading to RSWA. RSWA is then described in terms of its polysomnographic features, and the methods (visual and automatic) currently available for its scoring and quantification are exposed and discussed. Subsequently, more recent and advanced neurophysiological features of RBD are described, such as electroencephalography during wakefulness and sleep, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. The role of the assessment of neurophysiological features in the study of RBD is then carefully discussed, highlighting their usefulness and sensitivity in detecting neurodegeneration in the early or prodromal stages of RBD, as well as their relationship with other proposed biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of this condition. Finally, a future research agenda is proposed to help clarify the many still unclear aspects of RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Figorilli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (R.L.); (E.C.); (M.P.)
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Asse Didattico E., SS 554 Bivio Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy;
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Congiu
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (R.L.); (E.C.); (M.P.)
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Asse Didattico E., SS 554 Bivio Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lecca
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (R.L.); (E.C.); (M.P.)
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Asse Didattico E., SS 554 Bivio Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Casaglia
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (R.L.); (E.C.); (M.P.)
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Asse Didattico E., SS 554 Bivio Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria P. Mogavero
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari and AOU Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (R.L.); (E.C.); (M.P.)
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Asse Didattico E., SS 554 Bivio Sestu, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0935-936111
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Abnormal Intracortical Functions in Parkinson's Disease with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder. Can J Neurol Sci 2021; 49:672-677. [PMID: 34470683 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2021.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is considered to be one of the most frequent and important prodromal symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to study the neurophysiological abnormalities in patients of PD-RBD and PD without RBD (PD-nRBD) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). METHODS Twenty patients each of PD-RBD and PD-nRBD were included in the study in addition to 20 age and gender-matched healthy controls. RBD was identified using the RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ). All the subjects were evaluated with single and paired-pulse TMS and parameters such as resting motor threshold (RMT), central motor conduction time (CMCT), silent period (SP), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were recorded. RESULTS The mean age of the controls and PD patients with and without RBD was comparable. There were no significant differences in RMT, CMCT and silent period between the two patient groups. SICI was present in all the three groups with significant inhibition noted in PD-RBD group (p < 0.001). ICF was absent in patients of PD-RBD (0.19 ± 0.11) and PD-nRBD (0.7 ± 0.5) when compared to controls (1.88 ± 1.02) with profound impairment in patients with PD-RBD (p < 0.001). The mean MoCA score was found to be significantly different in all the three groups with a worse score in patients with RBD (23.10 ± 2.55; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PD-RBD patients have significantly greater inhibition and reduced intracortical facilitation suggesting enhanced GABAergic and reduced glutaminergic transmission. These abnormalities may underlie the different pathophysiological process observed in these patients.
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Yamazaki R, Wang D, De Laet A, Maciel R, Agnorelli C, Cabrera S, Arthaud S, Libourel PA, Fort P, Lee H, Luppi PH. Granule cells in the infrapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus are activated during paradoxical (REM) sleep hypersomnia but not during wakefulness: a study using TRAP mice. Sleep 2021; 44:6318825. [PMID: 34245290 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Determine whether in the hippocampus and the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) the same neurons are reactivated when mice are exposed one week apart to two periods of wakefulness (W-W), paradoxical sleep rebound (PSR-PSR) or a period of W followed by a period of PSR (W-PSR). METHODS We combined the innovative TRAP2 mice method in which neurons expressing cFos permanently express tdTomato after tamoxifen injection with cFos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found out that a large number of tdTomato+ and cFos+ cells are localized in the dentate gyrus (DG) after PSR and W while CA1 and CA3 contained both types of neurons only after W. The number of cFos+ cells in the infrapyramidal but not the suprapyramidal blade of the DG was positively correlated with the amount of PS. In addition, we did not find double-labeled cells in the DG whatever the group of mice. In contrast, a high percentage of CA1 neurons were double-labeled in W-W mice. Finally, in the supramammillary nucleus, a large number of cells were double-labeled in W-W, PSR-PSR but not in W-PSR mice. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results are the first to show that different neurons are activated during W and PS in the supramammillary nucleus and the hippocampus. Further, we showed for the first time that granule cells of the infrapyramidal blade of the DG are activated during PS but not during W. Further experiments are now needed to determine whether these granule cells belong to memory engrams inducing memory reactivation during PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yamazaki
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Dianru Wang
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Anna De Laet
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Renato Maciel
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Claudio Agnorelli
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sébastien Cabrera
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sébastien Arthaud
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Patrice Fort
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Hyunsook Lee
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 05029 Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 05029 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre-Hervé Luppi
- Team "SLEEP", Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), UMR 5292 CNRS/U1028 INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon I, Neurocampus-Michel Jouvet, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
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Wu DD, Su W, Li SH, He J, Li K, Chen HB, Jin Y. A Questionnaire-Based Study on Clinical REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Subtypes in Multiple System Atrophy. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:368-374. [PMID: 34134116 DOI: 10.1159/000517149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies documenting the association between rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and subtypes of multiple system atrophy (MSA) are rare. In this study, we investigated the presence of clinical RBD in MSA patients and compared the prevalence and severity of RBD in patients with MSA-P and MSA-C subtypes. METHODS We evaluated 54 consecutive patients presenting with MSA and hospitalized in the neurology ward of Beijing Hospital from February 2012 to June 2020. The healthy control (HC) group consisted of 100 healthy individuals who came to our hospital for physical examination. The clinical diagnosis of RBD was based on the minimal diagnostic criteria of International Classification of Sleep Disorders, revised. The severity of clinical RBD was rated on a digital scale from 0 to 3. The patients were divided into 2 subgroups: MSA-P and MSA-C. The MSA and HC groups were compared in terms of frequency of clinical RBD. The MSA-P and MSA-C subgroups were compared with each other for age, sex, onset age, disease duration, and features of clinical RBD. The correlation between severity of clinical RBD and clinical characteristics of MSA was analyzed in the patient groups. RESULTS The frequency of clinical RBD in MSA and HC groups was 70.4% (38/54) and 5% (5/100), respectively. The difference between 2 groups was significant (χ2 = 74.453, p = 0.000). Among the patients, 57.4% (31/54) had the MSA-P subtype. There were no significant differences between MSA-P and MSA-C subtypes in the prevalence (χ2 = 1.734, p = 0.188) and severity (χ2 = 1.776, p = 0.412) of clinical RBD. The onset of clinical RBD during the premotor period was not different between the subtypes of MSA, either in patients' number of preceding the onset of motor symptoms (χ2 = 0.581, p = 0.446) or the preceding time (Z = -0.550, p = 0.582). For the MSA-C patients, there was a negative correlation between the score of severity of the RBD scale and RBD preceding motor symptoms (r = -0.482, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION In our study, the prevalence of clinical RBD is unrelated to the subtypes of MSA. The onset of clinical RBD during the premotor period was not different between subtypes of MSA. However, we found that the severity of RBD occurring before the motor symptoms was more than that occurring after the motor symptoms in MSA-C patients. Our results showed that MSA-P and MSA-C patients may have a probable indicator for the similar pathologic mechanism of the disease and its sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang YQ, Liu WY, Li L, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Neural circuitry underlying REM sleep: A review of the literature and current concepts. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102106. [PMID: 34144122 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of the fundamental sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is believed to be associated with dreaming and is characterized by low-voltage, fast electroencephalographic activity and loss of muscle tone. However, the mechanisms of REM sleep generation have remained unclear despite decades of research. Several models of REM sleep have been established, including a reciprocal interaction model, limit-cycle model, flip-flop model, and a model involving γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and aminergic/orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. In the present review, we discuss these models and summarize two typical disorders related to REM sleep, namely REM sleep behavior disorder and narcolepsy. REM sleep behavior disorder is a sleep muscle-tone-related disorder and can be treated with clonazepam and melatonin. Narcolepsy, with core symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, is strongly connected with orexin in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cerri M, Amici R. Thermoregulation and Sleep: Functional Interaction and Central Nervous Control. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1591-1604. [PMID: 33792906 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Each of the wake-sleep states is characterized by specific changes in autonomic activity and bodily functions. The goal of such changes is not always clear. During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the autonomic outflow and the activity of the endocrine system, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, and the thermoregulatory system seem to be directed at increasing energy saving. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the goal of the specific autonomic and regulatory changes is unclear, since a large instability of autonomic activity and cardiorespiratory function is observed in concomitance with thermoregulatory changes, which are apparently non-functional to thermal homeostasis. Reciprocally, the activation of thermoregulatory responses under thermal challenges interferes with sleep occurrence. Such a double-edged and reciprocal interaction between sleep and thermoregulation may be favored by the fact that the central network controlling sleep overlaps in several parts with the central network controlling thermoregulation. The understanding of the central mechanism behind the interaction between sleep and thermoregulation may help to understand the functionality of thermoregulatory sleep-related changes and, ultimately, the function(s) of sleep. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1591-1604, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cerri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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A Discrete Glycinergic Neuronal Population in the Ventromedial Medulla That Induces Muscle Atonia during REM Sleep and Cataplexy in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1582-1596. [PMID: 33372061 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0688-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, anti-gravity muscle tone and bodily movements are mostly absent, because somatic motoneurons are inhibited by descending inhibitory pathways. Recent studies showed that glycine/GABA neurons in the ventromedial medulla (VMM; GlyVMM neurons) play an important role in generating muscle atonia during REM sleep (REM-atonia). However, how these REM-atonia-inducing neurons interconnect with other neuronal populations has been unknown. In the present study, we first identified a specific subpopulation of GlyVMM neurons that play an important role in induction of REM-atonia by virus vector-mediated tracing in male mice in which glycinergic neurons expressed Cre recombinase. We found these neurons receive direct synaptic input from neurons in several brain stem regions, including glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD; GluSLD neurons). Silencing this circuit by specifically expressing tetanus toxin light chain (TeTNLC) resulted in REM sleep without atonia. This manipulation also caused a marked decrease in time spent in cataplexy-like episodes (CLEs) when applied to narcoleptic orexin-ataxin-3 mice. We also showed that GlyVMM neurons play an important role in maintenance of sleep. This present study identified a population of glycinergic neurons in the VMM that are commonly involved in REM-atonia and cataplexy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identified a population of glycinergic neurons in the ventral medulla that plays an important role in inducing muscle atonia during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It sends axonal projections almost exclusively to motoneurons in the spinal cord and brain stem except to those that innervate extraocular muscles, while other glycinergic neurons in the same region also send projections to other regions including monoaminergic nuclei. Furthermore, these neurons receive direct inputs from several brainstem regions including glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD). Genetic silencing of this pathway resulted in REM sleep without atonia and a decrease of cataplexy when applied to narcoleptic mice. This work identified a neural population involved in generating muscle atonia during REM sleep and cataplexy.
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Du L, Xu L, Liang T, Wing YK, Ke Y, Yung WH. Progressive Pontine-Medullary Dysfunction Leads to REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Symptoms in a Chronic Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1723-1736. [PMID: 34675721 PMCID: PMC8502064 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s328365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observations reveal that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) often develops prior to alpha-synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, a causal relationship between alpha-synucleinopathy and Parkinsonian neurodegeneration has not been delineated. METHODS Rats were chronically treated with rotenone and EEG and EMG signals were recorded for analysis of sleep behavior, assisted by video recording of body movements. C-fos expression and TUNEL staining were used to assess neuronal activation and apoptosis, respectively. Chemogenetic manipulation of brain stem nuclei was conducted to ameliorate RBD symptoms in rotenone-treated rats. RESULTS Rats chronically exposed to rotenone exhibited progressive RBD features, from EEG slowing to REM sleep motor behavior and NREM muscle activities. Temporally, these phenomena correlated well with progressive alpha-synuclein aggregation and neuronal apoptosis in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) and gigantocellular ventricular reticular nucleus in the brainstem. Chemogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons in SLD alleviated RBD symptoms in the rotenone model. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results are consistent with a progressive degeneration in the REM sleep promoting and atonia circuit in early Parkinsonism that underlies the emergence of RBD symptoms, and demonstrate that the rotenone model is useful for further studies into RBD and its relationship to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhao Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Kwok Wing
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5764017. [PMID: 33381558 PMCID: PMC7755475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5764017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions. SD impairs the cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxin proteins like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and tau which are involved in major neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In addition, SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline. Also, SD affects the immunological and redox system resulting in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular and biochemical alterations that are the causative factors leading to these pathophysiological effects on the neuronal system. This review is an attempt in this direction. It provides up-to-date information on the alterations in the key processes, pathways, and proteins that are negatively affected by SD and become reasons for neurological disorders over a prolonged period of time, if left unattended.
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31
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Overview of sleep disturbances and their management in Parkinson plus disorders. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Park SH, Weber F. Neural and Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1662. [PMID: 32793050 PMCID: PMC7385183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of skeletal muscles and is associated with vivid dreaming. Understanding how REM sleep is controlled requires identification of the neural circuits underlying its initiation and maintenance, and delineation of the homeostatic processes regulating its expression on multiple timescales. Soon after its discovery in humans in 1953, the pons was demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient for the generation of REM sleep. But, especially within the last decade, researchers have identified further neural populations in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and medulla that regulate REM sleep by either promoting or suppressing this brain state. The discovery of these populations was greatly facilitated by the availability of novel technologies for the dissection of neural circuits. Recent quantitative models integrate findings about the activity and connectivity of key neurons and knowledge about homeostatic mechanisms to explain the dynamics underlying the recurrence of REM sleep. For the future, combining quantitative with experimental approaches to directly test model predictions and to refine existing models will greatly advance our understanding of the neural and homeostatic processes governing the regulation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Hanley N, Paulissen J, Eastwood BJ, Gilmour G, Loomis S, Wafford KA, McCarthy A. Pharmacological Modulation of Sleep Homeostasis in Rat: Novel Effects of an mGluR2/3 Antagonist. Sleep 2020; 42:5491801. [PMID: 31106825 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing vigilance without incurring the negative consequences of extended wakefulness such as daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment is a major challenge in treating many sleep disorders. The present work compares two closely related mGluR2/3 antagonists LY3020371 and LY341495 with two well-known wake-promoting compounds caffeine and d-amphetamine. Sleep homeostasis properties were explored in male Wistar rats by manipulating levels of wakefulness via (1) physiological sleep restriction (SR), (2) pharmacological action, or (3) a combination of these. A two-phase nonlinear mixed-effects model combining a quadratic and exponential function at an empirically estimated join point allowed the quantification of wake-promoting properties and any subsequent sleep rebound. A simple response latency task (SRLT) following SR assessed functional capacity of sleep-restricted animals treated with our test compounds. Caffeine and d-amphetamine increased wakefulness with a subsequent full recovery of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and were unable to fully reverse SR-induced impairments in SRLT. In contrast, LY3020371 increased wakefulness with no subsequent elevation of NREM sleep, delta power, delta energy, or sleep bout length and count, yet REM sleep recovered above baseline levels. Prior sleep pressure obtained using an SR protocol had no impact on the wake-promoting effect of LY3020371 and NREM sleep rebound remained blocked. Furthermore, LY341495 increased functional capacity across SRLT measures following SR. These results establish the critical role of glutamate in sleep homeostasis and support the existence of independent mechanisms for NREM and REM sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hanley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jerome Paulissen
- Clinical Division, Syneos Health (previously INC Research/InVentiv Health), Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian J Eastwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Sally Loomis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Keith A Wafford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
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Puligheddu M, Figorilli M, Serra A, Laccu I, Congiu P, Tamburrino L, de Natale ER, Ginatempo F, Deriu F, Loi G, Fantini ML, Schenck CH, Ferri R. REM Sleep without atonia correlates with abnormal vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2020; 42:5532726. [PMID: 31310647 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The neurophysiological hallmark of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is loss of atonia during REM sleep. Indeed, signs and symptoms of neurodegeneration can occur after years, even decades, from its beginning. This study aimed to measure neurophysiological alterations of the brainstem that potentially correlate with the severity of atonia loss, and determining whether a prodromal neurodegenerative disorder underlines this condition when it occurs as an isolated condition (iRBD). METHODS Subjects with iRBD and matched healthy controls were recruited. The study included the recording of one-night polysomnography, vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), and a [123I]-FP-CIT dopamine transporter (DAT) scan. The quantification of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) was made according to two previously published manual methods and one automated method. RESULTS The rate of alteration of VEMPs and VEMP score were significantly higher in iRBD patients than controls. Moreover, VEMP score was negatively correlated with the automated REM atonia index; a marginal statistical significance was also reached for the positive correlation with the visual tonic electromyographic parameter, while the other correlations, including that with DAT-scan score were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Brainstem neurophysiology in iRBD can be assessed by VEMPs and their alterations may possibly indicate an early expression of the neurodegenerative process underlying this disorder at the brainstem level, which awaits future longitudinal confirmation. The correlation between RSWA and VEMP alteration might also represent a prodromal aspect anticipating the possible evolution from iRBD to neurodegeneration, whereas DAT-scan abnormalities might represent a later step in this evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Puligheddu
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michela Figorilli
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Serra
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laccu
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Congiu
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ludovica Tamburrino
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Loi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Livia Fantini
- EEG and Sleep Unit, Neurology Department, CHU Clermont Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carlos H Schenck
- Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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Bohnen NI, Hu MTM. Sleep Disturbance as Potential Risk and Progression Factor for Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:603-614. [PMID: 31227656 PMCID: PMC6700634 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common and a major source of disability in Parkinson's disease (PD). Primary and secondary insomnia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RDB), central sleep apnea, restless legs, and nocturnal akinesia are common sleep disturbances in PD. Prodromal presence of RBD is associated with a more severe motor and non-motor PD subtype implying a significant disease-modifying effect of this parasomnia. Other disease-modifying mechanisms of sleep disturbances in PD include impaired glymphatic clearance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nocturnal brain deoxygenation and inflammatory processes among others. Impairments of neural circuit switching and imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations are likely responsible for episodic sleep disturbances, in particular RBD. As neural circuits may predict patterns of α-synuclein propagation in the nervous system, impairments of such circuits are of high relevance for PD pathophysiology. Future research is needed to determine whether appropriate treatment for disturbed sleep might slow progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michele T M Hu
- Division of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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36
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Le Bon O. Relationships between REM and NREM in the NREM-REM sleep cycle: a review on competing concepts. Sleep Med 2020; 70:6-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Progressive Changes in Sleep and Its Relations to Amyloid-β Distribution and Learning in Single App Knock-In Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0093-20.2020. [PMID: 32321771 PMCID: PMC7196722 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0093-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients often suffer from sleep disturbances. Alterations in sleep, especially rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), can precede the onset of dementia. To accurately characterize the sleep impairments accompanying AD and their underlying mechanisms using animal models, it is crucial to use models in which brain areas are affected in a manner similar to that observed in the actual patients. Here, we focused on AppNL-G-F mice, in which expression levels and patterns of mutated amyloid precursor protein (APP) follow the endogenous patterns. We characterized the sleep architecture of male AppNL-G-F homozygous and heterozygous mice at two ages (six and 12 months). At six months, homozygous mice exhibited reduced REMS, which was further reduced at 12 months together with a slight reduction in non-REMS (NREMS). By contrast, heterozygous mice exhibited an overall normal sleep architecture. Homozygous mice also exhibited decreased electroencephalogram γ to δ power ratio during REMS from six months, resembling the electroencephalogram slowing phenomenon observed in preclinical or early stages of AD. In addition, homozygous mice showed learning and memory impairments in the trace fear conditioning (FC) at both ages, and task performance strongly correlated with REMS amount at 12 months. Finally, histologic analyses revealed that amyloid-β accumulation in the pontine tegmental area and ventral medulla followed a course similar to that of the REMS reduction. These findings support the notion that changes in REMS are an early marker of AD and provide a starting point to address the mechanism of sleep deficits in AD and the effects on cognition.
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38
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Rogers AA, Aiani LM, Blanpain LT, Yuxian S, Moore R, Willie JT. Deep brain stimulation of hypothalamus for narcolepsy-cataplexy in mice. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1305-1316. [PMID: 32320748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1, narcolepsy with cataplexy) is a disabling neurological disorder caused by loss of excitatory orexin neurons from the hypothalamus and is characterized by decreased motivation, sleep-wake fragmentation, intrusion of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) during wake, and abrupt loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, in response to sudden emotions. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether subcortical stimulation, analogous to clinical deep brain stimulation (DBS), would ameliorate NT1 using a validated transgenic mouse model with postnatal orexin neuron degeneration. METHODS Using implanted electrodes in freely behaving mice, the immediate and prolonged effects of DBS were determined upon behavior using continuous video-electroencephalogram-electromyogram (video/EEG/EMG) and locomotor activity, and neural activation in brain sections, using immunohistochemical labeling of the immediate early gene product c-Fos. RESULTS Brief 10-s stimulation to the region of the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta (LH/ZI) dose-responsively reversed established sleep and cataplexy episodes without negative sequelae. Continuous 3-h stimulation increased ambulation, improved sleep-wake consolidation, and ameliorated cataplexy. Brain c-Fos from mice sacrificed after 90 min of DBS revealed dose-responsive neural activation within wake-active nuclei of the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, and ventral midbrain. CONCLUSION Acute and continuous LH/ZI DBS enhanced behavioral state control in a mouse model of NT1, supporting the feasibility of clinical DBS for NT1 and other sleep-wake disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M Aiani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, USA
| | | | - Sun Yuxian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, USA
| | - Renee Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, USA.
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Venner A, Todd WD, Fraigne J, Bowrey H, Eban-Rothschild A, Kaur S, Anaclet C. Newly identified sleep-wake and circadian circuits as potential therapeutic targets. Sleep 2020; 42:5306564. [PMID: 30722061 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics and chemogenetics are powerful tools, allowing the specific activation or inhibition of targeted neuronal subpopulations. Application of these techniques to sleep and circadian research has resulted in the unveiling of several neuronal populations that are involved in sleep-wake control, and allowed a comprehensive interrogation of the circuitry through which these nodes are coordinated to orchestrate the sleep-wake cycle. In this review, we discuss six recently described sleep-wake and circadian circuits that show promise as therapeutic targets for sleep medicine. The parafacial zone (PZ) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are potential druggable targets for the treatment of insomnia. The brainstem circuit underlying rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) offers new possibilities for treating RBD and neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, whereas the parabrachial nucleus, as a nexus linking arousal state control and breathing, is a promising target for developing treatments for sleep apnea. Therapies that act upon the hypothalamic circuitry underlying the circadian regulation of aggression or the photic regulation of arousal and mood pathway carry enormous potential for helping to reduce the socioeconomic burden of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders on society. Intriguingly, the development of chemogenetics as a therapeutic strategy is now well underway and such an approach has the capacity to lead to more focused and less invasive therapies for treating sleep-wake disorders and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William D Todd
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jimmy Fraigne
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah Bowrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Satvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, NeuroNexus Institute, Graduate Program in Neuroscience - Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Liu CY, Tsai CJ, Yasugaki S, Nagata N, Morita M, Isotani A, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y. Copine-7 is required for REM sleep regulation following cage change or water immersion and restraint stress in mice. Neurosci Res 2020; 165:14-25. [PMID: 32283105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is affected by the environment. In rodents, changes in the amount of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) can precede those of other sleep/wake stages. The molecular mechanism underlying the dynamic regulation of REMS remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), located in the pontine tegmental area, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of REMS. We searched for genes selectively expressed in the SLD and identified copine-7 (Cpne7), whose involvement in sleep was totally unknown. We generated Cpne7-Cre knock-in mice, which enabled both the knockout (KO) of Cpne7 and the genetic labeling of Cpne7-expressing cells. While Cpne7-KO mice exhibited normal sleep under basal conditions, the amount of REMS in Cpne7-KO mice was larger compared to wildtype mice following cage change or water immersion and restraint stress, both of which are conditions that acutely reduce REMS. Thus, it was suggested that copine-7 is involved in negatively regulating REMS under certain conditions. In addition, chemogenetically activating Cpne7-expressing neurons in the SLD reduced the amount of REMS, suggesting that these neurons negatively regulate REMS. These results identify copine-7 and Cpne7-expressing neurons in the SLD as candidate molecular or neuronal components of the regulatory system that controls REMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Liu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chia-Jung Tsai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Yasugaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nanae Nagata
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Miho Morita
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- NPO for Biotechnology Research and Development, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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41
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Lanza G, Aricò D, Lanuzza B, Cosentino FII, Tripodi M, Giardina F, Bella R, Puligheddu M, Pennisi G, Ferri R, Pennisi M. Facilitatory/inhibitory intracortical imbalance in REM sleep behavior disorder: early electrophysiological marker of neurodegeneration? Sleep 2020; 43:5584903. [PMID: 31599326 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Previous studies found an early impairment of the short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in Parkinson's disease. However, very little is known on the TMS correlates of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which can precede the onset of a α-synucleinopathy. METHODS The following TMS measures were obtained from 14 de novo patients with isolated RBD and 14 age-matched healthy controls: resting motor threshold, cortical silent period, latency and amplitude of the motor evoked potentials, SICI, and ICF. A cognitive screening and a quantification of subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and depressive symptoms were also performed. RESULTS Neurological examination, global cognitive functioning, and mood status were normal in all participants. ESS score was higher in patients, although not suggestive of diurnal sleepiness. Compared to controls, patients exhibited a significant decrease of ICF (median 0.8, range 0.5-1.4 vs. 1.9, range 1.4-2.3; p < 0.01) and a clear trend, though not significant, towards a reduction of SICI (median 0.55, range 0.1-1.4 vs. 0.25, range 0.1-0.3), with a large effect size (Cohen's d: -0.848). REM Sleep Atonia Index significantly correlated with SICI. CONCLUSIONS In still asymptomatic patients for a parkinsonian syndrome or neurodegenerative disorder, changes of ICF and, to a lesser extent, SICI (which are largely mediated by glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, respectively) might precede the onset of a future neurodegeneration. SICI was correlated with the muscle tone alteration, possibly supporting the proposed RBD model of retrograde influence on the cortex from the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Debora Aricò
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Bartolo Lanuzza
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Tripodi
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Floriana Giardina
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Center, Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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42
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Widely Distributed Neurotensinergic Neurons in the Brainstem Regulate NREM Sleep in Mice. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1002-1010.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Inputs to Hypoglossal Motor Neurons in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:585-597. [PMID: 32096114 PMCID: PMC7270309 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoglossal motor neurons (HMNs) innervate tongue muscles and play key roles in a variety of physiological functions, including swallowing, mastication, suckling, vocalization, and respiration. Dysfunction of HMNs is associated with several diseases, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sudden infant death syndrome. OSA is a serious breathing disorder associated with the activity of HMNs during different sleep–wake states. Identifying the neural mechanisms by which the state-dependent activities of HMNs are controlled may be helpful in providing a theoretical basis for effective therapy for OSA. However, the presynaptic partners governing the activity of HMNs remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we used a cell-type-specific retrograde tracing system based on a modified rabies virus along with a Cre/loxP gene-expression strategy to map the whole-brain monosynaptic inputs to HMNs in mice. We identified 53 nuclei targeting HMNs from six brain regions: the amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum. We discovered that GABAergic neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus, as well as calretinin neurons in the parasubthalamic nucleus, sent monosynaptic projections to HMNs. In addition, HMNs received direct inputs from several regions associated with respiration, such as the pre-Botzinger complex, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and hypothalamus. Some regions engaged in sleep–wake regulation (the parafacial zone, parabrachial nucleus, ventral medulla, sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, periaqueductal gray, and hypothalamus) also provided primary inputs to HMNs. These results contribute to further elucidating the neural circuits underlying disorders caused by the dysfunction of HMNs.
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Abstract
Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical sleep state characterized by brain activity similar to wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement, and lack of muscle tone. REM sleep is a fundamental brain function, evolutionary conserved across species, including human, mouse, bird, and even reptiles. The physiological importance of REM sleep is highlighted by severe sleep disorders incurred by a failure in REM sleep regulation. Despite the intense interest in the mechanism of REM sleep regulation, the molecular machinery is largely left to be investigated. In models of REM sleep regulation, acetylcholine has been a pivotal component. However, even newly emerged techniques such as pharmacogenetics and optogenetics have not fully clarified the function of acetylcholine either at the cellular level or neural-circuit level. Recently, we discovered that the Gq type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes, Chrm1 and Chrm3, are essential for REM sleep. In this review, we develop the perspective of current knowledge on REM sleep from a molecular viewpoint. This should be a starting point to clarify the molecular and cellular machinery underlying REM sleep regulation and will provide insights to explore physiological functions of REM sleep and its pathological roles in REM-sleep-related disorders such as depression, PTSD, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuhiro G Yamada
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Héricé C, Sakata S. Pathway-Dependent Regulation of Sleep Dynamics in a Network Model of the Sleep-Wake Cycle. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1380. [PMID: 31920528 PMCID: PMC6933528 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental homeostatic process within the animal kingdom. Although various brain areas and cell types are involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, it is still unclear how different pathways between neural populations contribute to its regulation. Here we address this issue by investigating the behavior of a simplified network model upon synaptic weight manipulations. Our model consists of three neural populations connected by excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Activity in each population is described by a firing-rate model, which determines the state of the network. Namely wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or non-REM (NREM) sleep. By systematically manipulating the synaptic weight of every pathway, we show that even this simplified model exhibits non-trivial behaviors: for example, the wake-promoting population contributes not just to the induction and maintenance of wakefulness, but also to sleep induction. Although a recurrent excitatory connection of the REM-promoting population is essential for REM sleep genesis, this recurrent connection does not necessarily contribute to the maintenance of REM sleep. The duration of NREM sleep can be shortened or extended by changes in the synaptic strength of the pathways from the NREM-promoting population. In some cases, there is an optimal range of synaptic strengths that affect a particular state, implying that the amount of manipulations, not just direction (i.e., activation or inactivation), needs to be taken into account. These results demonstrate pathway-dependent regulation of sleep dynamics and highlight the importance of systems-level quantitative approaches for sleep-wake regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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46
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Iyer V, Vo Q, Mell A, Chinniah S, Zenerovitz A, Venkiteswaran K, Kunselman AR, Fang J, Subramanian T. Acute levodopa dosing around-the-clock ameliorates REM sleep without atonia in hemiparkinsonian rats. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31815176 PMCID: PMC6884572 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA), a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), is frequently comorbid with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although rodent models are commonly used for studying PD, the neurobiological and behavioral correlates of RBD remain poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a behavior-based criteria to identify RSWA in the hemiparkinsonian rat model of PD. Video recordings of rats were analyzed, to develop a criteria consisting of behavioral signs that occurred during polysomnographically confirmed epochs of sleep-wake stages. The sleep-slouch, a postural shift of the body or head caused only by gravity, was identified as a unique behavioral sign of REM sleep onset and was altered in hemiparkinsonian rats during RSWA. There was a significant correlation between the behavior-based criteria and polysomnograms for all sleep-wake stages in control but not hemiparkinsonian rats indicating a deterioration of sleep-wake architecture in parkinsonism. We then tested the efficacy of levodopa in ameliorating RSWA using intermittent and around-the-clock (ATC) dosing regimens. ATC levodopa dosing at 4 mg/kg for 48 h caused a significant reduction of RSWA as measured by polysomnography and the behavioral-based criteria along with an amelioration of forelimb motor deficits. Our findings show that the phenomenological correlates of RSWA can be reliably characterized in the hemiparkinsonian rat model. ATC levodopa administration ameliorates RSWA in this model without deleterious consequences to the overall sleep-wake architecture and therapeutic benefits for parkinsonian motor deficits. These findings suggest that further study may allow for the application of a similar approach to treat RBD in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakh Iyer
- 1Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Quynh Vo
- 2Department of Neurology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Anthony Mell
- 3Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Siven Chinniah
- 3Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Ashley Zenerovitz
- 3Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Kala Venkiteswaran
- 3Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Allen R Kunselman
- 4Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Jidong Fang
- 5Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Thyagarajan Subramanian
- 3Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA USA
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Neurons in the Nucleus papilio contribute to the control of eye movements during REM sleep. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5225. [PMID: 31745081 PMCID: PMC6864097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movements (REM) are characteristic of the eponymous phase of sleep, yet the underlying motor commands remain an enigma. Here, we identified a cluster of Calbindin-D28K-expressing neurons in the Nucleus papilio (NPCalb), located in the dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus, which are active during REM sleep and project to the three contralateral eye-muscle nuclei. The firing of opto-tagged NPCalb neurons is augmented prior to the onset of eye movements during REM sleep. Optogenetic activation of NPCalb neurons triggers eye movements selectively during REM sleep, while their genetic ablation or optogenetic silencing suppresses them. None of these perturbations led to a change in the duration of REM sleep episodes. Our study provides the first evidence for a brainstem premotor command contributing to the control of eye movements selectively during REM sleep in the mammalian brain. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep phase characterised by random eye movements for which the underlying motor commands are yet to be revealed. The authors describe that a cluster of medulla oblongata neurons in the Nucleus papiliocontributes to the control of eye movements during REM sleep.
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Torontali ZA, Fraigne JJ, Sanghera P, Horner R, Peever J. The Sublaterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus Functions to Couple Brain State and Motor Activity during REM Sleep and Wakefulness. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3803-3813.e5. [PMID: 31679942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate levels of muscle tone are needed to support waking behaviors such as sitting or standing. However, it is unclear how the brain functions to couple muscle tone with waking behaviors. Cataplexy is a unique experiment of nature in which muscle paralysis involuntarily intrudes into otherwise normal periods of wakefulness. Cataplexy therefore provides the opportunity to identify the circuit mechanisms that couple muscle tone and waking behaviors. Here, we tested the long-standing hypothesis that muscle paralysis during cataplexy is caused by recruitment of the brainstem circuit that induces muscle paralysis during REM sleep. Using behavioral, electrophysiological, and chemogenetic strategies, we found that muscle tone and arousal state can be decoupled by manipulation of the REM sleep circuit (the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus [SLD]). First, we show that silencing SLD neurons prevents motor suppression during REM sleep. Second, we show that activating these same neurons promotes cataplexy in narcoleptic (orexin-/-) mice, whereas silencing these neurons prevents cataplexy. Most importantly, we show that SLD neurons can decouple motor activity and arousal state in healthy mice. We show that SLD activation triggers cataplexy-like attacks in wild-type mice that are behaviorally and electrophysiologically indistinguishable from cataplexy in orexin-/- mice. We conclude that the SLD functions to engage arousal-motor synchrony during both wakefulness and REM sleep, and we propose that pathological recruitment of SLD neurons could underlie cataplexy in narcolepsy.
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Shi G, Xing L, Wu D, Bhattacharyya BJ, Jones CR, McMahon T, Chong SYC, Chen JA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Krystal A, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. A Rare Mutation of β 1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors. Neuron 2019; 103:1044-1055.e7. [PMID: 31473062 PMCID: PMC6763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for our survival, and many diseases are linked to long-term poor sleep quality. Before we can use sleep to enhance our health and performance and alleviate diseases associated with poor sleep, a greater understanding of sleep regulation is necessary. We have identified a mutation in the β1-adrenergic receptor gene in humans who require fewer hours of sleep than most. In vitro, this mutation leads to decreased protein stability and dampened signaling in response to agonist treatment. In vivo, the mice carrying the same mutation demonstrated short sleep behavior. We found that this receptor is highly expressed in the dorsal pons and that these ADRB1+ neurons are active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Activating these neurons can lead to wakefulness, and the activity of these neurons is affected by the mutation. These results highlight the important role of β1-adrenergic receptors in sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bula J Bhattacharyya
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Thomas McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Y Christin Chong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Carrera-Cañas C, Garzón M, de Andrés I. The Transition Between Slow-Wave Sleep and REM Sleep Constitutes an Independent Sleep Stage Organized by Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Rostrodorsal Pontine Tegmentum. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:748. [PMID: 31396036 PMCID: PMC6663996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little information on either the transition state occurring between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, as well as about its neurobiological bases. This transition state, which is known as the intermediate state (IS), is well-defined in rats but poorly characterized in cats. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation of the perilocus coeruleus α nucleus (PLCα) in the pontine tegmentum of cats induced two states: wakefulness with muscle atonia and a state of dissociated sleep we have called the SPGO state. The SPGO state has characteristics in common with the IS, such including the presence of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves (PGO) and EEG synchronization with δ wave reduction. Therefore, the aims of the present study were (1) to characterize the IS in the cat and, (2), to study the analogy between the SPGO and the different sleep stages showing PGO activity, including the IS. Polygraphic recordings of 10 cats were used. In seven cats carbachol microinjections (20-30 nL, 0.01-0.1 M) were delivered in the PLCα. In the different states, PGO waves were analyzed and power spectra obtained for the δ, θ, α, and β bands of the EEG from the frontal and occipital cortices, and for the θ hippocampal band. Statistical comparisons were made between the values obtained from the different states. The results indicate that the IS constitutes a state with characteristics that are distinct from both the preceding SWS and the following REM sleep, and that SPGO presents a high analogy with the IS. Therefore, the SPGO state induced by administering carbachol in the PLCα nucleus seems to be an expression of the physiological IS of the cat. Consequently, we propose that the PLCα region, besides being involved in the mechanisms of muscle atonia, may also be responsible for organizing the transition from SWS to REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel de Andrés
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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