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Wynn J, Cole J, Scott S, Koo E. The sternalis muscle: an anatomical variant with clinical relevance for the breast and reconstructive surgeon. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:2999-3000. [PMID: 37589396 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wynn
- Department of General Surgery, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessie Cole
- Department of General Surgery, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steel Scott
- Department of Medical Imaging, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Koo
- Department of General Surgery, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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2
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An unusual sternalis with variation of the contralateral sternocleidomastoid muscle: a case report. SURGICAL AND RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY : SRA 2022; 44:987-990. [PMID: 35838777 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a previously undocumented variant of sternalis. METHODS An unusual muscle was observed during routine dissection. RESULTS The sternalis muscle located in the right thoracic region originated from the superior portion of the rectus abdominis sheath and 5-6th costal cartilages, crossed the midline and attached at the sternum. The muscle fibers then ascended with the left sternocleidomastoid muscle as an additional fasciculus, of which the superior ends were finally terminated at the left mastoid process. The sternalis muscle of the thoracic region was innervated by the anterior cutaneous branches of right intercostal nerve, while the additional fasciculus ascended with the left sternocleidomastoid muscle was innervated by the branches of left accessory nerve. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a unilateral sternalis muscle with the contralateral sternocleidomastoid variation. It will enhance the exhaustive classification of sternalis, and provide significant information to radiologists, angiologists and surgeons for better interpretation of images and safer interventions.
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Yurasakpong L, Asuvapongpatana S, Weerachatyanukul W, Meemon K, Jongkamonwiwat N, Kruepunga N, Chaiyamoon A, Sudsang T, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS, Suwannakhan A. Anatomical variants identified on chest computed tomography of 1000+ COVID-19 patients from an open-access dataset. Clin Anat 2022; 35:723-731. [PMID: 35385153 PMCID: PMC9083245 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chest computed tomography (CT) has been the preferred imaging modality during the pandemic owing to its sensitivity in detecting COVID‐19 infections. Recently, a large number of COVID‐19 imaging datasets have been deposited in public databases, leading to rapid advances in COVID‐19 research. However, the application of these datasets beyond COVID‐19‐related research has been little explored. The authors believe that they could be used in anatomical research to elucidate the link between anatomy and disease and to study disease‐related alterations to normal anatomy. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of six well‐known anatomical variants in the thorax using open‐access CT images obtained from over 1000 Iranian COVID‐19 patients aged between 6 and 89 years (60.9% male and 39.1% female). In brief, we found that the azygos lobe, tracheal bronchus, and cardiac bronchus were present in 0.8%, 0.2%, and 0% of the patients, respectively. Variations of the sternum, including sternal foramen, episternal ossicles, and sternalis muscle, were observed in 9.6%, 2.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. We believe anatomists could benefit from using open‐access datasets as raw materials for research because these datasets are freely accessible and are abundant, though further research is needed to evaluate the uses of other datasets from different body regions and imaging modalities. Radiologists should also be aware of these common anatomical variants when examining lung CTs, especially since the use of this imaging modality has increased during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laphatrada Yurasakpong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,In Silico and Clinical Anatomy Research Group (iSCAN), Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,In Silico and Clinical Anatomy Research Group (iSCAN), Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arada Chaiyamoon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand
| | - Thanwa Sudsang
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University St. George.'s, Grenada
| | - Athikhun Suwannakhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,In Silico and Clinical Anatomy Research Group (iSCAN), Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Variations in the anterior thoracic wall with sternalis muscle and accessory pectoralis major muscle. Surg Radiol Anat 2022; 44:785-790. [PMID: 35344059 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The new type of the sternalis muscle needs to be recognized, and the accessory pectoralis major muscle (AcPM) was found between the pectoralis major and minor muscle. It needs to be acknowledged those two different variations can exist in one case. METHODS The muscle was found on a 73-year-old male cadaver during the dissection class for the anterior thoracic wall. It was proceeded to identify the adjacent structures with precise dissection. RESULTS The cadaver had sternalis muscle bilaterally. Both side sternalis muscles had a medial and lateral belly and attached to pectoral fascia and rectus abdominis sheath. The pectoralis major muscle (PMaj) had a more profound slip attached to the costal cartilage of rib 4 and 5, which is AcPM. The pectoral nerve traveled through the clavipectoral fascia to the AcPM and through PMaj to the sternalis muscle. CONCLUSIONS This study presented a new type of sternalis muscle. Two different variations were developed along with the pectoral nerve. It needs to be recognized in the diagnostic images, the muscle rehab outcome, and the surgical complication.
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5
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Garg S, Gupta T, Sahni D. Digastric musculus sternalis. Surg Radiol Anat 2022; 44:443-446. [PMID: 35113184 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a rare variant muscle. METHODS Aberrant muscle was observed in the anterior chest wall musculature during routine cadaver prosection. RESULTS Musculus sternalis consisting of two muscular bellies united at an angle by an intermediate tendon was observed anterior to the pectoral major of the left side. The muscle did not have any bony attachment. CONCLUSIONS The present case represents a hybrid muscle with superior belly derived from the prepectoral mass and inferior belly from ventral longitudinal muscle column. Clinically, the musculus sternalis may be misinterpreted as a pathological mass or lesion thus its accurate knowledge is significant to radiologists, angiologists and surgeons for better interpretation of mammographic images, safer interventions and for reconstructive surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shallu Garg
- Department of Anatomy, St. John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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6
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Bilateral musculus sternalis – An anatomical and clinical review. Surgeon 2022; 20:e378-e381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Özdemir S, Türkay R, Göçgün N, Can T, Yilmaz B, Ikizceli T, Gürses I. Sternalis muscle in living individuals identified with computed tomography. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jasi.jasi_204_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Asghar A, Naaz S, Narayan RK, Patra A. The prevalence and distribution of sternalis muscle: a meta-analysis of published literature of the last two hundred years. Anat Sci Int 2021; 97:110-123. [PMID: 34591276 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-021-00632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sternalis muscle (SM) is an anatomical variant that lies subcutaneously and is superficial to the pectoralis major muscle or sternum. The present meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the prevalence, anatomical features, and variance of the SM in different population. In total, 98 studies were included for this meta-analysis. Eighty-two studies dealt with adult subjects, and sixteen studies with fetuses. The worldwide prevalence of SM was observed to be 6% or 0.06 [0.05-0.7, 95% CI] in 27,470 adults, whereas it was 0.29 [0.20-0.39, 95% CI] in 673 fetuses. In 259 anencephalic fetuses, the prevalence was 44% or 0.44 [0.26-0.63, 95% CI], while the same in 414 fetuses without anencephaly was 16% or 0.16 [0.06-0.27, 95% CI]. The reported prevalence rate in Asian mongoloid population (9.1% = 0.091) was three times that of the Asian Caucasian population (3.33% = 0.0333). The prevalence in European descent was 3.93%. Interestingly, the reported prevalence rates in North and South American populations were 3.44% and 3.66%, almost being equivalent. The cadaveric investigations revealed that the SM had an overall prevalence of 5.96% in adults based on 76 studies, which was higher than other modalities of investigations. The multi-detector computerized tomography (MDCT) had shown the prevalence of approximately 4.33%. The same was reported in surgical studies and mammographic studies as 0.47% and 0.02%, respectively. The SM is not an unusual variant of the chest wall musculature. MDCT could be a new method to precisely demonstrate the morphology, course, and size of the SM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Asghar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Phulwari Sharif, Patna, Bihar, 801507, India.
| | - Shagufta Naaz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Phulwari Sharif, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ravi Kant Narayan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Phulwari Sharif, Patna, Bihar, 801507, India
| | - Apurba Patra
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bathinda, Dabwali Road, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Al-Alami ZM, Al-Mnayyis AA, Altamimi N. Sternalis muscle in jordanian population: a prevalence study and level of physicians' awareness. Anat Cell Biol 2020; 53:411-416. [PMID: 32647071 PMCID: PMC7769105 DOI: 10.5115/acb.20.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sternalis muscle (SM) is an anatomical variant that lies parallel to the sternum. It is present in (8%) of human population. Awareness about its presence during thoracic imaging is important, since it might be misdiagnosed as a tumor. This study is the first that discusses the prevalence of SM in the Jordanian population and document the level of awareness about SM among intern doctors and surgery and radiology residents. Our aims are to know the prevalence of SM in the Jordanian population, using thoracic multi-detector computerized tomography (CT) images, and to assess the awareness about SM among a sample of intern and resident Jordanian physicians. Random anonymous axial thoracic multi-detector CT images of 1,709 (801 females and 908 males) Jordanian patients, were examined for the presence or absence of unilateral and/or bilateral SM. A questionnaire aiming to identify SM was distributed among 175 intern doctors, 26 surgery resident and 28 radiology resident doctors, their answers were summarized. The prevalence of SM among Jordanians is 5.9%. The prevalence of unilateral SM is 2.1% on the right side of the thorax and 1.9% on the left side, bilateral prevalence was 1.8%. While 35.7% of the radiology residents could identify SM using CT and/or anatomy images, only 3.9% of surgery residents and none of the intern doctors could. We concluded that SM is present in the Jordanian population, with a prevalence of 5.9% which falls within the global average. Intern doctors and surgery and radiology residents are almost unaware and unfamiliar about SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina M Al-Alami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Asma A Al-Mnayyis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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10
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Exploring Anatomic Variants to Enhance Anatomy Teaching: Musculus Sternalis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080508. [PMID: 32708028 PMCID: PMC7459670 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunity to encounter and appreciate the range of human variation in anatomic structures—and its potential impact on related structures, function, and treatment—is one of the chief benefits of cadaveric dissection for students in clinical preprofessional programs. The dissection lab is also where students can examine unusual anatomic variants that may not be included in their textbooks, lab manuals, or other course materials. For students specializing in physical medicine, awareness and understanding of muscle variants has a practical relevance to their preparations for clinical practice. In a routine dissection of the superficial chest muscles, graduate students in a human gross anatomy class exposed a large, well-developed sternalis muscle. The exposure of this muscle generated many student questions about M sternalis: its prevalence and appearance, its function, its development, and its evolutionary roots. Students used an inquiry protocol to guide their searches through relevant literature to gather this information. Instructors developed a decision tree to assist students in their inquiries, both by helping them to make analytic inferences and by highlighting areas of interest needing further investigation. Answering these questions enriches the understanding and promotes “habits of mind” for exploring musculoskeletal anatomy beyond simple descriptions of function and structure.
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11
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Prevalence of the sternalis muscle in a sample of routinely dissected human cadavers. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:87-90. [PMID: 31327034 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sternalis muscle is an uncommon muscle head attaching between the sternoclavicular joint superiorly and the costal cartilage near the xiphoid process. METHODS In this study, 36 cadavers (18 male, 18 female) were obtained through the Anatomical Board of the State of Florida and complete, routine musculoskeletal dissection was performed while adhering to all relevant laws and practices. RESULTS Two examples of the sternalis muscle belly (5%) were identified, one in a black male and one a white female. The sternalis muscles were bilateral in both cases and each was formed of a single muscle belly. The superior attachments were continuous with the sternal attachment of sternocleidomastoid, and the inferior attachments connected to the costal cartilages. Sternalis did not cross the midline and the T2-T5 anterior intercostal neurovasculature associated closely with the muscle belly. In the female, a well-formed unilateral chondrocoracoideus muscle was apparent with a branch from the medial pectoral nerve closely associated on the deep surface. No other abnormalities in the chest, axilla, or brachial plexus were noted on either cadaver, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles were normally formed and innervated in both cases. CONCLUSION This study supports other evidence in the literature that indicates the sternalis muscle has an average prevalence in the population of approximately 5%, and it appears across race and sex. Education about this structure is important for radiologists, surgeons, and doctors of physical therapy that may be involved in treatment and post-surgical rehabilitation of this region.
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12
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Describing the sternalis muscle: a new variant and an amended classification. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 41:243-245. [PMID: 30353416 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With emphasis on the clinical setting, knowledge of anatomical variation decreases misdiagnoses and surgical complications. We report a previously undocumented variant of sternalis muscle and recommend an augmented classification scheme. METHODS Dissection of the anterior thoracic wall on an 83-year-old female cadaver revealed bilateral sternalis muscles. The Snosek et al. classification system was referenced to describe the variant types. RESULTS The right sternalis muscle has a single belly and can be classified using the Snosek et al. classification system as a simple type, right single. The left sternalis muscle presented with three muscle bellies, each having a unique pattern of superior attachments (heads). This variation is previously undocumented and requires a more detailed classification. CONCLUSIONS We propose the addition of a new subtype of sternalis classification, as well as a modification to the Snosek et al. (Clin Anat 27:866-884, 2014) classification scheme, to include classification of different muscle bellies when multiple are present.
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13
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Davimes JG, Bacci N, Mazengenya P. Evidence of the sternalis muscle in two South African cadavers. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 40:1313-1317. [PMID: 29931531 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sternalis muscle is an infrequent, non-pathological anatomical variant typically misrepresented in a clinical context. It presents with 3-8% prevalence, according to cadaveric studies. The muscles were identified during routine cadaver prosection at the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. Here, we report two cases of the sternalis muscle in two South African White cadavers. Analysis of the sternalis muscles revealed unilaterally present, distinctly defined muscle masses on the right (case number 1, female) and left (case number 2, male) hemithorax, lateral to the sternum. The muscles occurred with a prevalence of 2.25% within the cadaveric population examined. The prevalence of the sternalis muscle is generally low, especially in the European population. Their presence represents the remnants of the cutaneous muscles in the ventral thorax of lower animals. Clinically, the sternalis muscle may be misinterpreted as a pathological mass or lesion, thus accurate knowledge regarding its variations and prevalence is of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Davimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Nicholas Bacci
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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Huber KM, Zimmerman A, Dayicioglu D. Improvement in Existing Chest Wall Irregularities During Breast Reconstruction. Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274817744461. [PMID: 29318956 PMCID: PMC5933572 DOI: 10.1177/1073274817744461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastectomies for both cancer resection and risk reduction are becoming more common. Existing chest wall irregularities are found in these women presenting for breast reconstruction after mastectomy and can pose reconstructive challenges. Women who desired breast reconstruction after mastectomy were evaluated preoperatively for existing chest wall irregularities. Case reports were selected to highlight common irregularities and methods for improving cosmetic outcome concurrently with breast reconstruction procedures. Muscular anomalies, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, polythelia case reports are discussed. Relevant data from the literature are presented. Chest wall irregularities are occasionally encountered in women who request breast reconstruction. Correction of these deformities is possible and safe during breast reconstruction and can lead to improved cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Huber
- 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Zimmerman
- 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deniz Dayicioglu
- 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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15
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Hirasawa T, Kuratani S. Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:27. [PMID: 30258652 PMCID: PMC6148784 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
While skeletal evolution has been extensively studied, the evolution of limb muscles and brachial plexus has received less attention. In this review, we focus on the tempo and mode of evolution of forelimb muscles in the vertebrate history, and on the developmental mechanisms that have affected the evolution of their morphology. Tetrapod limb muscles develop from diffuse migrating cells derived from dermomyotomes, and the limb-innervating nerves lose their segmental patterns to form the brachial plexus distally. Despite such seemingly disorganized developmental processes, limb muscle homology has been highly conserved in tetrapod evolution, with the apparent exception of the mammalian diaphragm. The limb mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm likely plays a pivotal role in the subdivision of the myogenic cell population into individual muscles through the formation of interstitial muscle connective tissues. Interactions with tendons and motoneuron axons are involved in the early and late phases of limb muscle morphogenesis, respectively. The mechanism underlying the recurrent generation of limb muscle homology likely resides in these developmental processes, which should be studied from an evolutionary perspective in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hirasawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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Dudgeon SN, Marcotte KM, Fox GM, Alsup BK. A previously unclassified variant of sternalis muscle. Surg Radiol Anat 2017; 39:1417-1419. [PMID: 28593340 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-017-1883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose an addition to the Snosek et al. classification to include a subtype variant of sternalis muscle: mixed type and triple subtype. METHODS Dissection of the anterior thorax of a 96-year-old female cadaver revealed bilateral sternalis muscles with an undocumented variant of the right sternalis muscle. RESULTS The left sternalis muscle presented as a simple type-left single using the Snosek et al. classification scheme. The right sternalis muscle revealed a previously undocumented classification type. It consisted of three bellies and two heads, with the lateral head formed by two converging bellies and the medial head formed from the superficial medial belly. CONCLUSIONS The unique presentation of right sternalis muscle can be classified by expanding the Snosek et al. classification scheme to include triple-bellied subtypes. This presentation is classified as a mixed type-right triple, with single bicipital converging and single bicipital diverging. Documentation of sternalis muscle variations can prevent misdiagnoses within the anterior thorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Dudgeon
- Division of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Kayla M Marcotte
- Division of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Glenn M Fox
- Division of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - B Kathleen Alsup
- Division of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Lee YK, Skalski MR, White EA, Tomasian A, Phan DD, Patel DB, Matcuk GR, Schein AJ. US and MR Imaging of Pectoralis Major Injuries. Radiographics 2017; 37:176-189. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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What Is Evidence-Based About Myofascial Chains: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Pillay M, Ramakrishnan S, Mayilswamy M. Two Cases of Rectus Sternalis Muscle. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:AD01-3. [PMID: 26894052 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17196.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sternalis muscle, an uncommon anatomical variant of the chest wall musculature, though perhaps well known to anatomists, is quite unfamiliar to clinicians and radiologists despite attempts to highlight its clinical importance in recent years. During routine dissection for undergraduate medical teaching, in the department of anatomy, we came across two cases of sternalis muscle. The first was a unique case of unilateral right sternalis with contralateral insertion on the left sternocleidomastoid, and the second case where bilateral presence of the muscle was noted with ipsilateral insertion. The former was supplied by medial pectoral nerve and the latter by lower intercostal nerves. Usually present between the pectoral and superficial fasciae, wide ranging prevalence and morphology have been attributed to this muscular variant. Opinions differ on its development and nerve supply. Its presence can be misdiagnosed as a wide range of benign and malignant anterior chest wall lesions and tumours, but it is also of great use as a pedicle flap or flap microvascular anastomosis in reconstructive surgeries of anterior chest wall, head and neck and breast. In this paper, two cases of sternalis muscle which presented very differently from each other are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Pillay
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Amrita School of Medicine, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Ramakrishnan
- Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Amrita School of Medicine, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mahendran Mayilswamy
- Tutor, Department of Anatomy, Amrita School of Medicine, AIMS, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Kochi, Kerala, India
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Sternalis Muscle: An Unexpected Finding during Mastectomy. Case Rep Surg 2015; 2015:723198. [PMID: 26609461 PMCID: PMC4644838 DOI: 10.1155/2015/723198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sternalis muscle also called rectus sternalis, rectus thoracis, or episternalis is an anomalous muscle of the anterior chest wall with unknown anatomical function. It is regularly observed in lower animal but infrequently in humans. Presence of this muscle can create confusion with tumours of the anterior chest wall during routine mammography. Although less is known about its origin and innervations, knowledge about this muscle can have many clinical implications. A case of unilateral sternalis muscle detected during mastectomy, in a female with carcinoma of the right breast, is being reported with a brief review of the literature and highlighting its clinical significance.
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Snosek M, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Sternalis muscle, what every anatomist and clinician should know. Clin Anat 2014; 27:866-84. [PMID: 24431029 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sternalis muscle is a well documented but rare muscular variation of the anterior thoracic wall. It lies between the superficial fascia and the pectoral fascia and is found in about 8% of the population. It presents in several morphological variants both unilaterally and bilaterally and has no apparent physiological function. There is still much disagreement about its nerve supply and embryological origin. With the advent of medical imaging and thoracic surgery the clinical importance of this muscle has been re-emphasized. It has been implicated in misdiagnosis of breast masses on routine mammograms owing to its parasternal location and relative unfamiliarity among radiologists. When undetected before any thoracic surgery, it has the potential to interfere with and prolong such procedures. When present and detected preoperatively it can be used as a muscular flap in reconstructive surgeries of the breast and neck. This article will present the sternalis muscle with special emphasis on its morphology, homology, and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Snosek
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University, School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
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Prevalence and variance of the sternalis muscle: a study in the Chinese population using multi-detector CT. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 36:219-24. [PMID: 23912561 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-013-1175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence, anatomical features, as well as variance of the sternalis muscle in the Chinese population using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 6,000 adult axial MDCT images to determine the overall and gender prevalence of the sternalis muscles. We also analyzed the side prevalence and anatomical features, including shape, size, location and course. RESULTS The sternalis muscle was present in 347 (5.8 %) of 6,000 adults. This muscle was more common in males (6.0 %, 187/3091) than in females (5.5 %, 160/2909). Among the 347 adults, 118 (34.0 %) had bilateral sternalis muscles; 148 (42.7 %) had right sternalis muscles; and 81 (23.3 %) had left sternalis muscles. The sternalis muscle was either flat or nodular and located superficial to the major pectoral muscles on CT axial transverse images. According to the muscle morphology and course, we classified sternalis muscles as three different types and nine subtypes. The muscles appeared with a single head and single belly in 58.5 %, double or multiple heads in 18.1 %, and double or multiple bellies in 23.4 %. The mean length, width and thickness were 111.1 ± 33.0, 17.7 ± 9.9 and 4.1 ± 1.7 mm measured on MDCT. CONCLUSION The sternalis muscle was highly prevalent in normal Chinese adults. MDCT is an effective method to demonstrate this muscle in vivo.
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Yang JD, Hwang HP, Kim JH, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Abe SI, Murakami G, Cho BH. Development of the rectus abdominis and its sheath in the human fetus. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:1028-35. [PMID: 22869489 PMCID: PMC3423835 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.5.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the rectus abdominis and its sheath are well known structures, their development in the human fetus is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined rectus abdominis and sheath development in semiserial horizontal sections of 18 fetuses at 5-9 weeks of gestation. RESULTS Rectus muscle differentiation was found to commence above the umbilicus at 6 weeks and extend inferiorly. Until closure of the anterior chest wall via fusion of the bilateral sternal anlagen (at 7 weeks), the anterior rectal sheath originated from the external oblique and developed towards the medial margin of the rectus abdominis at all levels, including the supracostal part. After formation of the anterior sheath, fascial laminae from the internal oblique and transversus abdominis contributed to formation of the posterior rectus sheath. However, the posterior sheath was absent along the supracostal part of the rectus abdominis, as the transversus muscle fibers reached the sternum or the midline area. Therefore, it appeared that resolution of the physiological umbilical hernia (8-9 weeks) as well as chest wall closure was not required for development of the rectus abdominis and its sheath. Conversely, in the inferior part of the two largest fetal specimens, after resolution of the hernia, the posterior sheath underwent secondary disappearance, possibly due to changes in mechanical stress. CONCLUSION Upward extension of the rectus abdominis suddenly stopped at the margin of the inferiorly developing pectoralis major without facing the external intercostalis. The rectus thoracis, if present, might correspond to the pectoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Do Yang
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hong Pil Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Shin-ichi Abe
- Oral Health Science Center hrc-8 and Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Kojin-kai Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Nguyen DT, Ogawa R. The sternalis muscle-incidental finding of a rare chest wall muscle variant during keloid excision-chest wall reconstruction. EPLASTY 2012; 12:e36. [PMID: 22893785 PMCID: PMC3417776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sternalis is a rare (strap-like) parasternal muscle that is well known to anatomists, but relatively unknown to clinicians, including surgeons. Familiarity with the muscle is important in avoiding potential confusion when incidentally encountered. When available, the muscle can be harvested for reconstruction of the chest wall or of nearby region. PRESENTATION OF CASE The patient is a 55-year-old man with significant sternal keloids secondary to a previous history of severe acne. The patient desires removal of the keloids. Hence, a decision was made to excise the keloids, followed by immediate reconstruction with a propeller flap. Intraoperative excision of the keloids and undermining of adjacent subcutaneous tissue revealed chest muscle fibers fitting the description of the sternalis muscle. The patient tolerated the procedure without any complications. DISCUSSION The sternalis muscle can be confused for a mass on mammography, but confusion is resolved by computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. It has unclear embryonic origin-perhaps a remnant of the panniculus carnosus and/or derivative of a primitive ventral-longitudinal muscle sheet that give rise to the sternocleidomastoid and the rectus abdominis muscles. It is uni- or bilateral and has 1 or 2 bellies. It originates in the intraclavicular region and inserts onto the rectus sheath, costal cartilages, lower ribs, or external oblique aponeurosis. CONCLUSION Not enough is known about the sternalis muscle to draw any conclusion about its utility in reconstructive surgery. It is hoped that cases will be presented in the foreseeable future describing its usage in reconstruction of the neck, chest, abdomen, and perhaps even other places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh T. Nguyen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Shiotani M, Higuchi T, Yoshimura N, Kiguchi T, Takahashi N, Maeda H, Aoyama H. The sternalis muscle: radiologic findings on MDCT. Jpn J Radiol 2012; 30:729-34. [PMID: 22875586 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-012-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine the prevalence of the sternalis muscle using 64-row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed MDCT chest scans that were performed in a hospital during the course of a month. The study population consisted of 948 consecutive patients (511 males and 467 females). On the MDCT scans the sternalis muscle was defined as the longitudinal muscle lying on and superficial to the pectoralis major muscle. RESULTS The prevalence of the sternalis muscle was 10.5 %. The muscle was present more frequently in females (13.0 %) compared to males (8.4 %) (P = 0.02). In the majority of patients, the muscle was located longitudinally in the parasternal position; however, in two patients it was positioned across the sternum. One hundred twenty were flat types, while the remaining five had oblique shapes. The muscle mean height, width and depth were 77.9 ± 25.1, 19.4 ± 12.2 and 2.8 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. The muscle was wider in males compared to females (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Using MDCT, its prevalence was shown to be 10.5 %. This variant muscle can be differentiated from other pathological structures using its specific characteristic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Shiotani
- Department of Radiology, Niigata City General Hospital, 463-7 Shumoku, Chuo-ku, Niigata 950-1197, Japan.
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Sternalis muscle: an underestimated anterior chest wall anatomical variant. J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 6:73. [PMID: 21575244 PMCID: PMC3117696 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the recent years, an increased alertness for thorough knowledge of anatomical variants with clinical significance has been recorded in order to minimize the risks of surgical complications. We report a rare case of bilateral strap-like sternalis muscle of the anterior chest wall in a female cadaver. Its presence may evoke alterations in the electrocardiogram or confuse a routine mammography. The incidental finding of a sternalis muscle in mammography, CT, and MRI studies must be documented in a patient's medical records as it can be used as a pedicle flap or flap microvascular anastomosis during reconstructive surgery of the anterior chest wall, head and neck, and breast. Moreover, its presence may be misdiagnosed as a wide range of benign and malignant anterior chest wall lesions and tumors.
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Jelev L, Hristov S, Ovtscharoff W. Variety of transversus thoracis muscle in relation to the internal thoracic artery: an autopsy study of 120 subjects. J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 6:11. [PMID: 21272314 PMCID: PMC3037302 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transversus thoracis muscle is a thin muscular layer on the inner surface of the anterior thoracic wall that is always in concern during harvesting of the internal thoracic artery. Because the muscle is poorly described in the surgical literature, the aim of the present study is to examine in details its variations. Methods The data was obtained at standard autopsies of 120 Caucasian subjects (Bulgarians) of both sexes (97 males and 23 females), ranging in age from 18 to 91 years (mean age 52.8 ± 17.8 years). The transversus thoracis morphology was thoroughly examined on the inner surface of the chest plates collected after routine incisions. Results An overall examination revealed that in majority of cases the transversus thoracis slips formed a complete muscular layer (left - 75.8%, right - 83.3%) or some of the slips (left - 22.5%, right - 15%) or all of them (left - 1.7%, right - 1.7%) were quite separated. Rarely (left - 3.3%, right - 5.8%), some fibrous slips of the transversus thoracis were noted. In 55.8% of the cases there was left/right muscle symmetry; 44.2% of the muscles were asymmetrical. Most commonly, the highest muscle attachment was to the second (left - 53.3%, right - 37.5%) or third rib (left - 29.2%, right - 46.7%). The sixth rib was the most common lowest attachment (left - 94.2%, right - 89.2%). Most frequently, the muscle was composed of four (left - 31.7%, right - 44.2%) or fifth slips (left - 53.3%, right - 40.8%). Conclusions This study provides detailed basic information on the variety of the transversus thoracic muscle. It also defines the range of the clearly visible, uncovered by the muscle part of the internal thoracic artery and the completeness of the muscular layer over it. The knowledge of these peculiar muscle-arterial relations would definitely be beneficial to cardiac surgeon in performing fast and safe arterial harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Jelev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Use of the rectus sternalis in augmentation mammoplasty: case report and literature search. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2008; 32:21-4. [PMID: 17965818 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-007-9046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast augmentation is by far one of the most common aesthetic procedures currently performed by plastic surgeons. The plane of dissection for prosthesis placement is quite often partial submuscular. The rectus sternalis, an nomalous muscle, may interfere with the submuscular pocket dissection when an intraalveolar or submammary approach is used. The use of this muscle to cover the prosthesis in its most medial part is presented.
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Nuthakki S, Gross M, Fessell D. Sonography and helical computed tomography of the sternalis muscle. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2007; 26:247-50. [PMID: 17255189 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2007.26.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya Nuthakki
- Department of Radiology, William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 W Thirteen Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073-6769 USA
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Young Lee B, Young Byun J, Hee Kim H, Sook Kim H, Mee Cho S, Hoon Lee K, Sup Song K, Soo Kim B, Mun Lee J. The Sternalis Muscles. J Thorac Imaging 2006; 21:179-83. [PMID: 16915061 DOI: 10.1097/01.rti.0000208287.04490.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the incidence and appearance of the sternalis muscles on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to permit the differentiation of the sternalis from significant pathologic condition. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated consecutive contrast-enhanced 16 row MDCT scans of the chest obtained in 1387 Korean patients (790 males and 597 females) between September 2003 and January 2005. All computed tomography scans were obtained in the supine position. Age ranges were 16 to 87 years and average was 59.2 years. Imaging analysis was based upon distribution (unilateral or bilateral, size, shape, and location). Statistical differences were evaluated by chi tests and Independent Samples t tests. RESULTS The sternalis muscle was present in 86 (6.2%) of 1387 patients. This muscle was more common in female (44 of 597, 7.3%) than in male (42 of 790, 5.3%) patients, but statistical significance was not noted (P=0.058). Twenty-three patients showed bilateral sternalis muscles. Among 63 patients with unilateral sternalis muscles, 28 patients showed left sternalis muscles and 35 patients showed right sternalis muscles. Unilateral distribution was more common. The height, AP diameter, and width of the sternalis muscle were not significantly different between unilateral and bilateral muscles (P=0.182, 0.911, and 0.114, respectively). The height and AP diameter showed no significant difference between male and female (P=0.470, 0.329, respectively) patients, but the width was wider in male (P<0.001) patients. All sternalis muscles showed flat appearance, except for 1 case. The sternalis muscles were located longitudinally in parasternal position in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The sternalis muscle is an unusual normal variant of the chest wall musculature running parallel to the sternum with various sizes and most sternalis muscles are flat on MDCT. Unilateral distribution is more common, and the size of muscle is larger in males. Its incidence is 6.2% in Korean population. Radiologists should be familiar with the image findings of the sternalis muscle to avoid any confusing pathologic lesions and facilitate its clinical use such as flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae Young Lee
- Department of Radiology, St Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 620-56, Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-709, South Korea
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Abstract
During routine dissection in the Morphological Sciences Department II of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, the presence of a sternalis muscle was observed in the left hemithorax of a 70-year-old male cadaver. We report on its position, relationships, and innervation, as well as its clinical relevance, indicating some guidelines for its physical examination. We also present a brief overview of the existing literature regarding the nomenclature, historical reports, and incidence of this muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Arráez-Aybar
- Department of Morphological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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